Term
| Is being SOB objective or subjective? Why? |
|
Definition
| Subjective because the patient is the one that tells you they are SOB; you cannot look at a patient and see this. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shortness of breath related to position (water bottle) |
|
|
Term
| what is used often by physicians as a "rating scale" for orthopnea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dyspnea on exertion: getting short of breath when you put out an effort |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| insufficient energy to complete daily activities |
|
|
Term
| what are the 6 types of chronic respiratory disorders? |
|
Definition
| emphysema, bronchitis, asthma, occupational exposure to pollutants, chronic hoarseness, and allergies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| buildup of CO2 when patient is unable to exhale all of CO2 out, trapped air forms pustules of blebs in the lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of the bronchioles caused by an antigen or bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smooth muscles of the airways get constricted |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when pt loses ability to push air out of longs and through vocal chords |
|
|
Term
| what are 5 things to know about pt's family history in regards to respiratory health? |
|
Definition
| CA, TB, COPD (bronchitis, asthma, and emphysema), smoker (how long, how much: pack years), and exacerbation. |
|
|
Term
| exacerbation and an example |
|
Definition
to make something worse.
ex: a pt has bronchitis and then they have a flair up, so their conditions were exacerbated. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consolidation of the alveoli that impairs gas exchange |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bacterial, fungal, or viral infection of the lungs |
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between asthma and bronchitis? |
|
Definition
| asthma is due to smooth muscle contractions that narrow the airway while bronchitis is due to the inflammation of the bronchioles that leads to narrowing of the airway |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| air moving in and out of lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gas exchange between RBC and alveoli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| RBC to and from pulmonary capillaries (little trucks) |
|
|
Term
| an example of having decreased O2 carrying capacity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what would cause decreased O2 concentration upon inspiration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreased blood volume; may due to bleeding out |
|
|
Term
| why would a person that is hypovolemic appear to have anemia in tests? |
|
Definition
| Because they have lost blood volume, or carriers of oxygen. |
|
|
Term
| why would a person that is hypovolemic appear to have anemia in tests? |
|
Definition
| Because they have lost blood volume, or carriers of oxygen. |
|
|
Term
| what would cause an increase in metabolic rate? |
|
Definition
| pregnancy, would healing, and exercising. |
|
|
Term
| what could cause a decrease in chest wall movement? |
|
Definition
| obesity, kyphosis & scoliosis, and CNA alterations like a spinal chord injury |
|
|
Term
| the heart and the lungs are important to each other. What happens when the R side of the heart is not working? the left? |
|
Definition
R: decreased oxygenation to the tissues of the body
L: increase in pressure build-up and lungs could fill with fluid instead of air. |
|
|
Term
| what are the developmental stressors for the different age groups? |
|
Definition
premature: undeveloped lungs
infants/toddlers: URI
children/adolescents: URI, asthma and smoking and drugs
young adult/middle aged: diet, exercise, stress, smoking
older adults: atherosclerosis, decreased CO, cough reflex, chest compliance, # of cilia and immune response. Respiratory muscles weaken. |
|
|
Term
| what does exercise do to your oxygen carrying capacity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why does smoking decrease your oxygen carrying capacity? |
|
Definition
| nicotine is a vasoconstrictor that makes it harder for blood to move through and increases blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| ETOH and its affects on respiratory health |
|
Definition
| alcoholism; poor RBC production |
|
|
Term
| cocaine and its effects on respiratory health |
|
Definition
| directly deteriorates lung tissue and is a vasoconstrictor |
|
|
Term
| what is a psychological stressors that affects respiratory health? |
|
Definition
| stress and anxiety; increases metabolic rate and O2 demand, can lead to hyperventilation |
|
|
Term
| ineffective airway clearance |
|
Definition
can't cough effectively to clear their airway
solution: suctioning, secretions can be watered down, show proper coughing techniques |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| something is blocking gas exchange, could be a fluid, secretion, or tumor |
|
|
Term
| ineffective breathing patterns |
|
Definition
| a change in rate,depth, or pattern of breathing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| period of apnea followed by an ascending then descending crescendo of breathing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| risk that something can be breathed into or lodged in lungs like secretions, food, or fluids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| crunchy sounds when broken bones rub against each other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when air gets underneath the skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when lung tissue vibrates |
|
|
Term
| what could be the cause of an abnormal tactile fremitus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is percussion of the lung difficult? what is recommended? |
|
Definition
| because the lungs are well protected and enclosed. imaging |
|
|
Term
what breath sounds are:
-away from the center?
-over the trachea?
-on 1st and 2nd intercostal space? |
|
Definition
-vesicular
-bronchial
-bronchovesicular |
|
|
Term
| what are normal long sounds? abnormal? |
|
Definition
normal:eupnea, vesicular;
abnormal:adventitious |
|
|
Term
| what are crackles, rhonchi, wheezing, and pleural friction rubs, according to the effects of coughing? |
|
Definition
-crackles-fluid in the lungs, not cleared with coughing
-rhonchi-mucus type fluid leads to rattling, can be cleared with coughing
-wheezes-whistling
-pleural friction rub- lack of surfactant on the surface of lungs, very painful |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| measures % of RBC carrying oxygen |
|
|
Term
| what places can a pulse oximeter be placed? |
|
Definition
| bridge of nose, toe, earlobe, index...anywhere with a pulse |
|
|
Term
| why is a high saturation % not necessarily a good indicator? |
|
Definition
anemia-will probably say 100% because all the RBC are 100% saturated BUT there are not enough RBC, value to high
edema- value to low
CO- carbon monoxide has a higher affinity to hemoglobin than oxygen does, so if it is CO or O2 bounded to the Hgb, it will still read as saturated |
|
|
Term
| what measures the amount of O2 carried in the arteries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is an example of a use of radiography in regards to the respiratory system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between infiltrate and effusion? |
|
Definition
| infiltrate is fluid in the lung and effusion is fluid produced by the lung that remains inside the thoracic cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shows the blood flow through lung tissue and uses radioactive isotopes in the pulmonary arteries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhale radioisotopes to check ventilation and perfusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| visual exam of lungs used fiberoptic tube. pt is consciously sedated |
|
|
Term
| after a bronchoscopy what are the precautions that must be taken for the pt? |
|
Definition
| have breathing support and oxygen available and also NPO because the pt might not be able to breath or swallow due to sedation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| placing pt under conscience sedation |
|
|
Term
| what test is performed on sputum? how long does it take? in the meantime what are 2 interventions that physicians implement? |
|
Definition
| culture & sensitivity, 5 days, empirical treatment and use of broad-spectrum antibiotics |
|
|
Term
| what are pulmonary function tests and why are they important? |
|
Definition
| measure tidal volume (air breathed in), measures air breathed out, etc, important before surgery to ensure that the pt's lung can withstand surgery |
|
|
Term
| what are 3 things that can lead to inaccurate pulse oximetry readings? |
|
Definition
-anemia-too high
-edema- too low
-systolic BP <90 (not enough oxygen being pumped to body) |
|
|
Term
| what are two types of blood tests? |
|
Definition
| complete blood count and serum electrolytes |
|
|
Term
| what can serum electrolytes tell you about? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| arterial blood gas can measure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is hydration important to help maintain an airway? |
|
Definition
| helps thin out secretions and facilitate breathing |
|
|
Term
| why is it important to humidify oxygen being given to a patient? |
|
Definition
| may lead to dry and crack sinus and mucus membranes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| helps maintain a patent airway |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intermittent positive pressure breathing and constant positive air pressure, forces air into lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| works on inspiration, helps breathing great for immobilized and post-op pts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| works on inspiration, helps breathing great for immobilized and post-op pts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| breathing too fast, bad because you are blowing out too much CO2 and it is CO2 in the blood (carbonic acid) that stimulates breathing via the diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| what causes hyperventilation? |
|
Definition
| anxiety, infection, metabolic acidosis, head injury, and asthma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| insufficient rate or depth of breathing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tissues are not receiving sufficient O2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what classification are albuterol and alupent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 other names for Albuterol? |
|
Definition
| Ventolin, Proventil, and Volmax |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for Alupent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do albuterol and alupent manage reversible airway obstruction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the side-effects of albuterol and alupent? |
|
Definition
| nervousness, tachycardia, and tremors |
|
|
Term
| what are the nursing implications for albuterol and alupent? |
|
Definition
| assess lung sounds before and after and all VS and monitor for paradoxical bronchiospasm |
|
|
Term
| what is the MOA for albuterol? |
|
Definition
| beta agonist: speeds up heart rate and BP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the MOA of alupent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is paradoxical bronchiospasm |
|
Definition
| after medication when the bronchials reclose |
|
|
Term
| what kind of effect would using Albuterol and Alupent together have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 of the same kind of drug given and the effects add up, like 2 HBP meds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 different kinds of meds that work together and improve effects like a HBP med and beta blocker |
|
|
Term
where is the apical pulse located?
how long do you need to take pulse? |
|
Definition
| 4th and 5th ICS; 1 full minute |
|
|
Term
| what are jugular veins affected by? |
|
Definition
| R atrium & ventricles and blood volume |
|
|
Term
| patients with jugular vein distention show signs of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| clubbing of the nails indicates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when assessing the neurological in the pt in regards to CV health you looking for signs of |
|
Definition
| decreased perfusion like confusion, lethargy, dizziness, restlessness |
|
|
Term
| decreased perfusion leading to confusion, lethargy, mood changes and syncope have the same S & S of hypoglycemia so it is important to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fainting or loss of consciousness |
|
|
Term
| a decrease in bowel sounds may be due to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nausea and vomiting from the GI in regards to the CV may be due to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when kidneys are hypoperfused there will be |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| alterations in systemic blood flow might have an |
|
Definition
| arterial occlusion; increase in pain, temperature, cool, skin is pallor |
|
|
Term
| venous insufficiency shows what sign? |
|
Definition
| swollen and hot extremity |
|
|
Term
| neuro challanges, confusion, lethargy, syncope, and dizziness indicate |
|
Definition
| decreased perfusion and hypoclycemia |
|
|
Term
| pale, cool and painful extremities indicate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| swollen and hot extremities indicate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 5 sites for auscultation of the heart |
|
Definition
| aortic, pulmonic, tricuspid, mitral, PMI |
|
|
Term
| when auscultating the heart what affects the sounds of the heart? |
|
Definition
1. position of the pt
2. position of stethoscope |
|
|
Term
| what is the diaphragm of the stethoscope used for? |
|
Definition
| high pitched sounds, S1 and S2, normal heart sounds |
|
|
Term
| what is the bell of the stethoscope used for? |
|
Definition
| low-pitched sounds, S3 and S4, assessing for abn sounds or murmurs |
|
|
Term
| what is LUB & DUB? Closure? Loudest at? |
|
Definition
S1 is LUB: Systole, closure of AV (mitral and tricuspid), loudest at 5th ICS
S2:Diastole, closing of SA valves (pulmonic, aortic), loudest at 2nd ICS, right sternal border |
|
|
Term
| what are the abnormal heart sounds? |
|
Definition
S3: heard after S1, a large volume of blood flowing directly into ventricle, sign of volume overload
S4: heard immediately before S1, non compliant ventricles, rigid and stiff |
|
|
Term
| when auscultating S3 and S4... |
|
Definition
| use the bell in the left lateral recumbent position |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| swishing or blowing sound caused by an increased blood flow through a valve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flow across a restricted structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood passing through an incompetent valve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| developing without any apparent cause |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| continuous palpable sensation |
|
|
Term
| pulse deficit? when should you report to the physician? |
|
Definition
| measuring the apical and radial pulse at the same time. if the radial pulse is slower than the apical pulse |
|
|
Term
ace inhibitors
pupose
SE
Examples |
|
Definition
purpose: vasodilators, decreases BP
SE: hypotension, cough, high BUN and creatine, hyperkalemia, angioedema
Examples:
Altace-Ramipril
Capoten-Captopril
Vasotec-Enalapril
Zestril-Lisinopril |
|
|
Term
beta-blockers
purpose
SE
Indications
Examples |
|
Definition
purpose: increase diastolic filling time and coronary perfusion time and decreases HR and BP
SE: bradycardia, hypotension, bronchospasms, and fatigue
Indications: angina, heart disease, HTN, valve problems
Examples: Lopressor, Inderal, Coreg |
|
|
Term
calcium channel blockers
purpose
indications
side effects |
|
Definition
purpose: vasodilators, decrease HR and BP
Indications: angina and HTN
SE: hypotension, flushing, headache,ankle edema |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| peripheral dependent edema |
|
Definition
| swelling of the feet or ankle that could be a sign of venous insufficiency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| seen on lower extremities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of a vein that promotes clot formation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an increase in age causes an a decrease in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an increase in ICP leads to a... too much ICP leads to a |
|
Definition
| -decrease in brain function -herniated brain that will squirt out through the foramen magnum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-idiopathic-don't know why
-tumors
-brain chemistry
-genetics
-uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain |
|
|
Term
| two "classifications" of seizures |
|
Definition
| grande mal and petite mal |
|
|
Term
| how do you document a seizure? |
|
Definition
| describe it rather than naming it |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 types of posturing in seizures? |
|
Definition
1. decorticate- moving towards the body
2. decerebrate- moving away from body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| continued seizures, one after the other |
|
|
Term
| longer seizures may lead to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what can lead to increased ICP? (6) |
|
Definition
1. head injuries
2. tumors
3. inflammatory brain conditions
4. encephalitis
5. stroke
6. cranial surgery |
|
|
Term
| when someone has a head injury always |
|
Definition
1. assess ICP
2. assess for altered mental status with Glasgow coma scale |
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between a primary and secondary tumor? |
|
Definition
| primary comes from brain tissue while seondary is the metastasis from another site |
|
|
Term
| before cranial surgery be SURE to |
|
Definition
| establish a neurological baseline |
|
|
Term
| what are some examples of an inflammatory brain condition? |
|
Definition
| bacterial, viral, and fungal meningitis; encephalitis; brain abscess; and stroke |
|
|
Term
bacterial meningitis:
-what is it?
-what is the fatality time frame?
-what can it be treated with?
-how is it diagnosed?
-what are the signs and symptoms? |
|
Definition
-bacterial infection inside of the meninges that surround the brain
- within 24 hours without treatment
- antiobiotics
- lumbar puncture
-very bad headache, photophobia, nausea, vomitting, cloudy or pussy CSF
NORMAL CSF SHOULD BE CLEAR, stiff neck |
|
|
Term
| which is more favorable, viral or bacterial meningitis? Why? |
|
Definition
| Viral because a full recovery is expected as you treat the signs and symptoms not the actual disease |
|
|
Term
| what is so significant about fungal meningitis? |
|
Definition
| you will be on treatments forever |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acute inflammation of the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CVA, cerebrovascular accident, brain attack |
|
|
Term
| what are the two types of strokes? |
|
Definition
1. embolic- plaque that clogs blood flow and causes the tissue to become hypoxic and die
2. hemorrhagic stroke: something in the brain pops or breaks and causes bleeding into brain tissue called an intercerebral hemorrhage |
|
|
Term
| what are the S&S of a stroke? |
|
Definition
| decreased muscle function, memory and swallowing, weakness and droop on opposite side |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a late sign of hypoxia? |
|
Definition
| blue-grey skin and mucous membranes |
|
|
Term
| fever increases the tissue's need for oxygen which causes in an increase in |
|
Definition
| carbon dioxide production |
|
|
Term
| increased breathlessness is a symptom of what blood disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the most crucial nursing assessment the nurse performs when a patient is receiving oxygen via a non-rebreathing mask is to be sure that |
|
Definition
| the bag attached to the mask is inflated at all times |
|
|
Term
| a nurse observes a patient blowing forcefully into an incentive spirometer what is the best action by the nurse? |
|
Definition
| instruct the patient to inhale slowly into the mouthpiece |
|
|
Term
| 11. While assessing a patient with a history of asthma, the nurse finds that the patient has bilateral inspiratory and expiratory wheezing , a respiratory rate of 32 breaths per minute, and an oxygen saturation of 86%. What treatments should the nurse anticipate implementing for this patient? |
|
Definition
| Bronchodilators and IV steroids (anti-inflammatory) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drugs that are similiar to or mimic the effects of sympathetic nervous system neurotransmitters: epinephrine, nor epinephrine, and dopamine. |
|
|
Term
| the autonomic nervous system consists of |
|
Definition
| parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system |
|
|
Term
| adrenergic drugs stimulate the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| adrenergic agonists vs adrenergic antagonists |
|
Definition
agonists: stimulate the SNS
atagonists: sympatholytics that inhibit the stimulation of the SNS by binding to the adrenergic receptors to inhibit binding of agonists |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| throughout the body are receptor sites for endogenous sympathetic neurotransmitters epinephrine and norepinephrine are of two types: alpha and beta |
|
|
Term
| alpha 1 adrenergic receptors |
|
Definition
| located on the muscle, tissue, or organ that the nerve is stimulating |
|
|
Term
| alpha 2 adrenergic receptors |
|
Definition
| located on the actual nerves that stimulate presynaptic effector cells and is inhibitory |
|
|
Term
| the stimulation or agonist activity of alpha 2 adrenergic receptors leads to |
|
Definition
| inhibition of the stimulation of the SNS |
|
|
Term
| beta 1 and 2 adrenergic receptors are located |
|
Definition
1- heart
2- smooth muscles of the bronchioles and blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| what are the effects of heart and BP by a beta agonist? beta blocker? |
|
Definition
agonist- increase HR and BP
blocker- decrease HR and BP |
|
|
Term
| what type of drug is albuterol? |
|
Definition
| beta adrenergic agonist which increases HR and BP |
|
|
Term
| what 4 components of lab data are important to assess in the cardiovascular assessment? |
|
Definition
1. Cardiac Markers: CK-MB, Troponins, and BNP
2. Lipids
3. CBC
4. Electrolytes |
|
|
Term
| what is CK-MB? What is the normal range? |
|
Definition
creatine-kinase-MB, used to support a diagnosis of a myocardial infarction, its degree and onset.
Females: 30-135 units/L
Males: 55-170 units/L |
|
|
Term
| What are troponins? What is the normal range? |
|
Definition
If a pt has chest pain, test is used to see if ischemia is the cause.
T: <0.2 ng/mL
I: <0.03 ng/L |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| brain natriuretic peptide; used to identify and stratify patients with CHF |
|
|
Term
| What are the normal values for K, Mg, and Na? |
|
Definition
K: (3.5-5)
Mg: (1.3-2.1)
Na: (136-145)
(all mEg/L) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rapid swelling of the dermis, subq, mucous, and submucosa. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Angiotensin converting enzyme is responsible for converting angiotensin I into angiotensin II which is a potent vasoconstrictor. Also angiotensin II induces the secretion of aldosterone from the andrenal glands which causes the reabsorption of sodium and water, which further increase BP. But ACE inhibitors inhibit aldosterone, and therefore cause diuresis which decrease blood volume, decreasing BP. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| beta blockers reduce or inhibit SNS stimulation of the heart and its conduction cells. So this prevents catecholamine-mediating reactions, resulting is decreased HR, delayed AV node conduction, reduced myocardial contractility, and decreased myocardial automaticity. |
|
|
Term
| causes increased diastolic filling time and increased coronary perfusion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| explain calcium channel blockers |
|
Definition
| By removing calcium from the excitation-contraction coupling process of the muscle cells of the heart, this prevents muscle contraction and promotes muscle relaxation. This causes the coronary arteries around these muscles to dilate, increasing the O2 supply. This dilation also occurs systemically, reducing the force that must be exerted by the heart to push blood into the body. This also depresses automaticity. |
|
|
Term
| when assessing the peripheral veins ask the client to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when assessing the peripheral, inspect and palpate for |
|
Definition
1. varicosities
2. edema
3. phlebitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| superficial veins that become dilated especially in the dependent position, are common in people who stand alot and older adults. |
|
|
Term
| in what regions are varicosities abnormal? |
|
Definition
| medial part of the thigh and posterior lateral calf |
|
|
Term
| dependent edema is a sign of: (2) |
|
Definition
1. venous insufficiency
2. right sided heart failure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of vein that occurs after trauma to vessel wall, infection, immobilization, and prolonged insertion of IV catheters |
|
|
Term
| what does phlebitis promote? |
|
Definition
| clot formation which can lead to a pulmonary embolism |
|
|
Term
| to assess for phlebitis (2) |
|
Definition
1. inspect calves for redness, tenderness and swelling
2. palpate muscles for warmth, tenderness, and firmness of muscle |
|
|
Term
| what is the most reliable finding for phlebitis? what finding maybe contralateral to DVT? |
|
Definition
1. unilateral edema
2. if dorsiflexion of the foot (Homan's sign) causes pain |
|
|
Term
| swelling in the legs is a __________ ___________ problem |
|
Definition
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Term
| untreated ischemia leads to |
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Definition
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Term
| use of an incentive spirometer |
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Definition
| increases lung volume to prevent pneumonia |
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Term
| pneumonia (formal definition) |
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Definition
| infection of the lungs; when the lungs become consolidated or filled with fluid. Can be due to bacteria, virus, fungus, or parasite. |
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Term
| what are the symptoms of pneumonia? (6) |
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Definition
| fever, cough, fatigue, chest pain, elevated WBC, and sputum |
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Term
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Definition
M-morphine: vasodilator, reduces pain, be concerned with respiratory status
O- oxygen, 92 or greater
N- Nitroglycerin: vasodilator, drops BP
A- aspirin- prevents platlet aggregation |
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Term
| 5 areas to auscultate the heart at: |
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Definition
| aortic, pulmonic, erb's point, tricuspid, and mitral |
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Term
| S3 is heard...and is a sign of... |
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Definition
| directly after S1, early diastole, sign of volume overload |
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Term
| S4 is heard...and is a sign of... |
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Definition
| right before S1, noncompliant or stiff ventricles |
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Term
| symptoms of arterial occlusion (5) |
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Definition
| Pain, pallor, parasthesia, paralysis, and pulselessness |
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Term
| signs of venous insufficiency |
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Definition
| hot and swollen extremeties |
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Term
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Definition
| neuropathy and vasculopathy |
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Term
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Definition
| Diuretics (Lasix is an example, first line of defense to treat HTN, CHECK electrolytes), Anti-HTN (ACE inhibitors, Beta-Blockers, Calcium Channel blockers), nitroglycerin, aspirin |
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Term
| what drugs may causes bronchospasms? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what drug has the symptom of ankle edema, bradycardia, and hypotension? |
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Definition
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Term
| What drugs are Very Nice Drugs? What classfication? |
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Definition
| Verapamil, Nifedipine, and Diltiazem; Ca Channel Blockers |
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Term
| all of the anti-HTN drugs cause |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| not oriented or aware and judgement is impaired |
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Definition
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Term
| drowsy and they quickly return to sleep when you pause talking |
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Definition
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Term
| slow response and you cant maintain their attention |
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Definition
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Term
| minimal response, moan or cry |
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Definition
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Term
| no response at all, but breathing on their own |
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Definition
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Term
| unconcious state where they can open their eyes and sleep but no signs of higher brain function are present |
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Definition
| peristent vegetative state |
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Term
| motor pathways are destroyed despite having cognitive functioning and being alert and aware |
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Definition
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Term
| no response to external stimuli, absent brainstem reflexes and respiratory breathing |
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Definition
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Term
| should a nurse delegate a neurological assessment to unlicensed personnel? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 3 categories of the Glasgow Coma Scale? What is the max score? |
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Definition
| Eye opening (1-4), verbal response (1-5), and motor skills (1-6); 15 |
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Term
| 90% of patient with less than an 8 on the Glasgow Coma Scale are |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 3 neuro meds? |
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Definition
| mannitol, dexamethasone, and methylprednisolone |
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Term
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Definition
| osmotic diuretic that decreases ICP |
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Term
| dexamethasone and methylprenisolone |
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Definition
| corticosteroids that decrease inflammation and must be tapered off |
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Term
| which is worse, decorticate or decerebrate? |
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Definition
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Term
| lethargic, obtunded, and stupurous are objective or subjective? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the risk factors for CVA? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| transient ischemic attack, mini stroke |
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