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Foundations Test #1
Chapters 35, 37,38,39, and 41
105
Nursing
Graduate
06/10/2011

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Cards

Term
Pharmacokinetics
Definition
study of how medications enter the body, reach their site of action, metabolize, and exit the body
Term
Absorption
Definition
passage of medication molecules into the blood from the site of medication administration
Term
detoxify
Definition
breakdown or degrade
Term
therapeutic effect
Definition
predicted or expected physiological response a medication causes
Term
idiosyncratic reaction
Definition
client overreacts or under reacts to a medication or has a reaction different than normal
Term
synergistic effect
Definition
the combined effects of the two medications is greater than the effect of the medications when given seperately
Term
peak concentration
Definition
highest serum concentration usually occurs just before the body absorbs the last of the medication
Term
serum half life
Definition
time it takes for excretion processes to lower the serum medication concentration by 1/2
Term
sublingual
Definition
under the tongue
Term
parental medication administration
Definition
injecting medication into body tissue
Term
instilation
Definition
fluid is retained
Term
polypharmacy
Definition
when a patient takes 2 or medications to treat the same illness, same medical class, same/similar action, or when patient mixes herbal remedies with medications
Term
body mechanics
Definition

help reduce work effort

nurses should use good body mechanics to prevent injuries

Term
muscle tone
Definition

refers to the amount of tension/resistance to movement in a muscle

helps with posture

Term

center of gravity

 

Definition

-balanced over a wide base

-when that vertical line does not fall through COG a person is off balanced

Term
friction
Definition

force that occurs in a direction to oppose movement

-the greater the surface area the greater the friction 

Term
activity tolerance
Definition
the amount of activity/exercise a client is able to perform
Term
isotonic contraction
Definition
cause muscle contraction and change in length of muscle
Term
isometric contraction
Definition
tightening of muscles without moving body parts
Term
joint
Definition
connection between the bones
Term
fibrous joints
Definition

-fit closely together and are fixed permitting little if any movement

- between tibia and fibula

Term
cartilaginous joint
Definition

have little or no movement but are elastic and se cartilage to unite seperate body surfaces

-ex. between ribs and costal cartilage

Term
synovial joint
Definition

freely movable and most mobile, numerous, and anatomically complex

-ex. elbow

Term
ligaments
Definition
white,shiny, flexible bands of tissue that connect muscle to bone
Term
tendons
Definition
white, glistening, fibrous bands of tissue that connect muscle to bone
Term
cartilage
Definition
nonvascular, supporting connective tissue with flexibility can sustain weight and serves as a shock absorber
Term
antagonistic muscles
Definition

-bring about movement of the joint

-relaxes during movement

Term
synergistic muscles
Definition

contracts during movement

-groups of muscles that contract together to accomplish the same body movement

Term
antigravity muscles
Definition

-involved with joint stablization

-they oppose the effect of gravity on the body permitting you to stay upright

Term
propriorecptors
Definition
awareness of the position of the body and its parts
Term
hemiplegia
Definition
total paralysis of arm, leg, and trunk on the same side
Term
hemiparesis
Definition
one sided weakness
Term
range of motion
Definition
mobility used to determine degree of damage
Term
gait
Definition
manner of style of walking including speed, rhythm, and cadence
Term
crutch gait
Definition
alternatively bearing weight on one or both legs and on crutches
Term
carbon monoxide
Definition
colorless, odorless, poisonous gas produced by combustion of carbon or organic fuels
Term
relative humidity
Definition
amount of water vapor in the air compared with the x amount of water vapor that the air could contain at the same temp
Term
immunizations
Definition

-process by which resistance to an infectious disease is produced or augmented

-can be active or passive

Term
seizure
Definition
hyperexcitation and disorderly discharge of neurons in the brain leading to a sudden violent involuntary set of muscle contractions
Term
aura
Definition
bright light, smell, or taste that is a warning sign of a seizure
Term
acne
Definition

-skin condition causing white heads, blackheads, and inflamed red regions

-begins in puberty due to increase in hormones

Term
alopecia
Definition
loss of hair
Term
aprocrine
Definition
sweat gland that becomes fully functional during puberty
Term
buccal gland
Definition

found in the mucosa linning of the cheeks and mouth

 

Term
caries
Definition
tooth decay
Term
cerumen
Definition
drainage in the ear canal
Term
cuticle 
Definition
fold of skin on the nail that covers the root of the nail
Term
dermis
Definition
thicker layer of skin containing bundles of collagen and elastic fibers to support the epidermis
Term
eccrine
Definition
sweat gland
Term
edentulous
Definition

tootless

often older patients

Term
effleurage
Definition
long, slow, gliding strikes
Term
enucleation
Definition
removal of the eyeball
Term
epidermis
Definition

outer layer of skin

composed of several thin layers of cells undergoing different stages of maturation

Term
gingivitis
Definition
inflammation of the gums
Term
halitosis
Definition
bad breath
Term
lunula
Definition
crescent shaped white area on nail
Term
mastication
Definition
chewing
Term
neuropathy
Definition
degeneration of the peripheral nerves characterized by a loss of sensation 
Term
intracellular fluid
Definition

-comprises all fluid within the cells of the body

-42% of body weight

Term
extracellular fluid
Definition

fluid outside the cell

divided into 3 smaller compartments

17% of body weight

Term
interstial fluid
Definition

contains lymph

fluid between the cells and outside the blood vessels

Term
intravascular fluid
Definition
blood plasma found in vascular system
Term
transcellular fluid
Definition

-fluid seperated from the other fluids by a cellular barrier and consists of cerebrospinal pleura, GI, intaocular, peritoneal, and synovial fluids.

-Loss of it can cause electrolyte imbalance 

Term
electrolytes
Definition

-element or compound that wen dissolved or dissociated in water or another solvent,

-it seperates into ions 

-you want the charges to stay equal

Term
ions
Definition
charged particles
Term
cations
Definition
positively charged ions
Term
anions
Definition
negatively charged ions
Term
mEq/l
Definition
represents the number of grams in the specific electrolyte dissolved in a liter of plasma
Term
solute
Definition
what is being dissolved
Term
solvent
Definition
solution in which a solute is dissolved in
Term
osmosis
Definition
movement of pure solvent (H2O) across a semipermeable membrane from an area of low concentration to high concentration
Term
osmotic pressure
Definition

-drawing power of water and depends onthe number of molecules in solution

-high pressure = high concentration and it pulls solute towards it

Term
osmolarity
Definition

number of molecules in a liter of solution

measured in milliosmoles per liter

Term
isotonic
Definition

-solution with the same osmolarity as blood plasma

-indicates that solution on both sides of the semipermeable membrane are equal in concentration

Term
osmolality
Definition

osmotic pressure of a solution

expressed in osmols

normal=275-295

Term
hypertonic
Definition

-solution of higher osmotic pressure

-causes cell to shrink because it pulls fluid out

Term
hypotonic
Definition

solutions of lower osmotic pressure 

moves fluid inside cell causing swelling

Term
colloid osmotic pressure
Definition
keeps fluid in the intravascular compartment by pulling H2O from the interstitial space back into the capillaries
Term
diffusion
Definition
random movement of solute in a solution across a semi permeable membrane from an area of high concentration to low concentration
Term
filtration
Definition
process by which water and diffusiable substances move together across a membrane in response to fluid pressure from area of higher pressure to one of lower pressure
Term
hydrostatic pressure
Definition
pressure exerted by a fluid within a closed space
Term
edema
Definition
accumulation of excess fluid in the intersitial space
Term
active transport
Definition

requires energy 

moves from lower to higher concentration

Term
homeostatis
Definition
regulation of body fluids
Term
osmoreceptors
Definition
continually monitor the serum osmotic pressure
Term
hypervolemia
Definition

excessive fluid loss

occurs with excessive vomiting or hemorrhage

Term
dehydration
Definition
not enough fluid retention or intake
Term
antidiuretic hormone
Definition
regulate fluid intake stored in posterior pituitary gland and is released in response to changes in blood osmolarity
Term
aldosterone 
Definition
stimulated by angiotendin II because of increase plasma potassium level to counteract hypovalemia 
Term
acidosis
Definition
ECF becomes more acidic, ph decreases 
Term
alkalosis
Definition
ECF becomes more basic, ph increases 
Term
hyponatremia
Definition
low sodium in blood
Term
hypernatremia
Definition
lower than normal sodium levels in blood
Term
hypokalemia
Definition
decrease in potassium in blood
Term
hyperkalemia
Definition
higher amounts of potassium in blood
Term
hemolysis
Definition
breakdown of RBC's
Term
ABG
Definition

-Arterial Blood Gas

-most effective way to evaluate acid-base balance and oxygenation 

Term
respiratory acidosis
Definition
combo of increased arterial CO2 concentration, excess carbonic acid, and increase in H+
Term
respiratory alkalosis
Definition
decreased PaCO2, increased ph
Term
metabolic acidosis
Definition

high acid content in the blood

causes loss of sodium bicarbonate

Term
metabolic alkalosis
Definition

-result of heavy loss of acid from the body or increase in levels of bicarbonate

-caused by vomiting or gastric suction most commonly

Term
venipuncture
Definition
vein is punctured through the skin by a sharp rigid stylet 
Term
phlebitis
Definition
inflammation of the vein 
Term
erythema
Definition
redness of the skin
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