Term
| What does the "S" in FiLCHeRS stand for and how is it defined? |
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Definition
| Sufficiency: Evidence for a claim must be sufficient to establish the truth of the claim. |
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Term
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Definition
McCarthyism is a political practice of accusing people of treason or anti-government activities without having solid truth. It was named after Joseph McCarthy, a senator during the 1940's and 50's who would go on vicious verbal attacks on individuals he believed to be communist. People were suspected with no basis or reason. No evidence.
http://library.thinkquest.org/07aug/00863/mass_hysteria.html |
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Term
| What are irrelevant premises? |
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Definition
| Premises are irrelevant if they have no bearing on the truth of the conclusion. In a good argument, the conclusion follows from the premises. If the premises are logically unrelated to the conclusion, they provide no reason to accept it. |
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Term
| What is FiLCHeRS used for? |
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Definition
| To evaluate someone's claims. |
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Term
| How would someone violate Falsifiability? |
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Definition
*Invoke a supernatural cause.
*Use an undeclared (vague) claim.
*Use multiple outs. (dissonance reduction.) |
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Term
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Definition
| Attempt to persuade someone that something is true based on one or more premises. |
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Term
| How do you know an argument is valid? |
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Definition
| The conclusion is the only conclusion possible based on one or more premises. |
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Term
| How do you know an argument is sound? |
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Definition
| The argument is valid and the premises are true. |
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Term
| What does the "F" in FiLCHeRS stand for and how is it defined? |
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Definition
| Falsafiability: Must be able to prove wrong. |
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Term
| How do you violate informal fallacies? |
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Definition
| Unacceptable premises, irrelevant premises and insufficient premises. |
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Term
| What are insufficient premises? |
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Definition
| Premises are insufficient if they do not establish the conclusion beyond a reasonable doubt. In a good argument, the premises eliminate reasonable grounds for doubt. If they fail to do this, they don't justify the conclusion. |
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Term
| What does the "H" in FiLCHeRS stand for and how is it defined? |
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Definition
| Honesty: Evidence must be impartially evaluated, unbiased, self-deception, no deception, fair. |
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Term
| The difference between hallucinations and illusions? |
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Definition
Hallucinations: there is nothing there but you see something.
Illusion: There is something there but you perceive it as something else. |
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Term
| What are the perceptual contancies and how are they defined? |
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Definition
Shape: Expecting to a see a certain shape so you see it.
Size: Expecting to see a certain size so you see it.
Color: Expecting to see a certain color do you see it. |
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Term
| Confirmation/Selection Bias |
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Definition
| Ignoring contradicting evidence. Only looking at evidence that supports your claim. |
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Term
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Definition
| Focusing only on events with good outcomes, and ignoring the events with bad outcomes. |
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Term
| What does the "R" in FiLCHeRS stand for and how is it defined? |
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Definition
| Replicability: The results of studies and experiments, especially if they are contrary to expectations, must be replicated by other researchers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Our memories are not reliable, they do not take pictures like a camera. We create false memories over time,if asked too many questions, people can create false memories built from the questions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mass Hysteria-witch trials. Large group of people fall into a false belief. Spreads by ignorance, word of mouth. Results in hysteria. |
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Term
| What does the "C" in FiLCHeRS stand for and how is it defined? |
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Definition
| Comprehensiveness: Consider all evidence alternate explanations and most utilize multiple working hypotheses. |
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Term
| What are the 3 corollaries? (Sufficiency) |
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Definition
a. Burden of proof is on the person making the claim.
b. Extraordinary claims require extraordinary proof.
c. Anecdotal evidence and testimony are never sufficient to establish the truth of a claim. |
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Term
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Definition
| Non-overlapping magisteria. Both science and religion have their own legitimate magisterium. They should not overlap. Theory created by: Stephen Gay Gould |
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Term
| What are unacceptable premises? |
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Definition
| Premises are unacceptable if they are at least as dubious as the claim they are supposed to support. In a good argument, you see, the premises provide a firm basis for accepting the conclusion. If the premises are shaky, the argument is inconclusive. |
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Term
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Definition
| The simplest answer is the best answer. |
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Term
| Multiple Working Hypotheses |
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Definition
| The method of multiple working hypotheses involves the development, prior to our research, of several hypotheses that might explain the phenomenon we want to study. Many of these hypotheses will be contradictory, so that some, if not all, will prove to be false. |
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Term
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Definition
| Thinking critically? To break things apart and analyzing them. Not taking things at face value. |
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Term
| What are the six pillars? |
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Definition
| Occam's Razor, Multiple Working Hypotheses, Critical Thinking, Self-Correcting, Skepticism, Empiricism. |
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Term
| What does the "L" in FiLCHeRS stand for and how is it defined? |
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Definition
| Logic: If an argument is represented in support of a claim then it must be logical. Must be valid and sound. |
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Term
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Definition
Science is self-correcting.
http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/ulterior-motives/201008/why-science-is-self-correcting |
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Term
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Definition
| Being skeptical of anything that seems outrageous, not believing anything you hear, choosing to reject anything without real evidence. |
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Term
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Definition
| Observation and experimentation is the the source of knowledge. |
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Term
| Science is based on the proposition that... |
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Definition
The world is real.
It's possible to understand.
Natural processes are sufficient to explain the natural world.
Knowledge is available. |
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Term
| The two types of skeptics in detail. |
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Definition
Scientific:A scientific skeptic uses systematic investigation to question the validity of certain claims.
Philosophical: Believe we can never know what is absolutely certain. Make no truth claims. |
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Term
| Steps of the scientific method. |
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Definition
Observe
Question
Hypothesis
Prediction
Test
Conclusion |
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Term
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Definition
| Description of what occurs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Model or some aspect of reality. |
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Term
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Definition
| Something that is known/can be shown to be true. |
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Term
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Definition
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