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Foundations of Reading
MTEL
43
Education
Graduate
02/02/2013

Additional Education Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Phonological Awareness
Definition

an “umbrella” term that includes phonemic awareness. It is the awareness that oral language is composed of smaller units, such as spoken words and syllabels.

phonological awareness includes:

• words within sentences;

• rhyming units within words;

• beginning and ending sounds within words;

• syllables within words;

• phonemes, or sounds, within words (phonemic awareness); and

• features of individual phonemes such as how the mouth, tongue, vocal

cords, and teeth are used to produce the sound.

Term
Phonemic Awareness
Definition

A specific type of phonological awareness involving the ability to hear, identify, and manipulate the individual sounds (phonemes) in spoken words.

 

 

Term
The role of phonological and phonemic awareness in reading development
Definition
  • A strong understanding of spoken language is critical to the development of basic reading and writing skills.
  • Phonemes are represented in writing language by letters, learning to read requires that children become consciously aware of the phonemes as individual elements of words.
  • Phonological awareness refers to all different types of word awareness... *Rhyming, awareness of syllables in a word, knowledge of letter sounds, and identifying individual words within a sentence. *Segmenting phonemes, example realizing the word "cat" contains 3 individual sounds. * Blending phonemes, example when hearing the sounds  d-o-t realizing that they an be blended into the word dot. *More advanced would be a listener identifying the first, middle, and last sound they hear in a word or manipulating sounds (if you take /s/ out of stop what word it left).

 

Term
Phonics
Definition

 

 

Phonics is the understanding that there is a predictable relationship between phonemes and graphemes, the letters that represent those sounds in written language.

 

Term
Levels of Phonological and Phonemic Awareness
Definition
  • Awareness of rhyming words (3-4)
  • Awareness of syllables (4-5)
  • Awareness of onsets and rimes- sound substitution (6)
  • Sound isolation- awareness of beginning, middle and ending sounds (6)
  • Phonemic blending (6)
  • Phonemic segmenting (6-7)
  • Phoneme manipulation (7+) is able to omit or substitute phonemes to make new words.
Term
Teaching strategies to promote phonological and phonemic awareness
Definition
Term
Rhyming
Definition
Words that have the same ending sounds.
Term
Segmenting
Definition

Hearing a word and then saying the individual sounds in the word.

ex. how many sounds are in the word grab?

/g/ /r/ /a/ /b/ four

 

Segmenting exercises being with a focus on syllables, which are easier to distinguish than individual sounds. Segmentation exercises will lead to spelling, segmenting words into their component sound in order to write them.  

Term
Blending
Definition

To combine the sounds represented by letters to pronounce a word

ex. What word is D-O-G

Dog

 

Blending exercises begin with blending words part, such as syllabels, and progress to blending onset and rimes, and then whole words sound by sound.  

 

 

Term
Deletion
Definition

Recognizing the word that remains when a phoneme is removed from another word.

ex. What is smile without the /s/

mile

Term
Substituting
Definition

Child substitutes one phoneme for another to make a new word.

Ex. The word bug. Change the /g/ to /n/. what is the new word? bun.

Term
Onset/Rime
Definition

Onset is the initial sound of a syllable

Sh is the onset on ship

 

Rime is the vowel plus any consonants that come after

ip is the rime of ship

Term
Syllable
Definition

A syllable is a part of a word that contains a vowel or, in spoken language a vowel sound.

 

Ex. e-vent, news-pa-per, ver-y

Term
Environmental Print
Definition

Is print in everyday life. The name given to print that apprears on signs, labels and logos.

Environmental print helps to build a bridge connecting letters and first efforts to read.

Term
Alphabetic principle
Definition

The understanding that spelling represents words by relating written words to spoken words.Learning that there are predictable relationships between sounds and letters allows children to apply these relationships to both familiar and unfamiliar words, and to begin to read with fluency.

 

The goal of phonics instruction is to help children to learn and be able to use the Alphabetic Principle.

 

Children cannot apply and understand the alpahetiv principle until they can recognize and name letters.

 

Children appear to acquire alphabetic knowledge in a sequence that begins with letter names, then letter shapes, and finally letter sounds.

 

Term
Name some strategies for promoting awareness of the relationship between spoken and written language.
Definition
  • Write down what children say on chart.
  • Highlight the meaning of posters and products in class
  • practice how to turn pages, find tops and bottoms of pages, parts of a book
  • Have children echo chorus words from a story book.
Term
Book Handling Skills
Definition
  • How to turn the pages
  • Finding the top and bottom of a page
  • how to find the front and back cover.

examples of ways to promote the development of book handling skills...

  • Have student identify front, back cover.
  • modeling story by holding the book so the audience can see.
  • Discuss additional part of a book.  
Term
Strategies to promote the ability to track print in connected text.
Definition
  • model directionality for students on a chart and choose a student to point to words as class reads aloud.
  • copy a rhyme and post it in the room at the child's eye level for them to read independently.
  • Copy a rhyme on word cards and have students reassemble sentences on a pocket chart
  • create sing song repetitions for using capitals, periods, commas, etc.
Term
Strategies for promoting letter knowledge and letter formation
Definition
  • Have students circle specific letters in a story.
  • Use names, cut them up then reassemble them.
  •  pass out word cards with targeted letter on them and ask children to come up and display answers about the letters (words starting with r, ending with r, etc.)
Term
Strategies for promoting the Alphabetic Principle
Definition
  • Teach letter-sound relationships explicitly and in isolation.
  • Provide opportunities for children to practice letter-sound relationships in daily lessons.
  • Provide practice opportunities that include new sound-letter relationships, as well as cumulatively reviewing previously taught relationships.
  • Give children opportunities early and often to apply their expanding knowledge of sound-letter relationships to the reading of phonetically spelled words that are familiar in meaning.
Term
Phonemic Awareness contributes most to the development of phonic skills in beginning readers by helping them...
Definition
Identify in spoken language separate sounds that can be mapped to letters.
Term
An example of a student who demonstrates a specific type of phonological awareness know as phonemic awareness.
Definition
A student who, after hearing the word hat, can orally identify that it ends with the T sound.
Term
Phonological awareness vs Phonics
Definition
Phonological awareness deals with sounds in spoken words, whereas phonics involves the relationship between sounds and written symbols. Therefore, phonics deals with learning sounds spelling relationships and is associated with print. Most phonological awareness tasks are purely oral.
Term
Synthetic (Explicit) Phonics
Definition
  • Children learn how to convert letters or letter combinations into sounds, and then how to blend the sounds together to form recognizable words. Children have learned the letters m, a, n and the corresponding sounds /m/ /a/ /n/. They blend them to make the word man.
  • Part to whole
  • Most effective approach to teaching phonics.
Term
Analytic (implicit) phonics
Definition
  • Children learn to analyze letter-sound relationships in previously learned words. They do not pronounce sounds in isolation. Children see and say the word man. The teacher tells the students that the letter m makes the beginning sound in man.
  • Whole to smallest part
Term
Fluency
Definition
  • Oral reading fluency is the ability to read with accuracy, and with an appropriate rate, expression, and phrasing.

 

 
Term
The importance of fluency
Definition
  • More fluent readers focus their attention on making connections among the ideas in a text and between these ideas and their background knowledge. Therefore, they are able to focus on comprehension.

 

  • Less fluent readers must focus their attention primarily on decoding and accessing the meaning of individual words. Therefore, they have little attention left for comprehending the text.
Term
Systematic Phonics
Definition
 is not one specific method of teaching phonics; rather, it is a family of phonics instruction that includes the methods of both Synthetic Phonics and Analytical phonics. They are "systematic" because the letters, and the sounds they relate to, are taught in a specific sequence;as opposed to incidentally or on a 'when-needed' basis. 
Term

Decoding

 

Definition
  • The process of translating a printed words into sounds (Reading)
  • The ability to apply your knowledge of letter sound relationships, including knowledge of letter patterns to correctly pronounce written words. Understanding these relationships give children the ability to recognize familiar words quickly and to figure out words they have not seen before. Phonics is one approach to reading instruction that teaches students the principle of letter-sound relationships, how to sound out words, and exceptions to the principle.
Term
Encoding
Definition
The process of writing the sounds you hear in a word. (Spelling)
Term
Phonemes
Definition

Is the smallest meaningful unit of sound in language. A meaningful sound is one that will change one word into another.

ex. Fat and Cat only one sound is different, the first sound.

Term
Morphemes
Definition

A combination of sounds that have a meaning. A morpheme does not necessarily have to be a word.

Ex. Cats has 2 morphemes, Cat + S

runners- 3 morphemes- run+(n)er+s

Roadrunners-4 morphemes- Road-run-(n)er-s

 

Every morpheme is either a base of an affix. An affix can be either a prefix or suffix

Ex. Cat is the base and S is the suffix

 

 

 

Term
Consonant Blend
Definition
Term
Consonant Diagraph
Definition

Single-consonant phonemes that are spelt with two letters.

Ex. THen     SHirt    CHip

Two consonant letters in a digraph make only one sound, they are not pronounced separately.

Term

Semantic Cues

 

Definition
  • Meaning cues
  • Evidence taken from the context in which an unknown word is found that aids a reader in decoding and comprehending an unknown word. General information from the surrounding text that gives the reader clues to an unfamiliar word's meaning.  
Term
Syntactic Cues
Definition
  • Word order cue
  • Hints based on syntax that helps the reader decode and comprehend text. Also known as grammatical cues. Good readers become aware of the relationship among words and phrases, sentences, and paragraphs. They use their knowledge of these relationships and language structure (syntax) to help understand meaning of text.  
Term

Vowel patterns

CVC, CVCC, CVCe

Definition
  • CVC is when a single vowel is between two consonants, the vowel is pronounced short
  • CVCC is when a single vowel is followed by two consonants, the vowel is pronounced short.
  • CVCe is when the letter e follows the second consonant, the vowel will be pronounced long.  
Term
Word Analysis
Definition

Also called "Phonics" and "decoding"

The process of learning more abut word meanings by studying their origins and parts.

Term
Compound word
Definition
One complete word that has been formed by putting two existing words together
Term
Homograph
Definition

A word that has the same spelling as another, but differ in meaning, origin, and sometimes pronunciation. In order to wrod out which pronunciation and which meaning is appropriate you need to be aware of the context.

Ex. Bow, the front of a boat

Bow, to bend

Bow, a decorative knot

 

Term

Prefix and suffix

 

Definition

Prefix Is an affix which is placed before the root word.

Suffix is an affix which is placed at the end of the root word.

Term
Grapheme
Definition
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