Term
| Describe the four sets of the scientific method |
|
Definition
1 - making observations
2 - Formulating a hypothesis
3 - performing experiments and making observations
4 - coming to a conclusion |
|
|
Term
| What are the Characteristics of Life? |
|
Definition
1 - Metabolic processes
2 - Generative processes
3 - Responsive processes
4 - Control process
5 - Structural similarities |
|
|
Term
| Metabolic processes involved what actions? |
|
Definition
Nutrition uptake
Nutrient processing
Waste elimination |
|
|
Term
| Generative processes include what actions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Responsive processes include what? |
|
Definition
Irritability (rapid response to stimuli)
Individual adaptation
Population adaptation (evolution) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Coordination and regulation of metabolic activities |
|
|
Term
| Structural similarities (cells)what types of cells? |
|
Definition
| Blood cells, muscle cells, leaf pore guard cells, nerve cell, diatom, Paramecium |
|
|
Term
| Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) |
|
Definition
First to see individual cells
Called them animalcules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Studied thin slices of cork
Termed the structures “cells” Micrographia 1666 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Botanist
First to state cell theory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
First to publish cell theory for both plants and animals
Coined the phrase metabolism |
|
|
Term
| Two types of protoplasm (Mohl) later identified |
|
Definition
Cell nucleus (central body within fluid)
Cytoplasm (fluid portion of protoplasm) |
|
|
Term
| With later improvements in instrumentation - what was discovered? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When was the Electron Microscope invented? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Prokaryotic (bacteria)
Eukaryotic (algae, protozoa, fungi, plants animals) |
|
|
Term
| Five common traits of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic |
|
Definition
Cell membranes
Cytoplasm
Genetic material
Energy transfer molecules
Enzymes and coenzymes |
|
|
Term
| Diverse living organisms share what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Organic Molecules - why are they important? |
|
Definition
Cells are mostly water and carbon-based molecules
Carbon has a valence of 4 so it will form a tremendous variety of large, complex and diverse molecules
Large variety of molecules = diversity of life |
|
|
Term
| Four basic carbon molecules important to all living things: |
|
Definition
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids |
|
|
Term
| The four basic molecules can be described as.... |
|
Definition
| long chains of smaller molecules linked together |
|
|
Term
| How Are Organic Compounds Formed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Monosaccharides, fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| breaking down polymers into monomers |
|
|
Term
| Monosaccharides (Monomers) form |
|
Definition
| Di & Polysaccharides (polymers) |
|
|
Term
| Fatty acids (Monomers) form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Amino acids (monomers) form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nucelotides (monomers) form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Monosaccharides ‘one sugar’
Disaccharides ‘two sugar’
Oligosaccharides ‘few sugar’
Polysaccharides ‘many sugar’ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Store Energy (more energy in fast than in carbs)
Padding (eye & other organs)
Insulation (keeps you warm)
Waterproofing (oils) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Amino Acids (monomers) - 20 different amino acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Structure – feathers, hair, muscle, nail, horn
Enzymes – speed up reactions
Hormones – chemical messengers
Carriers – hemoglobin carries oxygen to cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A simple sugar
A phosphate group
A NITROGENOUS BASE |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Large and complex organic molecules
Store and transfer important info in the cell
Info is important for the manufacturing of proteins |
|
|
Term
| Two major types of nucleic acids |
|
Definition
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Can also act as enzymes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any method of learning about the natural world that follows the scientific method. |
|
|
Term
| Natural Philosophers (first science) can be traced by |
|
Definition
Pythagorus---530 BC
Plato---380 BC
Aristotle---340 BC
Archimedes---287 BC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nothing between Archimedes 287BC until Galileo—1600 and Cell (biology) – 1700s |
|
|
Term
| What is the scientific method? |
|
Definition
| It involves collecting facts from observations (experiments), developing explanations (hypotheses and theories) and testing the explanations by doing the method again. |
|
|
Term
| Scientific Study Employs OFLeT(h) |
|
Definition
Observations (measurements) lead to
Facts are summarized into
Laws which are explained by
Theories (hypotheses) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a scientific law? |
|
Definition
| A law describes observations or events that happen in nature (in a short statement) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Law of Conservation of Mass
Law of Conservation of Energy |
|
|
Term
| What is a scientific theory? |
|
Definition
A theory explains laws.
It is a mature hypothesis |
|
|
Term
| Scientific Theories (explanations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) A cell that has a membrane that helps contain
2) molecules that are made from combinations of elements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Found in plants
Glued together by a middle lamella that allows cells to “talk” to one another
Has pores called plasmodesma to allow substance to enter and leave the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Thin sheets shaped into different structures and forms related to the function of the membrane
Composed of phospholipids and proteins
Maintains form due to interaction of molecules with surroundings
Located on either side or within:
Proteins (various functions)
Cholesterol
Carbohydrates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| polar molecules that form a double layered sheet (phospholipid bilayer) in water with water soluble portions facing away from each other |
|
|
Term
| Glycerol end of Phospholipids |
|
Definition
| hydrophilic (soluble in water) |
|
|
Term
| Phospholipids - Fatty acid end |
|
Definition
| hydrophobic (insoluble in water) |
|
|
Term
| Cell Membranes are located on either side or within: |
|
Definition
Proteins (various functions)
Cholesterol
Carbohydrates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Carbohydrates attached to a membrane protein
Cholestorol
Phospholipid head
Phospholipid tail
Membrane proteins
Structural support proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Net (overall) movement of a molecule from a place of relative high concentration to a place of lower concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when molecules are equally distributed and movement is equal in all directions |
|
|
Term
| In the case of the cell (Diffusion) |
|
Definition
Membrane does not influence direction
Diffusion across the cell membrane based on size, ionic charge, solubility, energy and concentration gradient. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Net movement (diffusion) of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane separating two solutions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Passive movement from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
Selectively Permeable (only certain molecules can pass through)
Selectivity can be based on solubility, size. ionic charge |
|
|
Term
| Amount of water in a cell is critical - what are the facts? |
|
Definition
Too much can dilute cell contents and interfere with the chemical reactions
Too little can cause buildup of waste products
Isotonic solution:
water and dissolved mineral concentrations in cell equal to surroundings
Hypertonic solution: more solutes, less water
Hypotonic solution: more water, less solutes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Molecules move across membrane according to concentration gradient by combining with specific carrier proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Molecule travels from area of high concentration to area of low concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Passive transport
Only energy required is kinetic energy of molecules (no chemical bond energy)
Specific transport carrier protein must be present |
|
|
Term
| Facilitated Diffusion - ion |
|
Definition
| Ions do not attach to what is being moved, but rather change the charge of the pore to open or close like a gate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Molecules move from area of low concentration to area of high concentration
Cell must expend energy other than the kinetic energy of the molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Very specific process
Only certain molecules or ions can be moved
Specific transport carrier protein must be present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Process in which a cell wraps a membrane around a particle (food, bacteria, virus, foreign material) and engulfs it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Material touches membranous cell surface
Surface becomes indented
Indented cell membrane pinched off to form sac (vacuole) containing engulfed material
Inside cell, the membrane of vacuole is broken down to either release contents into the cell or combine with another vacuole or lysosome containing destructive enzymes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Metabolic activities including:
taking up and releasing molecules
sensing stimuli
attaching to other cells and objects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Separates nucleoplasm from cytoplasm
Surrounds the DNA in the nucleus |
|
|
Term
| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) |
|
Definition
| Set of folded membranes providing a large surface area for chemical reactions to occur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Flattened smooth membranous sacs (resembling stack of pancakes)
Site of synthesis, packaging and release of certain molecules
Hydrolytic enzymes converted from inactive to active form and packaged in membranous sacs. Vesicles pinched off to form lysosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Nucleus
Golgi apparatus
nuclear membrane
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Fixed Ribosome
Cell Membrane
Phagaocytic vaculole
Pinocytotic vesicle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Synthesizes proteins and packages them in vesicles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| modifies lipids and proteins; sort them and packages them in vesicles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fuses with the plasma membrane as secretion occurs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| synthesizes lipids and performs other functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| digest molecules or old cell parts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bring substances into the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proteins and enzymes involved in aerobic cellular respiration located on folded inner surfaces called cristae |
|
|
Term
| Aerobic cellular respiration |
|
Definition
| reactions (in oxygen) involved in release of energy from food molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Found only in plants and algae
Light energy converted to chemical bond energy through photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Composed of RNA and proteins
Function in protein manufacture |
|
|
Term
| Microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments |
|
Definition
Elongated protein structures
Interconnect with each other to form various structures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Provides cell with shape, support and mobilit |
|
|
Term
| Centrioles - non-membraneous organelles |
|
Definition
| Organize microtubules into spindle fibers used for attachment of chromosomes during cell division |
|
|
Term
Cilia or Flagella
non-membraneous organelles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Separates nucleoplasm from cytoplasm
Nuclear pores allow molecules to pass in and out of nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Used in manufacture of ribosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Colloidal mixture of water and the molecules used in construction of ribosome's, nucleic acids and other nuclear material |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Long loosely organized DNA / protein strands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tightly coiled chromatin
Same molecule as chromatin but arranged different structurally |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prokaryotic Cell does not contain |
|
Definition
Traditional nucleus
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
Golgi Apparatus
ER Network |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cell wall
cell membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus
mitochondria
central vacuole
chloroplasts
golfi apparatus
endoplasmic reticulum
lysosomes
vacuoles/vesicles
ribosomes
nucleolus
inclusions
cytoskeleton |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cell membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus
mitochondria
centrole
golgi apparatus
endoplasmic reticulum
lysosomes
vacuoles/vesicles
ribosomes
nucleolus
inclusions
cytoskeleton |
|
|
Term
| What does a plant cell have that an animal cell does not have? |
|
Definition
CELL WALL
CENTRAL VACUOLE
CHLOROPLASTS |
|
|
Term
| What does an Animal Cell have that a Plant Cell does not have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is one thing that the Prokaryotic cell shares with only the plant cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
