Term
| The provision of oxygen to body cells is essential for what? |
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Definition
The provision of oxygen to the body cells is essential for - metabolic processes
- the production of ATP
- the elimination of CO2
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Term
| Cells in complex organisms like the human body are unable to directly exchange gases with the external environment. What two systems cooperate to do this job? |
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Definition
| The respiratory system and the cardiovascular system are together responsible for the provision of oxygen to body cells and the removal of CO2 |
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Term
| The respiratory system is split. Name the different sections in declining size/importance. |
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Definition
Respiratory system Upper respiratory tract + lower respiratory tract Conducting portion + respiratory portion |
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Term
| List the structures in the upper respiratory tract. |
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Definition
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Term
| List the structures in the lower respiratory tract. |
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Definition
| Larynx, trachea, bronch and lungs |
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Term
| List the structures in the conducting portion of the respiratory system. |
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Definition
| a series of cavities and tubes which provide a low resistance pathway for airflow into the lungs: nose, pharynx,larynx, bronchi, bronchioles and terminal bronchioles. |
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Term
| Name the structures in the respiratory portion of the respiratory system. |
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Definition
| The respiratory system consists of the areas where gas exchange occurs: respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs and alveoli. |
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Term
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Definition
The nose is composed of an external portion (cartilage and skin) and an internal portion (pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial tissue with goblet cells producing mucus) The nose has 2 openings at the base known as external nares or nostrils. |
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Term
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Definition
- It warms, moistens and filters incoming air.
- Detects olfactory stimuli (smells)
- Modifies speech vibrations
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Term
| Structure of the Pharynx (throat) |
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Definition
The common opening of the digestive and respiratory systems. Approximately 13cm in length. Made of skeletal muscle lined with mucous membrane. It may be subdivided into the nasopharynx, the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx. |
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Term
| Functions of the pharynx (throat) |
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Definition
Functions as a passage for both food and air. Is a resonating chamber for speech sound. |
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Term
| Function of the nasopharynx |
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Definition
- The nasopharynx functions in respiration only.
- Air is received by the nasopharynx from the nasal cavity laden with dust mucous.
Cilia in the epithelial cells move the mucous down to the inferior part of the pharynx to aid removal of theses dust mucous particles. - The nasopharynx also exchanges small amounts of air with auditory tubes to aid the equalising air pressure between the pharynx and the middle air.
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Term
| Function and structure of the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx |
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Definition
They are both composed of non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium as they are subject to abrasion by food particles. The oropharynx contains the tonsils. Both perform roles in digestion and respiration by acting as a passageway for air and food. |
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Term
| Structure of the larynx (voice box) |
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Definition
Composed of 9 pieces of cartilage as well as muscle and a mucous membrane. The epiglottis is situated at the top of the larynx |
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Term
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Definition
Houses the epiglottis which keeps food out of the larynx. Connects the laryngopharynx with the trachea. Air way |
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Term
Where can the epiglottis be found? |
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Definition
| At the top of the larynx (voice box) |
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Term
| Function of the epiglottis |
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Definition
protects the larynx from food and liquids by forming a seal during the process of swallowing. |
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Term
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Definition
The trachea is constructed of C-shaped rings of cartilage and smooth muscle. It is lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium It is approximately 12cm long. |
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Term
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Definition
the point at which the trachea divides into the left and right bronchi (primary bronchi) The mucous membrane of the carina is one of the most sensitive areas of the entire larynx and trachea for triggering a cough reflex. |
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Term
| Function of the bronchi (airways) |
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Definition
| The bronchi function to conduct air into the lungs. |
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Term
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Definition
They are made of incomplete rings of cartilage, lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium. As the bronchi divide the quantity of cartilage within the structure decreases and the quantity of smooth muscle increases. In addition the bronchi become much smaller. |
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Term
| Division of the bronchial tree biggest to smallest. |
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Definition
| Primary bronchi --> secondary bronchi --> tertiary bronchi --> bronchioles --> terminal bronchioles --> respiratory bronchioles. |
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Term
| Position and function of the primary bronchi |
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Definition
Start of the bronchial tree. From outside the lungs projecting into the lungs. Above the secondary bronchi Supplying the lungs with air. |
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Term
| Position and function of the secondary bronchioles. |
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Definition
In the lungs. After the 1˚bronchi before the 3˚bronchi Supplying each lobe of the lung with air. |
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Term
| Position and function of the tertiary bronchi. |
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Definition
In the lungs. After the 2˚bronchi before the 4˚bronchi. Supplying each bronchopulmonary segment with air. |
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Term
| Upper respiratory tract infections |
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Definition
| Any respiratory tract infections above the vocal chords. |
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Term
| Lower respiratory tract infections. |
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Definition
| Any respiratory tract infections below the vocal chords. |
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Term
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Definition
| The diaphragm anatomically separated the thoracic and abdominal cavities. |
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Term
| The diaphragm is situated where? |
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Definition
| The diaphragm is a dome-shaped skeletal muscle that lies across the floor of the thoracic cavity. |
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Term
| The shape of the diaphragm? |
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Definition
| Dome-shaped skeletal muscle. |
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Term
| What is responsible for innervation of the diaphragm? |
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Definition
| The phrenic nerve which emerges from the cervical spinal cord is responsible for the innervation of the diaphragm. |
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Term
| Contraction causes the diaphragm to... |
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Definition
| Contraction causes the diaphragm to flatten thereby increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity on a verticle plane. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What structure separated the lungs from each other? |
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Definition
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Term
| The number of lobes in the left lung? |
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Definition
| The left lung has 2 lobes |
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Term
| The number of lobes in the right lung? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The pleural membrane encloses and protects each lung. It is composed of the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura with the pleural cavity in between. |
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Term
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Definition
| the superficial layer of the pleural membrane which encloses and protects the lungs. |
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Term
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Definition
| The deep layer of the pleural membrane which encloses and protects the lungs. |
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Term
| The pleural cavity -location and function. |
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Definition
| Is situated in between the two layers of the pleural membrane. It contains a lubricating fluid which assists in breathing movements by aiding in adherence of the membranes to each other, but also reducing friction between them. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tiny hollow, cup-shaped, sacs surrounded by blood capillaries. |
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Term
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Definition
| The alveoli are the site of exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and blood. |
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Term
| Alveoli are composed of 3 things. Name them. |
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Definition
Type 1 alveolar cells Type 2 alveolar cells Alveolar Macrophages |
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Term
| Location of Type 1 alveolar cells. |
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Definition
Located on the "air-facing' surface and form a cell thick, flat epithelial laer which is the main site of gas exchange. |
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Term
| Location and function of Type 2 alveolar cells |
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Definition
Tyoe 2 alveolar cells are interspersed between the type 1 alveolar cells. They are thicker cells specialised to secrete alveolar fluid. |
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Term
| Function of alveolar macrophages |
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Definition
| Remove debris or fine dust particles. |
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Term
| What is the function of the capillaries surrounding alveoli? |
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Definition
| The capillaries surrounding the alveoli allow for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and air by diffusion through the respiratory membrane. |
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Term
| How many layers are in the respiratory membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the 4 layers in the respiratory membrane. |
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Definition
Alveolar wall Epithelial basement membrane Capillary basement membrane Endothelial cells |
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Term
| The alveolar wall is made from... |
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Definition
| type I, type II alveolar cells and alveolar macrophages. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to the process by which the body mechanically enables the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the alveoli within the lungs; effectively the process of breathing. |
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Term
| Boyles law states that... |
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Definition
| Boyle's Law states that "the pressure of gas in inversely proportional to the volume of the container." |
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Term
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Definition
| Air-flow occurs as a result of contraction and relaxation of a variety of muscles and the subsequent alternating pressure gradients which arise. |
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Term
| During inspiration to the thoracic cavity increases or decreases? |
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Definition
| During inspiration the thoracic cavity volume increases. |
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Term
| What does an increase in volume of the thoracic cavity result in? |
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Definition
| increase in volume leads to a reduction in lung pressure which allows air to be drawn in from the atmosphere. |
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Term
| What does a decrease in volume in the thoracic cavity result in? |
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Definition
| A decrease in volume in the thoracic cavity leads to lung pressure increase and subsequently, expiration occurs where gases are forced out into the atmosphere. |
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Term
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Definition
| Air moves into the lungs when the air pressure inside the lungs is less than the air pressure in the atmosphere. |
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Term
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Definition
| Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is greater than the pressure in the atmosphere. |
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Term
| The thoracic cavity is surrounded by what structures? |
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Definition
| The thoracic cavity is encircled by 12 pairs of ribs, chest muscles, the sternum and the thoracic portion of the vertebral column. |
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Term
| Changes in thoracic cavity volume occurs due to... |
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Definition
| Changes in thoracic cavity volume occurs due to the contraction and relaxation of specific muscles. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Explain inspiration during eupnea. |
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Definition
During normal, quiet breathing, known as eupnea, inspiration occurs entirely due to the contraction of the diaphragm. In this case, the diaphragm descends about 1cm, creating a pressure difference of 1 - 3 mmHg and the inhalation of approximately 500 ml air. However, expiration is a passive process in eupnea, and so when the diaphragm relaxes, the elastic fibres of the thoracic wall recoil and expiration occurs. |
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Term
| Is eupnea a passive or active process? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the external intercostal muscles. |
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Definition
Set of 11 muscles that lie between the ribs on the front surface/superficial layer. The fibres of the external intercostal muscles run obliquely, inferiorly and anteriorly from rib to rib below. (downward and inward slant from the rib above to below) |
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Term
| Describe the internal intercostal muscles. |
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Definition
The internal intercostal muscles are a set of 11 muscles that lie in between the ribs. (on a different plane to the external intercostal muscles) They are involved in the forceful breathing causing th contraction of the diaphragm. |
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Term
| Describe the process of forceful breathing |
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Definition
| Expiration during forceful breathing is an active process. The abdominal muscels pull the abdominal wall inwards and upwards, the diaphragm is pushed back up into the thoraz, the external intercostal muscles relaz while the internal intercostal muscles contract. All of these changes result in a decreases in the thoracic cavity volume and expiration occurs. |
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Term
| During normal, quiet inspiratio the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles... |
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Definition
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Term
| During laboured inpsiration abdominal muscles... |
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Definition
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Term
| During normal, quiet expiration the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles... |
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Definition
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Term
| During forceful expiration, abdominal muscles and internal intercostal muscles... |
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Definition
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Term
| List 3 factors that affect pulmonary ventilation. |
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Definition
air pressure differences. surface tension of alveoli. airway resistance. |
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