Term
| World's total land covered by forests? |
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Definition
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Term
| What fraction of the 37.5 million acres of Florida is forested? |
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Definition
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Term
| Florida's Forest support an industry that creates ----------- everyday items |
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Definition
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Term
| Forestry has a $----- impact on the state's economy |
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Definition
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Term
| Forestry supports -------- jobs |
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Definition
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Term
| Ecological services Forests perform |
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Definition
Purify water and air,
Create wildlife habitat,
Gives us natural beauty,
and
Provide recreation opportunities |
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Term
| 4 million people visit florida forests each year to ----------- |
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Definition
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Term
| -------- people visit florida a year to Hunt |
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Definition
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Term
| Tourists contribute $------ to the economy each year |
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Definition
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Term
| Forestry Tourism creates ---------- jobs |
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Definition
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Term
| Other factors that add to Florida's economy involving forests? |
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Definition
water and air purification
Hiking
Biking, camping
Horseback riding
Fishing |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| heating and cooling costs |
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Term
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Definition
| the science, art and practice of managing and using trees, forests and their associated resources for human benefit |
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Term
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Definition
Lumber, paper products
wildlife preservation
natural beauty |
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Term
A well positioned tree can keep a house
------% cooler in summer |
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Definition
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Term
| originally how many acres were covered by forests? |
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Definition
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Term
| the forest stayed intact for ------- years of struggle between spain, england, and france for control of florida |
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Definition
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Term
| the---------- grew the most in this forest |
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Definition
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Term
| what allowed the longleaf pine ecosystem to do well? |
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Definition
| frequent fires started both by lightning and native americans |
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Term
| The fires also gave what to the land? |
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Definition
| an open park like appearance with low plants and grasses that were easy to traverse |
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Term
| During the american revolutionary war, florida's forest supplied what |
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Definition
| Lumber and pine PITCH to england |
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Term
| in the 1830's cutting of florida's timber increased where? |
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Definition
| near rivers that served to float logs to sawmills |
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Term
what brought upon the more massive scale timber cutting after the civil war?
1. |
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Definition
| 1. the nation's population was growing and moving westward, creating a need for lumber to build new cities. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2. large steam-powered logging equipment came about that made it easy to harvest the VIRGIN TIMBER |
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Term
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Definition
| 3. Railroads came into all parts of Florida that created a fast, easy way to transport the heavy wood. |
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Term
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Definition
| 4. the naval stores industry increased int he early 1900's to tap florida's slash and lonleaf pines. |
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Term
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Definition
| the common name for pine pitch store |
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Term
| what is pine pitch used for? |
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Definition
| sealing wooden ship hull-seams, waterproofing cloth and rope, making glues and varnishes, and for sealing the insides of caly pots |
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Term
| how was the pitch removed from longleaf and slash pines? |
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Definition
| by cutting marks know as "cat-faces" into the living trees |
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Term
| what was the biggest industry in the early 1900's in florida? |
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Definition
naval stores,
Floridawas the world's leader in naval stores production |
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Term
| why did lumber production dwindle rapidly after the 1930's? |
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Definition
| the big companies ran out of readily available virgin timber. |
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Term
| why is the "cut out and get out" timbering practice not good? |
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Definition
| it does not provide of a lasting, or sustainable supply of timber in florida. |
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Term
| Slash pine becomes pulwood size quicker than longleaf pine pine do and as a result they are planted where longleaf once grew. why can this lead to problems? |
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Definition
| because the site may not be suitable for slash pine |
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Term
how many acres where left in 1870?
how many by 1937? what was the result? |
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Definition
in 1870 19.2
in 1937 7.5
lumber mills closed down, towns were deserted, and the land became barren and non-productive. |
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Term
| why and when was the Florida Board of Forestry established? |
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Definition
| in 1927 to reestabligh the forests across the state. |
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Term
| why did the Florida Board of Forestry stablish the Florida Forest Service? |
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Definition
| to gather information on forests, their care and management, to prevent and estinguish forest fires, and to enforece all laws pertaining to forests and woodlands |
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Term
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Definition
father of southern forestry
for his preacing of sustainable forest practices.
died on university of florida campus in 1936 |
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Term
| what changed the look of Florida's forests? |
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Definition
making paper from the pulp of southern pines. they disappeared as cellulose from pulpwood. this replaced pitch demands.
cvaused quick-growing of slash and loblolly pine to replace much of the remaining longleaf forests.
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Term
| what was the acreage of lonleaf forests by 1989? |
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Definition
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Term
| how many seedlings does florida replant each year? |
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Definition
| 135 million, since the beginning of the Florida Forest Service, industry and private landowners have planted more than six billion trees. |
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Term
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Definition
hardwoods
mixed hardwoods and pines
pinelands
sandhills
cypress
(non-forested areas) |
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Term
| what does a change of elevation of only a few feet in Florida mean? |
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Definition
| the difference between one type of forest community and another. |
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Term
| what do the main communities contain? |
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Definition
| thousands more micro-communities |
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Term
| what is a main factor that determines which species can grow where? |
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Definition
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Term
| Hardwood forests consist of? |
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Definition
oaks
hickories
sweetgums
dogwood
and more |
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Term
| Hardwood swamp communities? |
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Definition
titi
tupelo
bays
maples
ash
hollies
and other moisture-loving trees |
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Term
| could often communities mix? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| flatwood slash and longleaf pine forests |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| pine and oak scrub communities |
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Term
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Definition
| usually wet swampy areas or areas along rivers or creeks. |
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Term
| Bald Cypress communities grow? |
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Definition
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Term
| pond cypress communities grow in? |
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Definition
| pockets of low topography, and usually from a group of tress in a shape know as a DOME |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which plant communities change over time. During succession the plant communities change according to factors that affect the plants living there. |
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Term
| what will happen if a pine forest that is used to fires throughout the community every several years stops having these fires? |
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Definition
| The oak community (that does not tolerate fires) will probably take over. this is how succession works. |
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Term
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Definition
| the first species to occupy a bare site(the PIONEER SPECIES) |
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Term
| what determines which plant community will occupy a site at a particular time? |
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Definition
shade,
fires,
coil moisture,
predators,
and human influences |
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Term
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Definition
| a community that relies on outside factors to cortrol a site. (if a certain community maintains their control on a site because of their relience on an outside factor such as fire, or humans. |
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Term
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Definition
| a community that is stable without outside factors (such as an oak forest) |
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Term
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Definition
| take in water and nutrients. also anchor the tree against wind and water. |
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Term
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Definition
| carries the water and nutrients up to the tree leaves. |
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Term
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Definition
| make food for the rest of the tree |
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Term
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Definition
| food for tree travels doen to the roots by the phloem. |
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Term
| Roots have------- that -------- |
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Definition
| tiny ROOT HAIRS that absorb water, nutrients, and oxygen that the tree must have to carry on its life processes. |
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Term
| many plants and pine tress rely heavily on tiny fungi in the soil called -------- that ------- |
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Definition
| Mychorrizae that assist in water and soil absorption. |
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Term
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Definition
| main support root for trees and can penetrate deep into the soul. |
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Term
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Definition
| generally absorb most of the nutrients and moisture for a tree. also know as surface or lateral roots because they grow laterally just below the soil surface. |
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Term
| The xylem is the ----- portion of the tree |
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Definition
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Term
| The xylem consits of two types of wood, the ---- and the ----- |
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Definition
| sapwood and the heartwood |
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Term
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Definition
| living outer portion that takes water and nutrients up from the roots to the leaves |
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Term
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Definition
| old, dead sapwood that serves as support for the tree and as a waster repository |
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Term
| the xylem has a series of ----- |
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Definition
| annual rings. each growing season the tree adds one annual ring. each ring consist of a ligh and dark band of wood. the earlywood is the lighter colored, less dense wood. the latewood is the darker, denser wood. |
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Term
| The vascular cambium cells------ |
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Definition
| divide in the xylem to create diameter growth. also responsible for the addition of new phloem tissue. the cambium layer creates xyles cells on the inside of the cambium and phloem on the outside. |
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Term
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Definition
| food making factories. use photosynthesis to create sugars and oxygen. the trees use the sugar for food and oxygen is the waste product. |
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Term
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Definition
| green substance in the leaves. makes photosynthesis possible. |
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Term
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Definition
| openins in the leaf. release most of the water that the leaf takes up, this cools the surface of the leaf and the air around it. this process is EVAPOTRANSPIRATION |
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Term
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Definition
| narrow band of spongy tissue just inside the bark that takes food from the leaves to the rest of the tree. if a the phloem is severed around the tree, the tree will die because the roots would not get enough food. |
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Term
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Definition
| severing the tree's phloem. foresters sometimes girdle undesirable trees to open up the canopy for emerging pine seedlings or grasses that are beneficial to wildlife. |
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Term
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Definition
| is responsible for producing the dead cells that make up the bark of the tree. the bark prevents the tree form drying out, and helps protect it from insects and diseases, freezing and damage by fire. |
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Term
| One of the reasons why longleaf pine has tolerance to fire? |
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Definition
| its thick insulating bark. |
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Term
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Definition
| a relationship between two living things where both are benefited. |
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Term
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Definition
| the science of tree identification. |
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Term
| why do scientists use an established sytem of latin names to describe every especies? |
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Definition
to avoid confusion between common names.
first its is genus then its species.
ex-quercus laevis |
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Term
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Definition
Have wide leaves that shed each fall(deciduous), and have dense, hard wood.
look at the shape, arrangement, and margin patterns of their leaves to identify. |
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Term
| leaf has SIMPLE shape when |
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Definition
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Term
| Leaf has a COMPOUND shape if |
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Definition
| it has more than one leaflet per bud. |
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Term
| Exceptions to broadleaf tree rules..... |
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Definition
| many trees do not lose their leaves in the fall such as the southern magnolia and the live oak. some broadleaf trees such as the cottonwood and willow have very soft wood. |
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Term
| COnifer trees have----- leaves |
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Definition
| PERSISTENT(evergreen) needle-like or scale-like leaves, usually bear cones, and have relatively soft wood. |
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Term
| exception to conifer tree rules..... |
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Definition
| the baldcypress loses its leaves in the winter, the red cedar bears a fleshy fruit instead of cones, and longleaf pines have wood that is denser and harder than the wood of some broadleaf trees. |
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Term
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Definition
alernately arranged
opposite arranged
whorled arranged
entire(smooth)
doubly serrate(double toothed)
serrate(toothed)
lobed |
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Term
| weird things made from trees? |
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Definition
| ice cream, paints, cosmetics, tothpaste, rayon fabric, photographic film, got dog casings, and others. |
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Term
| tress provide------,-------,-------, and ----- for animals. |
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Definition
| oxygen, clean water, food, and cover for animals. |
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Term
| trees and plants move our water throught the water cycle by ----------- and prevent soil erosion by --------- |
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Definition
| trees and plants move our water though the water cycle by TRANSPIRATION and prevent soil erosion by Holding soild particles together with their roots. |
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Term
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Definition
| the art, science, and practice of establishing, tending, and reproducing forest stands of desired characteristics. |
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Term
| Methods of silviculture--- |
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Definition
planting trees,
fertilization,
thinning,
burning,
controlling pests,
herversting,
regeneration,
others |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability for something to last forever. |
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Term
| how is forestry sustainable? |
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Definition
| before logging crews cut the trees, the foresters already have plans to replant the area with new seedlings. thus the wood products taken when we remove the tree will be available when the new seedlings mature. |
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Term
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Definition
| that the amount of large timber that is harvested does not exceed the amount that can be grwon to replace it. |
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Term
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Definition
Social, Economic, and Ecological factors.
(air and water quality, soil quality, wildlife value, and recreationa nd aesthetic value. |
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Term
| the challenge for foresters today? |
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Definition
| to create and popularize a forest management method that is completery sustainable ecologically, socially, and economically. |
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Term
| Easiest way to measure a fores? |
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Definition
| by pacing it off-which is counting every other step |
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Term
| The standard unit of distance measurement in a forest is the-------? |
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Definition
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Term
| how many feet long is the Gunter chain? |
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Definition
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Term
| why do we use 66, such an odd number? |
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Definition
because it divides evenly into 5280, which is the number of feet in a mile.
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Term
| how many gunter chains are in a mile? |
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Definition
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Term
| if you have an area of 10 square chains, how many acres do you have? |
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Definition
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Term
| Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) |
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Definition
The diameter of a tree measured from a point 4.5 feet
above the ground. |
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Term
| what effects tree growth? |
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Definition
The amount of sunlight, nutrients, and water a tree
gets, genetics, competition, and the site suitability
of a tree all have an affect on the individual tree’s
growth. |
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Term
| how many plots should there be for every three acres as a general rule? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Basal area is the cross-sectional area of a tree
4½ feet above ground. The basal area of all trees in an area
describes how much area is occupied by those trees, and is
generally measured in square feet per acre (ft2/acre). good in telling if area is overcrouded. |
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Term
| what is used to measure basal are? |
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Definition
a prisim. Foresters find their plot center, and count the number of trees that are in their
plot by looking through the prism. If the tree
and the tree’s image in the prism are
overlapping, the tree is inside the plot;
otherwise, it is not counted. A common
prism is called a 10 factor prism, which
means that each tree that is counted with the
prism is multiplied by 10 to get your basal
area. For example, a count of 10 trees with
this prism will compute to 100 ft2 of basal
area per acre for that plot. |
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