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to identify a concept or problem
take it apart
organize it to make decisions
establish criteria for evaluation
make appropriate conclusions |
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deriving the consequences from the facts using a series of logical steps
(figuring out something using logic and factual evidence) |
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| a person who has seen something/someone and can communicate these facts |
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| a statement or assertion of information that can be verified |
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| of or relating to the application of scientific knowledge of legal questions |
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| conclusions drawn from assumptions and known facts |
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| what a person perceives using his or her senses |
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| personal belief founded on judgements rather than on direct experience or knowledge |
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| interpreting informations received from the senses |
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| the documented and unbroken transfer of evidence |
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| aka "indirect evidence" - evidence used to imply facts but not prove them directly |
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| material that connects an individual or thing to a certain group |
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| Crime Scene Investigation |
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| a multidisciplinary approach in which scientific and legal professionals work together to solve a crime |
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| Crime Scene Reconstruction |
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| a hypothesis of the sequence of events from before the crime was committed through its commission |
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| evidence that proves an alleged fact, such as an eyewitness account of a crime |
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| the 1st police officer to arrive at a crime scene |
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| a kind of evidence that identifies a particular person or thing |
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| a folded paper used to hold trace evidence |
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| the location of the crime (where it took place) |
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| not the primary crime scene, but a location which is related to the crime; evidence can be found there |
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| small but measurable amounts of physical or biological material found at a crime scene |
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| a compound microscope that allows the side-by-side comparison of samples, such as hair or fibers |
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| the region of hair located outside the medulla and beneath the cuticle; contains melanin granules of pigment |
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| the tough outer covering of a hair composed of overlapping scales |
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| the actively growing root or base of a hair containing DNA and living cells |
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| a fibrous protein that makes up most of the cortex of the hair |
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| the central core of a hair fiber |
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| bits of pigment found in the cortex of hair |
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| Neutron Activation Analysis |
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| a method of analysis that determines composition of elements in a sample |
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Definition
-no defined shape
-loose arrangement of polymers that are soft and elastic (i.e. cotton) |
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-regularly shaped
-polymers side by side
-stiff and strong |
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| passing of evidence (fibers, etc) from suspect <--> victim |
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-must be 100 times longer than wide
-the smallest individual unit of a textile |
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| the collection of mineral crystals formed into a recognizable pattern |
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| a small molecule that may bond to either monomers to become a polymer |
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| a fiber made from a plant, animal, or mineral source |
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| a substance composed of long, repeating units |
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| a man-made fiber/substance (i.e. plastic) |
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| transfer from source to victim to suspect |
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| a flexible, flat material made by interlacing yarns/threads |
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| fibers that have been spun together |
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| a fingerprint pattern in which the ridge pattern originates from one side of the print and leaves from the other side |
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| the center of a loop or whorl |
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| a triangular ridge pattern with ridges that go in different directions above and below and triangle |
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| an impression left on any surface that consists of patterns made by ridges of a finger |
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| the production of an imitation of currency, works of art, documents, and name-brand look-alikes for the purpose of deception |
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| the examination of questioned documents with known material for a variety of analyses, such as authenticity, alterations, erasures, and obliterations |
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| a person who scientifically analyzes handwriting |
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| a standard document of known origin and authorship used in handwriting analysis |
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| the making, adapting, or falsifying of documents or other objects with the intention of deceiving someone |
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| the making, adapting, or falsifying of documents or other objects with the intention of deceiving someone |
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| when a financial gain accompanies a forgery |
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| any signature, handwriting, typewriting, or other written mark whose source or authenticity is in dispute or uncertain |
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| a hidden fingerprint made visible through the use of powder and other techniques |
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| fingerprint patterns in which the ridge pattern flows inward and returns in the direction of the origin |
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| the combination of details in the shapes and positions of ridges in fingerprints that make each unique; also called ridge characteristics |
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| a visible fingerprint that happens when fingers with blood, ink, of some other substance on them touch a surface and transfer the pattern of their fingerprint onto that surface |
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Definition
| a 3d fingerprint made in something soft like putty, clay, or soap |
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| the recognizeable pattern of ridges that form patterns on surfaces of objects in a fingerprint - they are arches, loops, and whorls |
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| the card that people put their fingerprints on with ink |
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Definition
a fingerprint pattern that looks like a bull's-eye
there are plain whorls, central pocket whorls, double loop whorls, and accidental whorls |
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| an alternate form of a gene, for example, a gene for human hair color may have alleles for red or brown |
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| the cell structure that contains genetic information along strands of DNA |
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| pattern of DNA fragments obtained by examining a person's unique sequence of DNA base pairs (also called DNA profiling) |
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| a molecule labeled w/ a radioactive isotope, dye, or enzyme that is used to locate a particular sequence or gene in a DNA molecule |
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| a method of separating molecules, such as DNA, according to their size and electical charge using an electric current passed through a gel containing the samples |
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| a segment of DNA in a chromosome that contains information used to produce a protein or an RNA molecule |
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Polymerase Chain Reaction
a method used to rapidly make multiple copies of a specific segment of DNA; can be used to make millions of copies from a very small amount of DNA |
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| a molecule that cuts a DNA molecule at a specific base sequence |
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Definition
Short Tandem Repeat
tandem (next to each other) repeats of short DNA sequences (2-5 base pairs) with varying numbers of repeats found among individuals |
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Definition
Variable Number of Tandem Repeats
tandem repeats of a short DNA sequence (9-80 base pairs) with varying numbers of repeats among individuals |
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Definition
| the clumping of molecules or cells caused by an antigen-antibody response |
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| proteins secreted by white blood cells that attach to antigens |
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| Antigen-Antibody response |
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Definition
| a reaction in which antibodies attach to specific antigens |
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| usually a foreign substance or something to the body (like a virus, bacteria or parasite) that reacts with antibodies |
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| proteins embedded in the red blood cell membrane |
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| a 2-d view of the intersection of lines formed by the blood spatter (at least two drops) that indicates the general area of the source of spatter (use length by width proportion to determine angle of impact, then go up from the point of convergence to that angle) |
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Definition
| a 3-d view formed using lines of convergence and angles of impact of at least 2 drops of blood to identify the source and location of blood spatter |
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| donut-shaped cells that carry oxygen and carbon dioxide through the body (and are the kind of cells we use for blood type analysis) |
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| secondary drops formed when small amounts of blood break free from the main contact drop of blood (are formed when spatter travels and elongates) |
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| cells that police the body destroying foreign molecules |
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| a drug or other chemical compound whose manufacture, distribution, posession, and use is regulated by the legal system |
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Definition
| a chemical substance that affects the processes of the mind or body; a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of a disease; a substance used recreationally for its effects on the mind or body, such as a narcotic or a hallucinogen |
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| an addictive drug, such as opium, that relieves pain, alters mood and behavior, and causes sleep or feelings of mental numbness |
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| a naturally occuring or manufactured substance that can cause severe harm or death if ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin |
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| the degree to which a substance is poisonous or can cause injury |
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| a poisonous substance naturally produced by certain plants, animals, and bacteria that is capable of causing disease or death in humans; a subgroup of poisons |
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