Term
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Definition
| (superior)- towards the head |
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Term
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Definition
| (inferior)- towards the feet |
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Term
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Definition
| (ventral)- toward the front |
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Term
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Definition
| (dorsal)- toward the back |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| away from the median plane |
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Term
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Definition
| closer to the median plane |
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Term
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Definition
| farther from the median plane |
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Term
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Definition
| mature bone cells (sits in Lacunae) |
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Term
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Definition
| bone destroying or reshaping cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
outer layer of fresh bone
-fibrous layer
-osteogenic layer |
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Term
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Definition
| (central canal)- houses: blood, lymph, and nerve cells and it is surrounded by 4-8 plates of bone |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| irregular layers of bones between osteons |
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Term
| Periosteal and Endosteal Lamellae |
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Definition
| layers of bone adjacent to the periosteum and endosteum |
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Term
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Definition
| runs horizontally across bone, contains blood vessels, nerves and lymph |
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Term
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Definition
| Canaliculi (little canals) flow of nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
| sub-discipline of physical anthropology- techniques of osteology and skeletal identification to problems of legal and public concern |
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Term
| Forensic anthropologists are |
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Definition
| certified specialist, drowned/burned bodies skeletonized = not enough soft tissue |
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Term
| When are forensic anthropologists called in? |
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Definition
-drowning/fire = skeleton
-skeletal trauma
-age at death
-mass disasters
-atrocities = war
-historical persons |
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Term
| Father of forensic anthropology |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Parkman-Webster 1849
Prof killed doc $ |
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Term
| The scientific working group for forensic anthropology |
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Definition
| (SWGANTH) founded by the FBI and the Dept. of Defense Central Identification lab |
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Term
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Definition
| elected officials may or may not have medical training- certifying death |
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Term
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Definition
| licensed physicians- certifying death |
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Term
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Definition
| medical specialists who conduct autopsies to determine cause of death |
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Term
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Definition
| specialists who help discover and excavate bodies |
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Term
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Definition
| PMI determination, volatile fatty acids=body decays (Arpod voss) |
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Term
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Definition
| determine season location of the crime-> studying associated plant remains |
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Term
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Definition
| dentists who help identify people through their dentition |
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Term
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Definition
| specialists who study insects/insect remains/puparial cases around the corpse- determine time of death |
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Term
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Definition
| expert testimony based on accepted practices within the field of expertise |
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Term
| FRE (Federal Rules of Evidence 1975) |
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Definition
| Rule 702 states: evidence should be presented by an expert or have expert knowledge reliable principles |
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Term
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Definition
1. technique has been and can be tested
2. technique had been peer-reviewed and published
3. error rate is known
4. standards controlling its operation
5. technique widely accepted |
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Term
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Definition
| water washing to reveal skeleton |
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Term
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Definition
| American Board of Forensic Anthropology |
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Term
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Definition
collect at the scene: clothes, artifacts, bullets, bones, teeth, etc.
clean away soft tissue through maceration |
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Term
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Definition
qualitative
ex: sex (no overlapping) male or female |
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Term
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Definition
qualitative
ex: primary colors, distance between categories is not always the same |
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Term
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Definition
quantitative
time and temperature
unit of measurements are fixed |
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Term
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Definition
quantitative
measurement has a zero point on the scale ratios between meas. have meaning
ex: child is 3 ft which is 1/2 of 6 ft |
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Term
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Definition
| examination by visual inspection (skull- accuracy 80-90%) program- FORDISC |
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Term
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Definition
| measurement of bone (bone boards) |
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Term
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Definition
| microstructure of bone and teeth (age determination) |
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Term
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Definition
| sex determination - which side has the most traits |
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Term
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Definition
| age the skeleton - graph them, vertical axis of chronological age = look for areas of overlap |
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Term
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Definition
width over length/height X 100
portray shape value |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| average head 75.00 to 79.99 |
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Term
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Definition
| broad or round head 80.00 to 84.99 |
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Term
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Definition
| very broad head 85.00 and up |
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Term
| Discriminant function analysis |
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Definition
| mathematical tool based upon measurements - minimal overlap- predict sex and ancestry |
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Term
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Definition
math formula- relationship between objects- obtain one value you can predict the other
variation or error |
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Term
| How many bones in the adult body? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
red marrow for blood formation
storage of calcium and phosphate
trap for minerals lead and fluoride |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| calcium, phosphate, magnesium, fluoride, citrate, carbonate, and sodium |
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Term
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Definition
| bone cavities and represents a source of stored energy for the body |
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Term
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Definition
| (horizontal) plane = divides the body at right angles to the long axis |
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Term
|
Definition
| plane = divides the body into right and left halves |
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Term
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Definition
| plane = divides the body into front and back |
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Term
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Definition
| 20% of your entire body weight |
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Term
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Definition
| supporting bones of the body: skull, hyoid, vertebrae, sternum and ribs |
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Term
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Definition
| shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle, upper and lower limbs, hands and feet |
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Term
| Spongy bone is filled with |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| muscle markings of bone enlarge with strenuous exercise |
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Term
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Definition
(trabecular, woven, or cancellous)
internal bone reflects outside- heavy labor |
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Term
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Definition
| visual, developmental, and shape |
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Term
| Visual (bone classification) |
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Definition
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Term
| Developmental (bone classification) |
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Definition
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Term
| Shape (bone classification) |
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Definition
Short bones (wrist and ankle) cubical
Long bones (arms and legs) longer than wide
Flat bones (skull, breast bone, ribs, scapula) thin and flat
Irregular bones (vertebrae, facial bones and hips)
Sesamoid bones (patella or knee cap) are shaped like a sesame seed. These bones are formed in tendons. One is also usually found at the head of the first metacarpal |
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Term
| Intramembranous ossification |
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Definition
| in the fetus, bone growth is in membranes with no solid precursor...this gives rise to membranous bones |
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Term
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Definition
| most bones develop a cartilage precursor |
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Term
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Definition
| (shaft) in long bones, primary center of ossification |
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Term
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Definition
| secondary center (or centers) these allow for growth in length of long bones, in addition to other bones |
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Term
| Factors affecting bone growth |
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Definition
genes
vitamins
hormones
smoking
diet |
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Term
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Definition
Deficiencies: A=thick bones, C=scurvy, D=rickets
Excesses: A=pain in bones and even toxicity, D=can lead to hypercalcemia which can cause calcification of soft tissues |
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Term
|
Definition
| somatotrophic, sex, parathyroid (PTH) and calcitonin |
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Term
|
Definition
growth hormone from the pituitary
-too much early in life= gigantism
-too much later in life=acromegaly
-too little= pituitary dwarfism |
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Term
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Definition
reduction of sex hormone balance
castration of very young males
aging females |
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Term
| Parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
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Definition
helps to monitor and control the calcium/phosphorus balance in the blood
-hyperparathyroidism = over production of PTH, calcium levels elevated
-hypoparathyroidism = deficiency of PTH, low calcium concentration= very excitable nerves and muscles
-calcitonin = decreases the concentration of calcium in body fluids |
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Term
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Definition
loose connective tissue
hemopoietic tissue
supporting tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| soft and pliable- a bedding for cells and membranes |
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Term
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Definition
| blood-forming tissue as found in bone marrow |
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Term
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Definition
dense supporting tissues: tendons (attach muscle to bone), ligaments (attach bone to bone), wrappings (form connective tissue tubes)
special supporting tissues found in cartilage and bone |
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Term
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Definition
| glass-like cartilage, a temporary cartilage model from which bones develop, in articular cartilage at ends of bones, costal cartilages, larynx, and nose |
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Term
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Definition
| yellow cartilage, more yellow elastic fibers for flexibility, ear cartilage and in the epiglottis |
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Term
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Definition
| white cartilage, it is rough and strong, mixed with hyaline or elastic cartilage |
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Term
| Hyaline cartilage provides |
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Definition
| rigid yet flexible support (nose) |
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Term
| Fibrous (in public symphysis) and elastic (in ear) cartilages are |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| rapidly for faster growth then bone would allow |
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Term
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Definition
| embryonic model for most bones |
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Term
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Definition
| no movement and tough connective tissue (sutures of skull) |
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Term
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Definition
| slight movement (between the manubrium and the body of the sternum) |
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Term
|
Definition
freely moving joints with
-articular surfaces of bones
-held together by ligaments and other connective tissue which form a closed cavity
-cavity contains synovial tissue- lubricating fluid (joint oil) (knee joint, elbow joint, etc.) |
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Term
|
Definition
| capillaries, therefore it is never more than 0.1 to 0.2 mm. away from a blood supply...cartilage is fed through diffusion |
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Term
|
Definition
| appositionally while cartilage grows appositionally and interstitially |
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Term
| chemical differences bone has more |
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Definition
| protein and minerals and 1/3 of the water of cartilage |
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Term
| How many bones in adult human skeleton? How many are in the skull? |
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Definition
| 206 bones, 30 are in the skull |
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Term
| Frankfort horizontal plane |
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Definition
| a line from the top of the external auditory meatus (ear) to the lowest point on the inferior rim of the orbit. This is a line used to orient the skull to facilitate comparisons and measurements |
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Term
|
Definition
| bones of head, with or without mandible/jaw |
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Term
|
Definition
| bones of head without jaw |
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Term
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Definition
| bones of head which house brain (excludes the face) |
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Term
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Definition
forms the forehead and upper portions of the eye sockets
articulations: the parietals, maxilla, zygomatics/malars and nasals |
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Term
|
Definition
metopic suture trace starts to fuse at 6 months, functionally closes 12 months, obliterated by 2 years
glabella- the most prominent point in the median sgittal plane between the supraoribital ridges
superciliary arches (brow ridges)
Orbital plates/pars orbitalis forms roof of eye sockets |
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Term
|
Definition
| their position is posterior to frontal bone, they form the lateral top of skull |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| between frontal and parietals |
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Term
|
Definition
| between parietals and temporal bones |
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Term
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Definition
| between parietals and occipital bones |
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Term
|
Definition
interior surface is covered with grooves for an artery known as the middle meningeal artery
beveled inferior margin
anterior inferior projection is known as sphenoidal portion
superior and inferior temporal lines continue along this bone
a parietal foramen is often present along superior posterior border |
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Term
|
Definition
large bone which forms the posterior and base of the skull
consists of four portions:
-squamous (or flat superior portion)
-two condylar portions
-the basilar portion (at the base) |
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Term
| Sometimes in adults the squamous portion of the occipital is found in |
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Definition
| two separate halves divided by the mendosal suture (normally fuses by 1 year of age) |
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Term
|
Definition
external occipital protuberance (on superior nuchal line where is meets the external occipital crest)
inferior and superior nuchal lines-neck muscles
occipital condyles- kidney bean shaped articulations for atlas vertebra
external occipital crest- a median crest to which a ligament which attaches the neck vertebrae to the skull attaches
foramen magnum- latin "big hole" through which spinal cord connects with the brain |
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