Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A little more energy and lots more protein in pasture because... |
|
Definition
| when the stuff is stored as hay, the protein breaks down and denatures |
|
|
Term
| A major nutrient input on pastures and hayfields in the South |
|
Definition
| manure from animal feeding operations - particularly poultry broiler litter which is about a 3-3-2 fertilizer. |
|
|
Term
| Abomasum called glandular stomach because... |
|
Definition
| it’s similar to our stomach |
|
|
Term
| Address soil fertility needs based on... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Assign forage to animals based on... |
|
Definition
| objective of production and such |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bacteria do this to break down the cell wall of plant material |
|
Definition
| secrete enzymes, which help break down the cell wall |
|
|
Term
| Bacteria secrete enzymes that help... |
|
Definition
| break down cell walls and release cell contents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| they contain strands of horizontal wires twisted together with barbs spaced every 4 to 5 inches. |
|
|
Term
| Basic Required Nutrients for livestocy |
|
Definition
-Water
-Protein
-Minerals
-Vitamins
-Fats
-Energy |
|
|
Term
| Basic Required Nutrients for livestocy |
|
Definition
-Water
-Protein
-Minerals
-Vitamins
-Fats
-Energy |
|
|
Term
| Before planning the layout of a fencing system, evaluate... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Benefits of Adding Legumes |
|
Definition
A valuable source of N (time-released).
decay of legume leaves helps improve the soil’s N content |
|
|
Term
| Best Management Practices to minimize losses in Phase 1 of silage fermentation |
|
Definition
-Exhaust oxygen rapidly through adequate compaction of the forage in order to limit time in phase one
-Cover silage as soon as possible with plastic to prevent oxygen exposure of the forage mass |
|
|
Term
| Best Management Practices to minimize losses in Phase 2 of silage fermentation |
|
Definition
-Harvest forage at adequate DM
+Too wet (low DM), important effluent losses
+Furthermore, low DM forages >>> lower CHO content >>> lower acid production, creating a longer period to reach the stable phase.
-Bacterial inoculants can be added to aid in the rapid decrease in forage pH.
+Additives are not a solution to poor management in other phases of silage production (poor packing and harvesting at improper DM, …) |
|
|
Term
| Best Management Practices to minimize losses in Phase 6 of silage fermentation |
|
Definition
-Size the silage structure according to feed out needs to minimize the surface area exposed to oxygen and to rapidly progress through the silage face (depth removed)
-Minimize the time between removal of silage from the structure and feeding to animals in order to limit exposure to oxygen
-Maintain a straight, smooth face to reduce exposed surface area and to prevent oxygen from penetrating the forage mass. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Body condition score is the best measure of ______ and a good indicator of ______. |
|
Definition
past nutritional status
future reproductive performance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an estimation of the amount of body fat a cow has |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-The electrical resistance of forage is measured between two metal contacts at the tip of the probe when inserted into the forage.
-Testers determine forage moisture concentration based on the relationship between moisture concentration and electrical conductivity. |
|
|
Term
| Chiefpepsin cells produce... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clay content of soils increases in this direction in GA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clay content of soils increases in this direction in GA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Common mistakes when establishing bermudagrass |
|
Definition
1: Planting when soil moisture is inadequate
2: Poor quality sprigs (dried out or heated)
3: Short-cutting on sprig numbers
4: Covering sprigs too deep
5: Poor soil firming around sprigs; gotta maintain soil firmness
6: Poor weed control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-forage
-grain
-byproducts
-fat |
|
|
Term
| Confinement/freestall system leads to... |
|
Definition
| accumulation of nutrients from feed fed to animals and defficated/urinated onto impervious surfaces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Large-intestine damage and increased organic acids in the gut lumen may play a role in diarrhea often seen with ruminal acidosis. Bubbling is a result of post-defication fermentation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a chemical that controls crabgrass and such |
|
|
Term
| Each compartment of the ruminant stomach has a different... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Effect of temperature on regrowth of cool season grasses |
|
Definition
| they seem to grow fastest at 25 C |
|
|
Term
| Energy is derived from... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epithelium in ruminants possess multiple layers, referred to then as... |
|
Definition
| stratified squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
| Esophageal Impaction (Choke) in horses |
|
Definition
| Foreign object or feed lodging in esophagus |
|
|
Term
| Excess calories are stored in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Excess forage stored because... |
|
Definition
| you don’t want it to go to waste |
|
|
Term
| Farm resources to consider when planning fencing layout |
|
Definition
| the permanent, semi permanent, and variable farm resources |
|
|
Term
| Fiber, protein, starch inside... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Froth in frothy or soapy bloating comes from... |
|
Definition
| “Fraction I” or 18S protein |
|
|
Term
| Frothy bloat normally occurs in cattle eating ______ or ______ as well as in ______ cattle |
|
Definition
legumes
lush grasses
feedlot |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormone which secretes gastric acid – 10-30 liters. Continues during feeding |
|
|
Term
| Gotta rely on feed, hay, and supplementation during winter because of... |
|
Definition
| forages being dormant and such |
|
|
Term
| Grass better for ruminants because... |
|
Definition
| that’s what they’re naturally designed for |
|
|
Term
| Grazing is a compromise between... |
|
Definition
| forage and animal production. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The grazing wedge is a tool for visualizing forage inventory in different pastures.
It visually represents the quality and quantity of forage dry matter available both now and during the next round of grazing, enabling farmers to plan pasture management accordingly. |
|
|
Term
| Greenchop used mostly on... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Heat-type moisture testers |
|
Definition
-Consist of a heater/fan drying unit, a screen-bottomed sample container, and a simple spring scale
-Uses the weight difference between the wet forage and dry forage
-Takes 23-30 min |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the plants are suffering |
|
|
Term
| Herbicide residues can do this to plants. |
|
Definition
| injure plants and cause reduced seedling vigor |
|
|
Term
| High quality forage contains how much CP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| High solubility of RUBISCO results in... |
|
Definition
| a “bacterial bloom” of protein degrading microbes |
|
|
Term
| How do we know how much energy is in the forage that is being consumed, and how do we know we are meeting the needs of the animal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hydrolyzable tannins have a ______ core |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a pasture, most of the expenses are ______, followed by ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In severe bloat, the ______ is bloated |
|
Definition
rumen
this is ballooning of the rumen |
|
|
Term
| Interior fences (or cross fences) are used to... |
|
Definition
| subdivide fields into smaller areas (paddocks) for grazing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Limit grazing is a good way to reduce the risk of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Methane from pasture comes from... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| management intensive grazing dairy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the conversion of forages into energy |
|
|
Term
| Microbes that pass from the rumen will be digested in the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most of the soil here in Georgia is ______ in terms of selenium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most of the soil here in Georgia is ______ in terms of selenium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| assigns the proportion of that feedstuff which meets Maintenance, growth, lactation, gestation |
|
|
Term
| Number of plants per square foot affects ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| OM increases the soil's ability to hold... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Objectives of seeding a crop |
|
Definition
-Suppress competing plants (cultivation/spray)
-Place seed at appropriate depth
-Provide good seed/soil contact |
|
|
Term
| One of the risks with grazing forages is... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Our expectation of a productive female |
|
Definition
-Maintain her body weight / condition
-Deliver a live offspring without difficulty
-Come into heat promptly
-Conceive early in the breeding season
-Nourish a developing fetus
-Adequately nurse the offspring through to weaning
-Milk production |
|
|
Term
| Our expectation of a productive female |
|
Definition
-Maintain her body weight / condition
-Deliver a live offspring without difficulty
-Come into heat promptly
-Conceive early in the breeding season
-Nourish a developing fetus
-Adequately nurse the offspring through to weaning
-Milk production |
|
|
Term
| Pancreatic juice stimulated by... |
|
Definition
| presence of feed in stomach, secretion continuous but gets heavier with food |
|
|
Term
| Parietal cells produce... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the action of giving birth to young; childbirth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Cutting
-Conditioning (or not)
-Swath manipulation (tedding)
-Packaging (bale type)
-Storage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Livestock protection and confinement
-Proper fencing is a powerful management tool in efficient grazing systems.
-Different fencing needs for various types (species, age, breed, production system). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the enzyme responsible for C3 p’synth |
|
|
Term
| Reasons for use of Energy Supplementation |
|
Definition
| Meet energy demands when pasture energy is insufficient |
|
|
Term
| Ruminal Tissues are ______ epithelia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sections of the horse small intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some management practices for preventing bloating |
|
Definition
-Provide animals fiber before turning them loose on the legumes
-Legumes providing no more than 50% of forage |
|
|
Term
| Some plant factors that affect bloat |
|
Definition
-Species
-Stage of grwth
-Grwth rate
-Moisture |
|
|
Term
| Some things that affect forage management decisions |
|
Definition
-Climate
-The forage being stored
-What you’re storing it for |
|
|
Term
| TDN (total dietary nutrients) |
|
Definition
| TDN is our common measure of feedstuff energy |
|
|
Term
| TDN lower in hay because... |
|
Definition
| when you dry it, the cell contents kinda go away |
|
|
Term
| The best way to asses the effectiveness and adequacy of a nutritional management program |
|
Definition
| to body condition score the cow herd |
|
|
Term
| The cheapest way to harvest forages |
|
Definition
| The cheapest way to harvest forages is the animal to harvest it |
|
|
Term
| The composition of the cell wall is important for... |
|
Definition
| the breakdown of the cell wall |
|
|
Term
| The establishment in establishment % refers to ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The first thing the energy from the forage is gonna be used for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The first thing the energy from the forage is gonna be used for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The fraction 1 fraction 2 stuff with proteins is based on... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The gases in the rumen are normally eliminated thru... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The most common type of bloat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The most common type of bloating |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The omasum is kinda like a... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Use mineral blocks with... |
|
Definition
-anti-foaming agent like poloxalene, which prevents pasture bloat for about 12 hours
-bloat-reducing compounds such as ionophores
+Rumensin (monensin)
+Bovatec (Lasalocid) |
|
|
Term
| Use the information to design a fencing layout that maximizes ______ and provides ______. |
|
Definition
forage efficiency
proper rest periods for plant growth and recovery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT ARE THE SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES THAT MAKE NITRATE LEACHING OF SUCH CONCERN? |
|
Definition
The soil particles have negative charges on their surfaces.
Nitrogen (nitrate) is negatively charged, highly soluble, and therefore extremely mobile in the soil. |
|
|
Term
| WHAT ARE THE SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES THAT MAKE NITRATE LEACHING OF SUCH CONCERN? |
|
Definition
The soil particles have negative charges on their surfaces.
Nitrogen (nitrate) is negatively charged, highly soluble, and therefore extremely mobile in the soil. |
|
|
Term
| We worry about nitrates in water because of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| We worry about waste management because... |
|
Definition
| it’s an environmental thing and it’s free fertilizer |
|
|
Term
| What is the overall objective of the feeding / supplementation program? |
|
Definition
-Extend the forage base
-Meet nutritional deficiencies
-Alter cow production
You have to know where you want to go before you can get there. |
|
|
Term
| What is the overall objective of the feeding / supplementation program? |
|
Definition
-Extend the forage base
-Meet nutritional deficiencies
-Alter cow production
You have to know where you want to go before you can get there. |
|
|
Term
| When harvesting forage, the other cost is... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When the animal harvests the forage, you don’t have to worry about... |
|
Definition
| storage or nutrient cycling |
|
|
Term
| When you have grazing, there is less impact on... |
|
Definition
| water and the environment and such |
|
|
Term
| Why make baleage instead of hay? |
|
Definition
- Good in humid areas – reduced losses from environmental variables
- More nutrients preserved
- Consistent forage quality
- Time management permits harvest at ideal time
- Reduce nitrates in drought stricken forage
- Low cost |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| they are smooth horizontal and vertical wires made of mild steel. |
|
|
Term
| You don’t wanna plant legume seeds w/o... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| You get higher gain on cool season grasses because... |
|
Definition
| they have more mesophyll, thus more protein and less fiber |
|
|
Term
| You want grazing to be a balance between... |
|
Definition
| production per animal and production per acre |
|
|
Term
| ______ Is the Most Mobile of All Applied Nutrients in Ag Systems |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ and ______ help define the availability of nutrients in the soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ feeds on organic matter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ is a necessary when fencing for horses. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ is a product of the pasture ecosystem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a benefit of adding legumes |
|
Definition
| A valuable source of N (time-released). |
|
|
Term
| a benefit of adding legumes |
|
Definition
| A valuable source of N (time-released). |
|
|
Term
| a chemical horse saliva contains |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a difference between sprigs and cuttings |
|
Definition
| Sprigs have roots and cuttings don’t |
|
|
Term
| a food additive that can affect nutrient requirements |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a nutrient that's often the limiting nutrient in the SE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a type of fence that's a threat to horses and why that is |
|
Definition
| High-tensile wire fences poses a threat to horses, ---become entangled in the strands. |
|
|
Term
| a type of fencing that should be avoided with horses and why |
|
Definition
| Barbed wire should be avoided -- many opportunities for horses to tear their hide on the barbs. |
|
|
Term
| activity level of pancreatic juices in horses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| advantage of using a cultipacker/seeder |
|
Definition
| uniform placement of seed over prepared soil surface |
|
|
Term
| advantages of fixed fencing systems |
|
Definition
-minimum daily labor
-low maintenance
-low cost per acre on large installations |
|
|
Term
| advantages of flexible fencing systems |
|
Definition
-high management flexibility
-low cost per acre on small installations |
|
|
Term
| advantages of rotational grazing over continuous grazing |
|
Definition
This makes sure the animals don’t congregate near water holes or shade; they don’t have time to pick and choose
Rotational grazing permits good utilization of pastures, combined with periods of rest for regrowth |
|
|
Term
| amount of annual maintenance cost taken up by feeding livestock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of grain a horse should consume |
|
Definition
| No more than 0.75% BW at one time |
|
|
Term
| amount of saliva produced by horses per day |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of time needed for a horse to adapt to dietary changes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an environmental factor that is very important for the response of a fertilizer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| animal productivity is primarily a function of... |
|
Definition
feed intake
get as much into the animal as possible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| broiler litter as a K fertilizer |
|
Definition
| Potassium fertilization may not be adequate |
|
|
Term
| c'tration of sodium bicarbonate in horse saliva is directly proportional to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| carbohydrates are primarily used by the plants for... |
|
Definition
growth and maintenance
This and stored reserves are used for maintenance |
|
|
Term
| cations in soil in order of strength (strongest to weakest) |
|
Definition
| Al3+ > H+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ |
|
|
Term
| cattle have greater average daily gain (ADG) when watered from pond or trough? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| close ups of the lining of the parts of the ruminant stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-shading of pasture underneath
-damage to trees
-nutrient accumulation under trees
-soil compaction and/or mud
+consider geotextile material and gravel to protect it as a high use area |
|
|
Term
| continuous grazing is bad because... |
|
Definition
| it compromises the plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Costs Increase When Soil Fertility Decreases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Costs Increase When Soil Fertility Decreases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Costs Increase When Soil Fertility Decreases |
|
|
Term
| depiction of a grazing wedge |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of continuous stocking |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of continuous stocking with fenced off area during surplus growth period |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of creep grazing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of forward creep grazing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of how photosynthate (carbohydrate) is utilized in plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of how soil sampling should be done |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of limit grazing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of rotational stocking |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of strip grazing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the equine digestive tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the pasture carbon cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the ruminant digestive tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depictions of the chambered stomach of ruminants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| description of how pasture bloat can occur |
|
Definition
| Production of gas (primarily carbon dioxide and methane) is a normal result of fermentation processes. The gas is usually discharged by belching (erutication) but, if the animal is unable to remove the excess gas, pressure builds up in the rumen-reticulum exerting pressure on the diaphragm which prevents the animal from inhaling, and bloat occurs. |
|
|
Term
| description of phase 1 of silage fermentation |
|
Definition
– oxygen depletion by aerobic organisms
- Soluble CHO are reduced
- Proteins converted to ammonia (2 days) |
|
|
Term
| description of phase 2 of silage fermentation |
|
Definition
-Initial anaerobic fermentation
-CHO converted to acetic acid, pH drops to 5.0 (2-3 days) |
|
|
Term
| description of phase 3 of silage fermentation |
|
Definition
-Main Fermentation Phase
-Increasing acid inhibits acetic producers and lactic acid producers take over
-pH drops to < ~4.5 (3-4 days) |
|
|
Term
| description of phase 4 of silage fermentation |
|
Definition
-Continuation of phase 3.
-More lactic acid and pH drops to 4.0.
-(4-21 days) |
|
|
Term
| description of phase 5 of silage fermentation |
|
Definition
-Silage is stable
-no fermentation |
|
|
Term
| description of phase 6 of silage fermentation |
|
Definition
-Feeding phase,
-Silage removed, aerobic decomposition and increase in pH to 7.0 |
|
|
Term
| desired seeding rate when using grain driils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| details about Crimper (roller) type of conditioner |
|
Definition
-Roll creates a crushing action
-Roll conditioner works better for alfalfa
-Roll with rotary mower will leave strips in light crops (Limited air through rear of machine) |
|
|
Term
| details about flail (impeller) conditioner |
|
Definition
-Creates a stripping action
-Impeller has greater capacity
-Flail conditioner designed for grasses
-Impeller tends to have higher losses on legumes
+2 to 3 % higher field losses with alfalfa
-The loss is all leaves so forage quality is significantly reduced. |
|
|
Term
| difference between legumes and grasses in terms of how they interact with the sun |
|
Definition
| legumes follow sun, but grasses don't |
|
|
Term
| disadvantage of continuous grazing |
|
Definition
Extreme variation in forage height due to repeated grazing in the same areas of the pasture
results in Poor overall utilization – 40 – 50% |
|
|
Term
| disadvantages of fixed fencing systems |
|
Definition
-high cost per acre on small installations
-limited management flexibility |
|
|
Term
| disadvantages of flexible fencing systems |
|
Definition
-more labor
-high maintenance |
|
|
Term
| disease that can be caused by selenium deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| disease that can be caused by selenium deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| do this to hay to get uniform drying in the swath |
|
Definition
| Tedding hay is essential to get uniform drying in the swath |
|
|
Term
| do this to the tedded swaths prior to baling |
|
Definition
| Combining tedded swaths into one large swath prior to baling |
|
|
Term
| effect of Too few animals grazing a limited area |
|
Definition
| high production per animal, but low per acre |
|
|
Term
| effect of Too many animals grazing a limited area |
|
Definition
| low production per animal and possibly per acre |
|
|
Term
| effect of broiler litter as a fertilizer |
|
Definition
-provides organic matter
-increases soil pH to an extent due to Ca in litter
-high in hormones |
|
|
Term
| effect of liming on roots |
|
Definition
| liming mitigates the effect of Al, allowing the roots to grow longer |
|
|
Term
| effects of cattle hooves on wet soil |
|
Definition
-damage plants
-compact soil
-reduce water infiltration on clay soils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-adversely affects forage growth
-water and soil conservation
-pasture plant persistence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-forage waste
-reduced nutritive quality
-reduced tiller development
-loss of legumes
-less subsequent growth |
|
|
Term
| empty pH in horse stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| environmental impact of P from broiler litter |
|
Definition
| organic P causes water pollution by eutrophication by favoring the growth of algae |
|
|
Term
| enzymatic activity of horse saliva |
|
Definition
| Little to no enzymatic activity |
|
|
Term
| fineness of lime you would wanna use for a soil with a very low pH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| first 2 chambers of stomach in ruminant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| for horses, protein ______ is more important than ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| forage establishment is dependent upon... |
|
Definition
-Proper seeding practices
-Favorable seedbed
-Favorable environmental conditions
-Seedling management |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gas builds up in a foam or froth above the rumen contents and the normal belching is inhibited. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| basically a fermentation vat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| releases pepsin & acids for typical protein digestion |
|
|
Term
| function of alkali and bicarbonates secreted by pancreas into small intestine |
|
Definition
| buffer the acid ingesta leaving the stomach |
|
|
Term
| function of horse esophagus |
|
Definition
| Transports food from mouth to stomach by muscular contractions |
|
|
Term
| function of horse saliva in digestive system |
|
Definition
| Provides lubrication and buffers proximal stomach |
|
|
Term
| function of large intestine in horses |
|
Definition
| micorbial degradation and absorption of FA |
|
|
Term
| function of mouth in horses |
|
Definition
| reduction of particle size,no remastication |
|
|
Term
| function of mouth in ruminants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| function of mucousal tissue of abomasum |
|
Definition
| secretes enzymes to assist in lipid and protein degradation |
|
|
Term
| function of small intestine in horses |
|
Definition
| absorbtion of lipids and proteins |
|
|
Term
| function of small intestine in ruminants |
|
Definition
| absorbtion of lipids and proteins |
|
|
Term
| function of stomach in horses |
|
Definition
| protein and starch digestion, lip metabolism |
|
|
Term
| function of stomach in ruminants |
|
Definition
| lipid, sugar, protein + CHO, there are some energy losses, microbial FA and proteins are also produced. These are digested in lower GI |
|
|
Term
| function of the fundic region of the glandular surface of the horse stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| function of the pyloric sphincter |
|
Definition
| controls how much is going into the small intestine |
|
|
Term
| function of the squamous region of horse stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| function of the trypsin, lipases, and amylases secreted by the pancreas into the small intestine |
|
Definition
| digestion of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates |
|
|
Term
| functions of the cells in the ruminal tissues of ruminants |
|
Definition
| Cells perform several functions including nutrient exchange and protection |
|
|
Term
| gas discharge from ruminants under normal conditions |
|
Definition
Under normal conditions grazing high quality forage – produces 2 L gas/min (primarily carbon dioxide and methane), a normal result of fermentation processes.
Most of the gases are eliminated by eructation (belching). |
|
|
Term
| gotta balance energy with... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| grazing dairy is efficient in terms of storing... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| grazing wedge is a tool to... |
|
Definition
| visualize your forage inventory |
|
|
Term
| grazing wedge is the target of... |
|
Definition
| what you wanna remove from the pasture |
|
|
Term
| growth rate vs. digestibility |
|
Definition
| something that grows fast is more digestible |
|
|
Term
| have research with beef cattle systems measured the same carbon accumulation as we have in the pasture-based dairies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| horse esophagus located on... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| horses chew more for ______ than ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how Body condition score is ranked |
|
Definition
| Body condition score is ranked on a scale of 1 which is severely emaciated to 9 which is severely obese |
|
|
Term
| how RUBISCO can cause bacterial bloom |
|
Definition
| The solubility of RUBISCO causes a bacterial bloom |
|
|
Term
| how a frost free though works |
|
Definition
| cattle push ball down, drink water, and ball comes back up |
|
|
Term
| how body condition scoring can be used |
|
Definition
-to make decisions for future feeding needs
-it can indicate either additional feed is required or a decrease in the energy supplied could be realized
-Gauge effectiveness of feeding program
-Decision tool to determine future feeding needs |
|
|
Term
| how broiler litter affects weeds |
|
Definition
Weed pressure does increase
-Not a source of weed seed
-Changes the fertility and makes broadleaf weeds more competitive. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In creep grazing, you need a special fence that allows only the young animals to go thru and get the good quality forage; the adults later follow and clean up |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-early vegetative lag
-late vegetative linear
-reproductive lag |
|
|
Term
| how energy is the Main driver for production |
|
Definition
| it's the main driver for Growth, Reproduction, and Lactation |
|
|
Term
| how excess soil Al and low pH affect roots |
|
Definition
| causes root shrinkage and stunting |
|
|
Term
| how forward creep grazing works |
|
Definition
| Forward creep is a more elaborate form; creep uses fixed gate and forward creep uses moving gate |
|
|
Term
| how geologic age of soil affects mineral nutrient concentration in forages |
|
Definition
Inceptisols (juvenile) have higher CEC than Ultisols
Note: Primary soil types in GA are an Ultisols |
|
|
Term
| how geologic age of soil affects mineral nutrient concentration in forages |
|
Definition
Inceptisols (juvenile) have higher CEC than Ultisols
Note: Primary soil types in GA are an Ultisols |
|
|
Term
| how grain should be used in terms of feeding horses |
|
Definition
| Use to supplement pasture/hay program; not a necessity |
|
|
Term
| how gypsum helps the soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how gypsum ties up the Al |
|
Definition
| the sulfate binds to the Al and ties it up |
|
|
Term
| how long feed can stay in rumen |
|
Definition
| Feed can stay in rumen for couple days |
|
|
Term
| how long food can stay in the horse large intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long food remains in horse stomach |
|
Definition
| Digesta remains a short time, dependent on feedstuff |
|
|
Term
| how long herbicide residues can last |
|
Definition
| Herbicide residues can last 24 months or longer, especially following drought! |
|
|
Term
| how much animals eat per day compared to body weight |
|
Definition
| often 2% their body weight per day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much of your paddocks to sample the soil in each year |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how often a horse should consume grain |
|
Definition
| Evenly spaced, regular feedings |
|
|
Term
| how often to sample the soil in hay and crop fields |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how parent material affects mineral nutrient concentration in forages |
|
Definition
| Innate fertility of magma from which soils were derived |
|
|
Term
| how parent material affects mineral nutrient concentration in forages |
|
Definition
| Innate fertility of magma from which soils were derived |
|
|
Term
| how plant species affects mineral nutrient concentration in forages |
|
Definition
| Legumes (clover, alfalfa) tend to be higher in minerals than grasses (tall fescue, bermudagrass) |
|
|
Term
| how plant species affects mineral nutrient concentration in forages |
|
Definition
| Legumes (clover, alfalfa) tend to be higher in minerals than grasses (tall fescue, bermudagrass) |
|
|
Term
| how soil texture affects mineral nutrient concentration in forages |
|
Definition
Sandy soils have lower CEC than clay soils
Selenium not present in sandy soils |
|
|
Term
| how soil texture affects mineral nutrient concentration in forages |
|
Definition
Sandy soils have lower CEC than clay soils
Selenium not present in sandy soils |
|
|
Term
| how tannins can mitigate bloat |
|
Definition
| Larger amounts of tannins tie up some proteins |
|
|
Term
| how terrain can affect nutrient requirements |
|
Definition
| because some terrain requires more energy than other terrain |
|
|
Term
| how the feed or amount of feed given to a horse should be changed |
|
Definition
| Change type of feed or amount gradually over 1 week |
|
|
Term
| how the gate in creep grazing works and why it's set up that way |
|
Definition
| This is the type of gate needed in creep grazing; lets the calf thru, but keeps the mother out of there; this is done because calves have higher nutritional needs |
|
|
Term
| how to calculate Nutrients Needed in Supplement |
|
Definition
| Animal Nutrient Requirements - Nutrients Supplied by Forage = Nutrients Needed in Supplement |
|
|
Term
| how to calculate Nutrients Needed in Supplement |
|
Definition
| Animal Nutrient Requirements - Nutrients Supplied by Forage = Nutrients Needed in Supplement |
|
|
Term
| how to calculate available acres |
|
Definition
| available acres = (paddock size) x (# of paddocks) |
|
|
Term
| how to calculate number of paddocks |
|
Definition
| (days of rest) / (days in paddock) + 1 |
|
|
Term
| how to calculate paddock size |
|
Definition
| paddock size = (animal weight x %DMI x Head x Days in paddock) / (available foragediff x grazing efficiency %) |
|
|
Term
| how to do a representative sample of a forage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how to do your K applications |
|
Definition
-Split Your Potassium Applications!
-40-50% in spring
-50-60% in mid-late season |
|
|
Term
| how to do your K applications |
|
Definition
-Split Your Potassium Applications!
-40-50% in spring
-50-60% in mid-late season |
|
|
Term
| how to feed greenchop to cattle |
|
Definition
| If green chop is being fed, spread the intake over several feedings while the cattle are getting adapted. |
|
|
Term
| how to fertilize Bermudagrass |
|
Definition
| when fertilizing bermudagrass, apply 2x as much N as you do K |
|
|
Term
| how to mix forages to reduce bloat |
|
Definition
| Mixtures of legume and grass with legumes providing no more than 50% of the available forage |
|
|
Term
| how to sample the soil in the pastures and hay fields |
|
Definition
Sample 1/3 of your pastures each year
and hayfields every year. |
|
|
Term
| how to sample the soil in the pastures and hay fields |
|
Definition
Sample 1/3 of your pastures each year
and hayfields every year. |
|
|
Term
| how to split your K applications |
|
Definition
40-50% in the Spring
50-60% in mid – late season |
|
|
Term
| how to troubleshoot forages |
|
Definition
-soil samples
-tissue samples |
|
|
Term
| how you can recognize N deficiency symptoms |
|
Definition
| by visual signs or lab analysis |
|
|
Term
| how you can recognize N deficiency symptoms |
|
Definition
| by visual signs or lab analysis |
|
|
Term
| how you should optimize animal productivity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if something is bad for one monocot, is it bad for the others? |
|
Definition
| Generally, what is bad for one monocot is bad for others |
|
|
Term
| impact of defoliation on root growth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in an agricultural context, if you want to improve an ecosystem,... |
|
Definition
| give it a rest and convert it to pasture |
|
|
Term
| in cows, complex carbohydrates are digested at... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in horses, complex carbohydrates are digested at... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in horses, the fermentation of digesta is beneficial for... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the horse digestive system, the small intestine is the primary site of digestion and absorption of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| information about High Tensile Strength Wire (electric) |
|
Definition
-Combine the strength of the high-tensile fence with an electrical component.
-The electrical component provides an electrical shock to any animal that touches the wire.
-One disadvantage of electric fences is that animals must be trained to stay away from the electric wire. |
|
|
Term
| information about High Tensile Strength Wire (non-electric) |
|
Definition
-Desirable because they can withstand livestock contact and low temperatures without losing elasticity.
-The wire used in this type of fencing is usually 11- to 14-gauge wire with a tensile strength of 170,000 to 200,000 pounds per square inch and a breaking strength of 1,800 pounds. |
|
|
Term
| is defaunation of protozoa in the horse large intestine harmful? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lime may cost a bit, but... |
|
Definition
| its effect offsets the cost |
|
|
Term
| low N content in the tissue means not enough... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| manage grazing such that the forage... |
|
Definition
| stays in the linear phase |
|
|
Term
| manure distribution depends on... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| microbial biomass feeds on ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Damage to the gut structure, as can be caused by excess organic acid production in the hindgut, appears as mucin casts in the manure, indicating the gut lining is being stripped off. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
animal sticks its nose in small trough that's on a center pivot irrigator
animal gets water from separate supply |
|
|
Term
| nutrient that's not present in sandy soils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nutrient that's not present in sandy soils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| objectives of Rotational Grazing (Variable Stocking) |
|
Definition
- Reduce machinery costs (less hay)
- Reduce supplemental feeding
- Improve distribution and yield of forages
- Improve waste distribution (nutrient cycling)
- Maintain botanical composition of pasture (?)
- Minimize fluctuations in feed quality and intake
- Allocate pastures more efficiently |
|
|
Term
| one problem you don't have with grazing dairy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| one way conservation tillage is better for soil than conventional tillage |
|
Definition
| conservation tillage leads to more organic matter in the soil |
|
|
Term
| one way impactions in the horse large intestine can occur |
|
Definition
| Impactions can occur in horses normally fed grain, then hay |
|
|
Term
| one way organic matter improves soil |
|
Definition
| increases nutrient holding capacity because OM has CEC 200, which is a lot more than soil particles |
|
|
Term
| one way pasture is better for the soil than tillage |
|
Definition
| pasture leads to more organic matter in the soil |
|
|
Term
| our common measure of feedstuff energy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pancreatic secretion gets heavier with... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pasture based dairies use small framed cattle because... |
|
Definition
| the large frame cattle can't do all that walking to harvest forages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bloat is a digestive disorder characterized by an accumulation of gas in the first two compartments of a ruminant's stomach (the rumen and reticulum) |
|
|
Term
| percent of forage and concentrate needed for weanling horses |
|
Definition
| 30% forage, 70% concentrate |
|
|
Term
| percent of forage and concentrate needed for yearling horses |
|
Definition
| 40% forage, 60% concentrate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-soil type
-slope
-aspect
-water streams |
|
|
Term
| plant focuses on [what age] growth to stay alive |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| plant focuses on [what age] growth to stay alive |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| plant focuses on young growth to ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| plant focuses on young growth to ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| plant goes to 2nd lag stage due to... |
|
Definition
| diverting energy to reproductive growth and such |
|
|
Term
| plant size vs. effect on rising plate meter |
|
Definition
| bigger plants have higher resistance and push the plate up |
|
|
Term
| planting techniques to use when planting sprigs |
|
Definition
| best planting techniques (sprigger/broadcast, sprigs/cuttings) |
|
|
Term
| potentially desired rotation of monocots and dicots |
|
Definition
-Usually plant monocots following dicots and dicots following monocots
+Basically, don’t plant the same thing over and over again |
|
|
Term
| poultry litter as a limer |
|
Definition
| about 1/10th strength of limestone |
|
|
Term
| primary type of soil in Georgia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| primary type of soil in Georgia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pyloric region of the glandular surface of the horse stomach produces... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| quality goes down when plant goes to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| quality of feed vs. energy and intake |
|
Definition
| Low quality feed = low energy and low intake |
|
|
Term
| rate of passage in horse digestive tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| regarding nutrients in the system, this is an advantage of grazing forages as oppose to harvesting it |
|
Definition
| grazing the forage is better for keeping nutrients in the system than harvesting it |
|
|
Term
| relationship between Content and intake |
|
Definition
| Content and intake go together |
|
|
Term
| relationship between TDN and quality of feedstuff |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| relationship between forage, BCS, and overall performance |
|
Definition
| the better the forage, the better the body condition score and the better the reproductive and overall performance |
|
|
Term
| remove cattle at first sign of bloat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| rising plate meter measures... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| safe range of Groundwater NO3- levels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| safe range of Groundwater NO3- levels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sections of the horse large intestine |
|
Definition
-cecum
-large colon
-small colon |
|
|
Term
| seed size with which to use grain drills |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| semi-permanent farm resources |
|
Definition
-water supply
-trees
-shade
-permanent fences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pasture w/ trees thin enough such that there's grass growing between the trees |
|
|
Term
| size of GI tract in neonatal foal |
|
Definition
| 3.5% BW is GI tract, 3.5% liver |
|
|
Term
| size of larfe intestine compared to horse digestive system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| size of small intestine in horse digestive tract |
|
Definition
| Approximately 70 feet (30% tract) |
|
|
Term
| size of small intestine increases until... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| size of stomach in horse digestive tract |
|
Definition
| Small! – 8-10% of GI tract |
|
|
Term
| size of stomach in neonatal foal |
|
Definition
| Stomach greater than 10% of GI tract |
|
|
Term
| some Energy Supplementation Considerations |
|
Definition
-Begin feeding before it is too late
-Response improves with long term low level supplementation
-Feeding low levels of energy (w/out adequate diet protein) decreases overall energy intake
-High starch supp. decreases fiber digestibility (Negative Effect)
-Usually contain < 20% CP (pasture usually adequate)
-Do not feed energy when high CP supplement will improve performance
-Grain is an energy supplement for forage
-High starch supp. work best with moderate to high quality forage |
|
|
Term
| some Enzymatic secretions that are secreted into the small intestine |
|
Definition
-Pancreatic juice
-bile
-Disaccharidases |
|
|
Term
| some Main methods of pasture renovation |
|
Definition
-Prescribed burning – prairies in Great Plains
-Fertilize based on soil test recommendations
-Cross fencing
-Interseed legumes |
|
|
Term
| some VFA (volatile fatty acids) |
|
Definition
-Acetate
-propionate
-butyrate
-lactate |
|
|
Term
| some animal factors that affect bloat |
|
Definition
-Genetic predisposition
-Hungry when exposed
-Legume sole diet
-No previous exposure
+Animals respond by exposure to species |
|
|
Term
| some bloat causing forages |
|
Definition
-Alfalfa
-Sweet clover
-Red clover
-White clover
-Alsike clover
-Winter wheat |
|
|
Term
| some bloat-safe (no risk) forages |
|
Definition
-Sainfoin
-Birdsfoot trefoil
-Cicer milkvetch
-Crownvetch
-Lespedeza
-Cereal rye
-Most peren. grasses |
|
|
Term
| some conditions that can happen in the large intestine in horses that are fed hay then grain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some criteria for a lawful fence |
|
Definition
1.Three rails of good substantial material fastened in or to good substantial posts not more than ten feet apart.
2. Three boards not less than six inches wide and three-quarters of an inch thick, fastened in or to good substantial posts not more than eight feet apart.
3. Three wires, barbed with not less than thirty-six iron barbs of two points each, or twenty-six iron barbs of four points each, on each rod of wire, or of four wires, two thus barbed and two smooth, the wires to be firmly fastened to posts not more than two rods apart with not less than two stays between posts, or with posts more than one rod apart without such stays, the top wire to be not more than fifty-four nor less than forty-eight inches in height.
4. Wire either wholly or in part, substantially built and kept in good repair, the lowest or bottom rail, wire, or board not more than twenty nor less than sixteen inches from the ground, the top rail, wire, or board to be between forty-eight and fifty-four inches in height and the middle rail, wire, or board not less than twelve nor more than eighteen inches above the bottom rail, wire, or board.
5. A fence consisting of four parallel, coated steel, smooth high-tensile wire which meets requirements adopted by the American society of testing and materials, including but not limited to requirements relating to the grade, tensile strength, elongation, dimensions, and tolerances of the wire. The wire must be firmly fastened to plastic, metal, or wooden posts securely planted in the earth. The posts shall not be more than two rods apart. The top wire shall be at least forty inches in height.
6. Any other kind of fence which the fence viewers consider to be equivalent to a lawful fence or which meets the standards established by the department of agriculture and land stewardship by rule as equivalent to a lawful fence. |
|
|
Term
| some details about Complimentary grazing |
|
Definition
-Different species of livestock – beef and sheep
-Eat different species of plants, or graze in different ways |
|
|
Term
| some details about Creep grazing |
|
Definition
-Allows calves first entry into new paddocks
-Lets animals with most nutritional needs graze first then follow with others – lactating cows followed by dry cows, for example. |
|
|
Term
| some details about P fertilization |
|
Definition
-P can essentially be applied any time during the year on established forage crops.
-Purchase P fertilizer in “off-peak” times of the year (i.e., summer and fall)
+Demand for the product is low
+Demand for spreading services is low
+Less risk of P runoff |
|
|
Term
| some details about P fertilization |
|
Definition
-P can essentially be applied any time during the year on established forage crops.
-Purchase P fertilizer in “off-peak” times of the year (i.e., summer and fall)
+Demand for the product is low
+Demand for spreading services is low
+Less risk of P runoff |
|
|
Term
| some details about forage monocultures |
|
Definition
-Easier to manage
-Lack of variation can limit stability in extreme environments (e.g., under drought, insect, disease pressure) |
|
|
Term
| some details about mixtures of forages |
|
Definition
-Can extend grazing season
-Add variety to diet
-If includes legume, brings free N
-Can adapt to wider variety of environments |
|
|
Term
| some details about no-till seeding |
|
Definition
-Surface must be smooth to start
-Suppress weeds/sod with herbicide
-Plant directly into dead residue
-Conserves moisture (better success rate)
-Reduces erosion and crusting
-Maintains soil structure
-Reduces fuel and labor costs |
|
|
Term
| some details about no-tillage reseeding |
|
Definition
-Requires killing/suppressing existing sod
-Need good seed-soil contact – drill must penetrate thatch layer |
|
|
Term
| some details about providing artificial shade for cattle |
|
Definition
-shade cloth is cheap, effective, lightweight, and easy to handle, but prone to wind/weather damage
-avoid having top too close to the ground
-angle roof or shade 15 degrees to max the throw of the shadow
-N:S orientation |
|
|
Term
| some details about tillage reseeding |
|
Definition
-Exposes soil to erosion
-Possibility of best seedbed |
|
|
Term
| some details about trees providing shade for cattle |
|
Definition
-evaporative cooling under live trees increases temp differential
-potentially damaging to tree
-adequate shade for the number of animals |
|
|
Term
| some details of on the farm level mixtures of forages |
|
Definition
-Maximize productivity of individual monocultures (or perhaps simple grass-legume mixtures)
-Minimize risk of catastrophe by planting several different species in different paddocks |
|
|
Term
| some devices used for measuring moisture in stored forage |
|
Definition
-Heat-type moisture testers
-Capacitance meter |
|
|
Term
| some environmental factors that can affect nutrient requirements |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some environmental factors that can limit plant growth |
|
Definition
-Nutrients
-Water
-Light
-Heat |
|
|
Term
| some environmental factors that can limit plant growth |
|
Definition
-Nutrients
-Water
-Light
-Heat |
|
|
Term
| some factors that control mineral nutrient concentration in forages |
|
Definition
-plant species
-soil texture
-parent material
-geological age of soil |
|
|
Term
| some factors that control mineral nutrient concentration in forages |
|
Definition
-plant species
-soil texture
-parent material
-geological age of soil |
|
|
Term
| some factors that may alter the nutrient requirements of cattle |
|
Definition
-age
-level of production
-breed
-stage of physiology |
|
|
Term
| some factors that may alter the nutrient requirements of cattle |
|
Definition
-age
-level of production
-breed
-stage of physiology |
|
|
Term
| some factors that must be assessed when fencing for cattle |
|
Definition
-expense
-ease of construction
-expected life of the fence |
|
|
Term
| some fermentation products |
|
Definition
-VFA (volatile fatty acids)
-Electrolytes
-Water |
|
|
Term
| some functions of K in plants |
|
Definition
-NOT a structural component
-Stomatal opening
-Co-enzyme activates enzymes that produce:
+ATP
+Starch synthase
+amino acids/proteins
-Important for water and nutrient transport |
|
|
Term
| some functions of K in plants |
|
Definition
-NOT a structural component
-Stomatal opening
-Co-enzyme activates enzymes that produce:
+ATP
+Starch synthase
+amino acids/proteins
-Important for water and nutrient transport |
|
|
Term
| some functions of N in plants |
|
Definition
-Protein synthesis
-Nucleic acid synthesis
-Chlorophyll component |
|
|
Term
| some functions of N in plants |
|
Definition
-Protein synthesis
-Nucleic acid synthesis
-Chlorophyll component |
|
|
Term
| some functions of P in plants |
|
Definition
-Photosynthesis
-Sugar/starch synthesis
-Found in proteins, nucleic acids, ATP, NADP(H) lipids, enzymes.
-VERY important for shoot/root growth
-In-plant nutrient transport
-Seed formation/development |
|
|
Term
| some functions of P in plants |
|
Definition
-Photosynthesis
-Sugar/starch synthesis
-Found in proteins, nucleic acids, ATP, NADP(H) lipids, enzymes.
-VERY important for shoot/root growth
-In-plant nutrient transport
-Seed formation/development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-continuous stocking
-continuous stocking with fenced off area during surplus growth period
-rotational stocking
-strip grazing
-creep grazing
-forward creep grazing
-greenchop
-limit grazing |
|
|
Term
| some important soil properties |
|
Definition
-Nutrient availability
-Soil structure
-Soil biological activity
-Aluminum toxicity |
|
|
Term
| some info about Cross fencing |
|
Definition
-Enable rotational stocking
-Provides plants time to recover and regrow
-Limits over- and under-grazing
-Inexpensive |
|
|
Term
| some info about Fertilizing based on soil test recommendations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some info about Interseed legumes |
|
Definition
-Improves quality
-May improve seasonal distribution
-Adds nitrogen |
|
|
Term
| some info about Prescribed burning – prairies in Great Plains |
|
Definition
-Kills undesirable species
-Ash serves as fertilizer
-Breaks seed dormancy |
|
|
Term
| some info about Rotational Grazing (Variable Stocking) |
|
Definition
Simple systems (3 or 4 paddocks within the pasture system – set time on each pasture)
Rotate among paddocks every 5-7 days
Increases utilization (60-80%), but not animal performance |
|
|
Term
| some info about Single pasture (set stocking) systems |
|
Definition
Maintains a set number of animals in one pasture
Leads to patches of utilization
Some over-grazed, some undergrazed
What causes this animal behavior? (the animal knows what’s good quality and what’s not) |
|
|
Term
| some low bloat risk forages |
|
Definition
-Arrowleaf clover
-Spring wheat
-Oats
-Rape
-Peren. ryegrass
-Berseem clover
-Persian clover |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some macronutrients for plants |
|
Definition
Oxygen
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium |
|
|
Term
| some management practices to reduce bloat |
|
Definition
-Mixtures of legume and grass with legumes providing no more than 50% of the available forage
-Fill cattle on dry roughage or grass pasture before turning out on a legume pasture.
-Do not initially turn cattle on pasture wet with dew or rain.
-Once cattle are turned to pasture, don't remove at the first signs of bloat. Watch closely and remove only those whose condition continues to worsen if it is a small percentage of the total number.
-If green chop is being fed, spread the intake over several feedings while the cattle are getting adapted.
-Use mineral blocks with
+anti-foaming agent like poloxalene, which prevents pasture bloat for about 12 hours
+bloat-reducing compounds such as ionophores
--Rumensin (monensin)
--Bovatec (Lasalocid) |
|
|
Term
| some mesonutrients for plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some micronutrients for plants |
|
Definition
Iron
Copper
Zinc
Manganese
Molybdenum
Boron
Chlorine |
|
|
Term
| some pancreatic juices secreted into the small intestine |
|
Definition
-trypsin
lipases
-amylases
-alkali
-bicarbonates |
|
|
Term
| some physiological factors that can affect nutrient requirements |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some possible causes of emergence but no seed survival |
|
Definition
-Soil too acid or low fertility
-Insects or diseases
-Drought
-Weed competition
-No legume nodulation
-Winter kill
-Heaving from frost
-High winds – sandblast
-Graze too early |
|
|
Term
| some possible causes of germination but no emergence |
|
Definition
-Planted too deep
-Soil crusting
-Poor seedling vigor (old seed)
-Insects or disease
-Extreme temperatures |
|
|
Term
| some possible causes of poor germination |
|
Definition
-Dry Seedbed
-Non-viable Seed
-Hard or Dormant Seed
-Unfav. Temperature
-Herbicide Residue |
|
|
Term
| some questions to answer during the pre-establishment planning phase of establishing a forage |
|
Definition
1: Is the current crop compatible with that which will be planted - herbicide residues?
2: What are the pH and nutritional needs of the crop? Which Rhizobium do I need to inoculate?
3: What species and variety should I plant?
4: What is the best method for establishment? Conventional till vs. No-till
5: When is the best time of the year to plant the forage species?
6: What is the best seeding rate, depth, and row spacing?
7: How will I control weeds during or after planting? |
|
|
Term
| some reasons to avoid pond or creek water when managing cattle |
|
Definition
-cattle will drink more from clean sources than from impaired sources
-toxins and pathogens
-ability to manipulate grazing and camping behavior
-improved animal performance |
|
|
Term
| some soil amendments that are especially important for legumes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some soil properties that can be affected by pH |
|
Definition
-Nutrient availability
-Soil biological activity
-Aluminum toxicity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Fiber
-Protein
-Starch
-Fat |
|
|
Term
| some symptoms of K deficiency in plants |
|
Definition
-Leaves yellow/die at tips
-Affects oldest leaves first |
|
|
Term
| some symptoms of K deficiency in plants |
|
Definition
-Leaves yellow/die at tips
-Affects oldest leaves first |
|
|
Term
| some symptoms of N deficiency in plants |
|
Definition
-Yellow leaves
-Leaves die at bottom of plant work way up |
|
|
Term
| some symptoms of N deficiency in plants |
|
Definition
-Yellow leaves
-Leaves die at bottom of plant work way up |
|
|
Term
| some symptoms of P deficiency in plants |
|
Definition
-Purple or yellow leaves
-Affects oldest leaves first because plant translocates P where it’s needed |
|
|
Term
| some symptoms of P deficiency in plants |
|
Definition
-Purple or yellow leaves
-Affects oldest leaves first because plant translocates P where it’s needed |
|
|
Term
| some things animals do when bloating |
|
Definition
-Urinates and deficates frequently
-Animal bellows and staggers
-Animal eventually dies due to restricted breathing and heart failure |
|
|
Term
| some things that affect nutrient requirements |
|
Definition
-Age
-Level of production
-Current and/or desired body condition
-Breed
-Physiology
-Pasture activity
-Terrain
-Pest load
-Feed Additives
-Environment |
|
|
Term
| some things that can cause Esophageal Impaction (Choke) in horses |
|
Definition
-rapid eating
-poor dentition
-inadequate water
-consumption of bedding |
|
|
Term
| some things to be considered when installing a fence |
|
Definition
-First, what is the fence to be used for? boundary fence or a cross-fence to divide a pasture?
-Is the fence for sheep, cattle, horses or something else?
-What type of fence is best suited and where should the fence be constructed for maximum effectiveness? |
|
|
Term
| some things to consider for fencing with cattle |
|
Definition
Most types of fence can be used with cattle,
Need to assess factors such as expense, ease of construction and expected life of the fence when considering fencing strategy. |
|
|
Term
| some things to consider for fencing with horses |
|
Definition
-Visibility is a necessary when fencing for horses.
-Barbed wire should be avoided -- many opportunities for horses to tear their hide on the barbs.
-High-tensile wire fences poses a threat to horses, ---become entangled in the strands. |
|
|
Term
| some things to consider regarding the compatibility of the current crop with that which will be planted |
|
Definition
-herbicide residues
-allelopathy
-current crop a control problem later? |
|
|
Term
| some things to consider when controlling weeds during or after planting |
|
Definition
-Chemical options are limited
-Mow/graze to prevent competition |
|
|
Term
| some things to do when Incorporating Legumes Into Grasses |
|
Definition
-Establish the grass first
-Graze or mow pasture in late summer (Aug./Sept.)
-Chemically suppress the grass |
|
|
Term
| some things to do when Using Vegetative Cuttings for Establishment |
|
Definition
1: Obtain high quality certified planting materials; make sure it's weed-free
2: Plant immediately after digging sprigs
3: Plant for best sprig survival
4: Establish your own nursery for large acreage plantings
5: Select best planting technique (sprigger/broadcast, sprigs/cuttings) |
|
|
Term
| some types of microbes that live in the horse large intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some types of mixtures of livestock in a forage system |
|
Definition
-Mixtures of animals in same paddock
-Mixtures of animals in different paddocks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some types of troughs that can be used with cattle |
|
Definition
-frost-free trough
-concrete trough
-plastic trough
-tire tank
-temporary water
-portable tire tank
-nose troughs |
|
|
Term
| some ways to determine carrying capacity |
|
Definition
-Determining animal performance and finding the optimum level of stocking
-Determining the optimum level of forage utilization
-Determining the seasonality and distribution of forage yield (rising plate meters, forage mixes) |
|
|
Term
| some weather factors that affect bloat |
|
Definition
-Moderate day temp: 20-25 C
-Good rainfall
-High sunshine |
|
|
Term
| something BCS is used for |
|
Definition
| the maintenance part; the animal itself |
|
|
Term
| something on alfalfa leaves caused by K deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something on alfalfa leaves caused by K deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something present in the digesta taken from sheep |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something that happens to the animal in severe bloat |
|
Definition
-the animal's rumen is distended by ballooning of the rumen,
-Urinates and defecates frequently,
-Bellows and staggers.
-Death, due to restricted breathing and heart failure unless action is taken. |
|
|
Term
| something that may affect nutrient content more than soil fertility does |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something that may affect nutrient content more than soil fertility does |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something that may cause mucin casts and diarrhea and bubbling |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something that often happens to plants that are affected by herbicide residues |
|
Definition
| Plants are slow to grow and often weeds take over fields. |
|
|
Term
| something that's essential for a grain drill |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something you don't want to lose in a system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| animals per acre at any one point in time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| animal units per acre over all acres and a period of time |
|
|
Term
| stocking rate is a function of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the 2 comon probems with horse feeding |
|
Definition
Impactions can occur in horses normally fed grain, then hay
Laminitis and colic in hay to grain fed horses |
|
|
Term
| the 2 forms of N that get volatilized in pasture based dairies |
|
Definition
| Nitrous oxide and ammonia |
|
|
Term
| the 2 variables with forage management |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Most cows fall in the range of 3 to 7.
Most cows score from 2 to 4 |
|
|
Term
| the Major “nutrient” required by livestock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the Most extreme renovation method |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the Optimum grazing pressure/ stocking rate |
|
Definition
| where the average daily gain (ADG) and gain / acre intersect |
|
|
Term
| the absorption that happens at the microvilli in the abomasum |
|
Definition
| Microvilli in intestine are sites for passive (lipid) or active (peptide) absorption of nutrients. |
|
|
Term
| the activity of disaccharidases secreted into the horse small intestine changes with... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the amount of bacteria in the large intestine of a horse is influenced by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the amount of fat cover on cows is a good indicator of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the amount of food a horse should consume |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the amount of nutrients removed is affected by ______ and is also dependent on ______. |
|
Definition
the production level
yield |
|
|
Term
| the amount of nutrients removed is affected by ______ and is also dependent on ______. |
|
Definition
the production level
yield |
|
|
Term
| the best methods for establishing hybrid bermudagrass |
|
Definition
1) Dormant sprigs (rhizomes)
2) Sprigs
3) Tops/green stems |
|
|
Term
| the best shade for cattle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the best way to apply fertilizer is to do it based on a soil test because... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the biggest gain from legumes |
|
Definition
| increase in the quality of your forage |
|
|
Term
| the biggest gain from legumes |
|
Definition
| increase in the quality of your forage |
|
|
Term
| the biggest projected expense in a well-maintained pasture |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the cheapest way to ensile forage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the difference between TDN and energy |
|
Definition
-TDN is our common measure of feedstuff energy
-Net energy assigns the proportion of that feedstuff which meets Maintenance, growth, lactation, gestation |
|
|
Term
| the digestion that occurs in the horse large intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the enterprise you have impacts... |
|
Definition
| the soil and the environment |
|
|
Term
| the enzyme responsible for C3 p’synth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the feeds that constitute the largest, most variable portion of supplementation |
|
Definition
| Stored or supplemental feeds |
|
|
Term
| the first limiting amino acid for horses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the first part of the ruminant stomach forage goes to after consumption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the froth in bloating comes from... |
|
Definition
| “Fraction I” or 18S protein |
|
|
Term
| the function of NADP(H) in plants |
|
Definition
| NADP(H) needed for p’synth; it’s a reducing agent |
|
|
Term
| the function of NADP(H) in plants |
|
Definition
| NADP(H) needed for p’synth; it’s a reducing agent |
|
|
Term
| the function of papillae in the stomach |
|
Definition
| Papillae in the rumen increase the surface area of the stomach to absorb products of fermentation |
|
|
Term
| the grazing used in Mixtures of animals in different paddocks |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the grazing used in Mixtures of animals in same paddock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the grazing wedge is between ______ and ______ |
|
Definition
permanent base growth
target cove line |
|
|
Term
| the largest cost area in animal enterprises |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the largest expense in bermudagrassproduction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the largest expense in bermudagrassproduction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the layers of kaolinite are held together by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the least expensive silo to build |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the limit for nitrate toxicity to animals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the main tool for a cow to accomplish her assignment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the main tool for a cow to accomplish her assignment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the major P form in grains |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the most common form of baling in the SE |
|
Definition
| baleage because it’s too moist to do hay |
|
|
Term
| the most efficient N fertilizers |
|
Definition
| ammonium nitrate fertilizers |
|
|
Term
| the most efficient N fertilizers |
|
Definition
| ammonium nitrate fertilizers |
|
|
Term
| the most important contributor of minerals to limestock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the most important contributor of minerals to limestock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the most important difference between row crop production and grazing dairy |
|
Definition
| you have organic matter increasing aggregate stability and a root system in place due to no land disturbance in grazing system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ones where there's no glucose to which the phenolic compounds are attached |
|
|
Term
| the number 1 priority in maintaining soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the number of pounds of forage eaten is basically a correlation with... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the objective in forage establishment |
|
Definition
| A thick, vigorous stand of forage to maximize yield and utilization |
|
|
Term
| the primary calculations for forage management |
|
Definition
-available acres
-paddock size
-number of paddocks |
|
|
Term
| the protein involved in frothy bloat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the question we worry about in grazing is... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the question we worry about in grazing is... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the question when it comes to the decision of whether to plant a monoculture forage or a mixture of forages |
|
Definition
| The question is whether a destabilizing force will upset that monoculture or if having a mixture of species will be better in the long term…. |
|
|
Term
| the rate of rotation between paddocks depends on... |
|
Definition
| the rate of regrowth of forage, often ½ day to 2 days |
|
|
Term
| the regions on the glandular surface of the horse stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the root dieback that happens to grass is especially true for... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the rotation that occurs in pastured dairy |
|
Definition
| they rotate between paddocks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the seed will remain dormant for a while after... |
|
Definition
| reaching physiological maturity |
|
|
Term
| the silos that are best at excluding oxygen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the target of rotational grazing |
|
Definition
| Managing for Maximum Grass Utilization |
|
|
Term
| the things involved in a forage system |
|
Definition
| soil, plants, and animals |
|
|
Term
| the type of fencing that can be used with cattle |
|
Definition
| Most types of fence can be used with cattle |
|
|
Term
| the type of heat stress we usually have on our cattle in GA |
|
Definition
| we usually straddle the line between mild and medium stress |
|
|
Term
| the type of herbicide 2, 4-D is |
|
Definition
| 2, 4-D is a broad leaf herbicide |
|
|
Term
| the unit of production for a grazing based system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| things to consider when selecting species in pasture renovation |
|
Definition
-Which species to plant?
-Variety choice is important |
|
|
Term
| things to consider when selecting which species to plant |
|
Definition
-Adapted to region
-Have knowledge of management
-Provide feed quantity and quality needed |
|
|
Term
| things to consider when selecting which variety to plant |
|
Definition
-All varieties (cultivars) are not the same
-Variety selection is important
-Check extension bulletins for comparative data |
|
|
Term
| this can be done with electric fences to accommodate poor sighted animals |
|
Definition
| Highly visible electric tapes available for poor-sighted animals |
|
|
Term
| this causes V shaped yellowing on leaf tips |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this causes V shaped yellowing on leaf tips |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this causes blue baby syndrome |
|
Definition
| Nitrate competes with O for sites on the hemoglobin; Nitrate ties up the hemoglobin sites because Nitrate is more aggresive for this than O |
|
|
Term
| this is important for the breakdown of the cell wall |
|
Definition
| the composition of the cell wall |
|
|
Term
| this nutrient Improves both Nitrogen and Water Use Efficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this nutrient Improves both Nitrogen and Water Use Efficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this stimulates saliva in horses |
|
Definition
| Physical presence of feed |
|
|
Term
| to meet nutrient needs, you have to extend... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| to meet nutrient needs, you have to extend... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| two chemicals that are higher on forage based diet |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| types of cells in fundic region of the glandular surface of the horse stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-flail (impeller) conditioner
-Crimper (roller) type of conditioner |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Fixed
-Portable (flexible) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Within pasture or hay field
-On the farm level |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| types of mucousal surfaces in horse stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Variable chamber round baler
-Fixed chamber round baler |
|
|
Term
| types of sphincters in horse stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-large square baler
-small square baler |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-forage type
-temporary fences
-alley ways
-acreage |
|
|
Term
| weight of forages that horses should consume |
|
Definition
| Minimum 1% of body weight |
|
|
Term
| what Esophageal Impaction (Choke) may do to horses |
|
Definition
-May damage esophagus
-regurgitation of food from mouth and nostrils |
|
|
Term
| what VNS (variety not stated) means |
|
Definition
| this means you have to do the germination test and other tests on it on your own; you’re taking all the risks along with it |
|
|
Term
| what affects the concentration of nutrients in the soil solution? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what affects the concentration of nutrients in the soil solution? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what bile is designed to do |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes bloat in ruminants? |
|
Definition
| Any interruption of this normal gas elimination results in gas accumulation or bloat |
|
|
Term
| what cultipacker/seeder does to the soil |
|
Definition
| Cultipacker/seeder firms the seed bed and places the seed close to the soil surface. |
|
|
Term
| what disking/plowing does to the soil |
|
Definition
| Disking/plowing inverts soil and buries existing plants but leaves ground rough |
|
|
Term
| what fat requires before it is deposited |
|
Definition
| Fat requires there to be a surplus of energy before it is deposited |
|
|
Term
| what grazing forages does to the nutrients |
|
Definition
| grazing forages recycles the nutrients back into the field |
|
|
Term
| what grazing forages does to the nutrients |
|
Definition
| grazing forages recycles the nutrients back into the field |
|
|
Term
| what happens in the omasum? |
|
Definition
| water is reabsorbed from the digested fluid that passes through the reticulum |
|
|
Term
| what happens in the rumen? |
|
Definition
| Microbial fermentation of cellulose |
|
|
Term
| what happens to Excess Minerals in Diet? |
|
Definition
| Excess Minerals in Diet are Excreted Back Onto Pasture |
|
|
Term
| what happens to phytate in soil? |
|
Definition
| microbes break it down and release it |
|
|
Term
| what happens to size of GI tract and liver as foal matures to mature horse? |
|
Definition
| Tract increases in size while liver remains the same |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the forage if you graze it too long? |
|
Definition
| you get it in the lag phase, which is not maximum growth rate |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the forage that goes to the reticulum? |
|
Definition
| undigested plant matter is compressed & then regurgitated |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the plant roots if you don't give the plants enough rest? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what harrowing does to the soil |
|
Definition
| Harrowing the soil smoothes the surface, but often it is too fluffy for small seeds of forages |
|
|
Term
| what is between the abomasum and the small intestine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what large liver does for neonatal foal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what lime does to the soil Al |
|
Definition
| Lime raises the pH, but doesn’t reduce Al |
|
|
Term
| what lime does to the soil pH |
|
Definition
| Lime raises the pH, but doesn’t reduce Al |
|
|
Term
| what plants do when there's too many plants per acre |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what potato leaf hoppers cause on leaves |
|
Definition
| V shaped yellowing on leaf tips |
|
|
Term
| what potato leaf hoppers cause on leaves |
|
Definition
| V shaped yellowing on leaf tips |
|
|
Term
| what ruminal bacteria do to plant material in ruminant stomachs |
|
Definition
| they associate with cell walls of the plant tissues, attach via mucilagenous excretions, and excrete digestive enzymes that degrade the fiberous fractions of the cell wall. |
|
|
Term
| what selenium deficiency causes in muscle tissue |
|
Definition
| Selenium Deficiency Results in Necrosis of Muscle which Appears White |
|
|
Term
| what selenium deficiency causes in muscle tissue |
|
Definition
| Selenium Deficiency Results in Necrosis of Muscle which Appears White |
|
|
Term
| what to aim for when grazing a forage |
|
Definition
| Get the best animal performance you can get without compromising the growth of the plant |
|
|
Term
| what to give cattle before turning them loose on legumes to reduce bloat |
|
Definition
| dry roughage or grass pasture |
|
|
Term
| what you do to the nutrients when you make hay |
|
Definition
| with hay, you remove nutrients out of the pasture |
|
|
Term
| what you do to the nutrients when you make hay |
|
Definition
| with hay, you remove nutrients out of the pasture |
|
|
Term
| what you must do to the land after sprigging Bermudagrass |
|
Definition
| Cultipack to level land after planting |
|
|
Term
| what you should do to overcome mineral deficiencies in livestock |
|
Definition
| Provide mineral supplements (salt blocks, mineral mixes) to overcome mineral deficiencies in livestock |
|
|
Term
| what you should fertilize pastures for |
|
Definition
| FERTILIZE pastures to promote forage growth |
|
|
Term
| what you should not fertilize pasture for |
|
Definition
| DON’T fertilize pasture to increase plant nutrients for livestock nutrition |
|
|
Term
| what you're relying on in cuttings and what you want it to do |
|
Definition
| With cuttings, you’re relying on the meristematic tissue to differentiate into roots, tillers, and such |
|
|
Term
| when disking in sandy soil, there's always the risk of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when froth builds in the rumen |
|
Definition
| when ruminants graze many legumes |
|
|
Term
| when maximal energy/protein requirements occur |
|
Definition
| maximal energy/protein requirements occur the 2nd month after calving when cows reach peak lactation |
|
|
Term
| when maximal energy/protein requirements occur |
|
Definition
| maximal energy/protein requirements occur the 2nd month after calving when cows reach peak lactation |
|
|
Term
| when minimal energy/protein requirements occur |
|
Definition
| Minimal energy and protein requirements occur at weaning when the need for nutrients dedicated to lactation ceases |
|
|
Term
| when minimal energy/protein requirements occur |
|
Definition
| Minimal energy and protein requirements occur at weaning when the need for nutrients dedicated to lactation ceases |
|
|
Term
| when nitrate concentration is highest in plants |
|
Definition
| during the period of slow growth |
|
|
Term
| when secretion of bile ceases |
|
Definition
| secretion ceases after 48 hr fast |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Apply P in late summer or fall. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Apply P in late summer or fall. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when there's max amount of green material |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when high CP supplement will improve performance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plant immediately after digging sprigs |
|
|
Term
| when to purchase P fertilizer |
|
Definition
| Purchase P fertilizer in “off-peak” times of the year (i.e., summer and fall) |
|
|
Term
| when to remove bloating cattle from the forage |
|
Definition
| if there condition continues to worsen |
|
|
Term
| when to start the Pre-establishment planning for forages |
|
Definition
| Start 1-2 years in advance |
|
|
Term
| when using grain drills, the higher seeding rate helps compensate for... |
|
Definition
| seeds that don’t germinate |
|
|
Term
| when using grain drills, use higher seeding rates to accommodate... |
|
Definition
| seeds that don't germinate, which is a result of deep placement |
|
|
Term
| when using grain drills, you need ______ to keep seed from deep placement. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when you gotta get the tops/green stems |
|
Definition
| when the plants are actively growing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where most hay in GA is stored |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where most of the digestion occurs in horses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where the foam in frothy or soapy bloat comes from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where the majority of the bale is |
|
Definition
The majority of the bale is in the surface 12” of the mass
that is, the outer 18.18181818% of the bale |
|
|
Term
| where yellowing of leaves usually shows first in response to K deficiency |
|
Definition
| yellow usually shows up at margins first |
|
|
Term
| where yellowing of leaves usually shows first in response to K deficiency |
|
Definition
| yellow usually shows up at margins first |
|
|
Term
| where you find most of the grazing in pastures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which body condition is this?
[image] |
|
Definition
4
frame not as visible as covering |
|
|
Term
which body condition is this?
[image] |
|
Definition
5
severe underconditioning |
|
|
Term
which body condition is this?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which body condition is this?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which body condition is this?
[image] |
|
Definition
1
severe underconditioning |
|
|
Term
which body condition is this?
[image] |
|
Definition
3
frame and covering well balanced |
|
|
Term
which body condition is this?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which body condition is this?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which body condition is this?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which body condition is this?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which body condition is this?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which forage is more efficient at supplying nutrients? pasture or hay? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which grasses have a higher energy density (Mcal/lb DM)? cool season or warm season? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which has more epithelia? omasum or rumen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the horse digestive system is number 1?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the horse digestive system is number 2?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the horse digestive system is number 3?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the horse digestive system is number 4?
[image] |
|
Definition
| cecum (on right side of body cavity) |
|
|
Term
which part of the horse digestive system is number 5?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the horse digestive system is number 6?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the horse digestive system is number 7?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the ruminant digestive system is number 10?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the ruminant digestive system is number 1?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the ruminant digestive system is number 2?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the ruminant digestive system is number 3?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the ruminant digestive system is number 4?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the ruminant digestive system is number 5?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the ruminant digestive system is number 6?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the ruminant digestive system is number 7?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the ruminant digestive system is number 8?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the ruminant digestive system is number 9?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which side of a ruminant does the ballooning? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why Cicer milkvetch, Crownvetch, and Lespedeza are poor quality forages |
|
Definition
| because they contain certain types of tannins |
|
|
Term
| why K is important for perennials |
|
Definition
| K is important for the persistence of perennials |
|
|
Term
| why K is important for the persistence of perennials |
|
Definition
| because it enhances the formation of rhizomes and such |
|
|
Term
| why baleage is the most common form of baling in the SE |
|
Definition
| because it’s too moist to do hay |
|
|
Term
| why consumed forages first go to the reticulum after consumption |
|
Definition
| because the animal doesn’t have time to chew it |
|
|
Term
| why forage that goes to the stomach needs to be rechewed |
|
Definition
| so that fermentation can be more efficient |
|
|
Term
| why forages are necessary for feeding horses |
|
Definition
-Maintain gut health
-Decreases vices |
|
|
Term
| why have baby during down period |
|
Definition
| because it relies on its mom for about 90 days |
|
|
Term
| why high Mg can be a bad thing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why high tensile electric fences are spring loaded |
|
Definition
| to permit irrigators to “walk” over the fences |
|
|
Term
| why horses pursue more roughage as they get older |
|
Definition
| because as the animal grows, the hindgut increases in size |
|
|
Term
| why intensive grazing is better for nutrient cycling in pastures |
|
Definition
| parts of the pasture getting fertilized more frequently and manure being distributed more evenly |
|
|
Term
| why it is necessary to pack the forage |
|
Definition
| to minimize oxygen in mass |
|
|
Term
| why it's best to apply P during late summer or fall |
|
Definition
-Demand for the product is low
-Demand for spreading services is low
-Less risk of P runoff |
|
|
Term
| why it's best to apply P during late summer or fall |
|
Definition
-Demand for the product is low
-Demand for spreading services is low
-Less risk of P runoff |
|
|
Term
| why it's important to tell the soil tester what plants you're growing there |
|
Definition
| so that you can get the right recommendation |
|
|
Term
| why it's important to tell the soil tester what plants you're growing there |
|
Definition
| so that you can get the right recommendation |
|
|
Term
| why it's possible to cograze animals |
|
Definition
| because certain types of animals graze different areas |
|
|
Term
| why loss of N doesn’t come from ammonium |
|
Definition
| because ammonium is positively charged |
|
|
Term
| why low soil pH is a bad thing |
|
Definition
| because when you have a low pH, you have an abundance of H ions such that it displaces other cations |
|
|
Term
| why minerals are important for livestock |
|
Definition
| Essential for basic physiological processes |
|
|
Term
| why minerals are important for livestock |
|
Definition
| Essential for basic physiological processes |
|
|
Term
| why parturition is fixed by humans |
|
Definition
| so that the animals can have the most amount of forage at the right time |
|
|
Term
| why protein is important for growth and cell division |
|
Definition
| because during cell division, additional amino acids are needed |
|
|
Term
| why purchase P fertilizer during summer or fall |
|
Definition
-Demand for the product is low
-Demand for spreading services is low
-Less risk of P runoff |
|
|
Term
| why size of small intestine increases with age |
|
Definition
| because of the horse eating more |
|
|
Term
| why soil test results differ between Piedmont and Coastal Plain |
|
Definition
| because soil texture and structure affect nutrients |
|
|
Term
| why the amount of fat cover on cows is a good indicator of their energy status |
|
Definition
| because Fat requires there to be a surplus of energy before it is deposited |
|
|
Term
| why the feed or amount of feed given to a horse should be changed gradually over 1 week |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why the liquid and gas are split in the ruminant stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why the nitrate concentration in the plant goes back down after the period of slow growth |
|
Definition
| because the plant starts to use it when growth speeds up |
|
|
Term
| why tilling is bad for soil |
|
Definition
| Tilling runs the risk of erosion and exposes organic matter such that it favors the breakdown of it. |
|
|
Term
| why weeds can induce bloating |
|
Definition
| Weeds at the vegetative stage have about 20% crude protein; this can induce bloating |
|
|
Term
| why you don't want your animals drinking water that has algae |
|
Definition
| animals are in danger when they drink the algae scum along with water |
|
|
Term
| why you might want the height at the end of grazing to be higher |
|
Definition
| to optimize the intake of quality forage for vigorous regrowth |
|
|
Term
| why you need depth gauges when using grain drills |
|
Definition
| to keep seed from deep placement |
|
|
Term
| why you want to Chemically suppress the grass |
|
Definition
-Maintains open areas for germination and establishment of the legume seed
-Reduces habitat for disease infestation
-give the legumes a chance to establish |
|
|
Term
| why you want to Graze or mow pasture in late summer (Aug./Sept.) |
|
Definition
| Reduces thatch, provides even canopy |
|
|
Term
| why you want to establish the grass before the legumes |
|
Definition
-Less erosion
-Better weed control options
-allows you to control the weeds and maintain the soil and such |
|
|
Term
| will low energy forage meet the needs of a lactating cow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| with High tensile electric fencing, The wire number and spacing depend on... |
|
Definition
| the type of livestock being constrained |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Aerial photograph showing landuse conversion from row crop to MiGD farms. |
|
|
