Term
| % of soil volume taken up by air and water |
|
Definition
| Air and water make up about 50% of soil volume – but this can vary from <40 to >60 depending on the soil. |
|
|
Term
| 2 factors that help define a forage program |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ADF is used to measure... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ADF vs. digestibility or available energy |
|
Definition
| The higher the ADF, the lower the digestibility or available energy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| as the plant matures, ADF increases |
|
|
Term
| Acid detergent fiber (ADF) |
|
Definition
| Fiber measurement extracted with acidic detergent in a technique employed to help appraise the quality of forages. Includes cellulose, lignin, ADIN, and acid-insoluble ash. ADF is highly correlated with cell wall digestibility. The higher the ADF, the lower the digestibility or available energy. Because ADF percentage is forages negatively relates to digestibility, ADF is used to calculate energy values. Low ADF forages are usually preferred, because it means higher net energy. As the plant matures, ADF increases. |
|
|
Term
| Acid detergent insoluble crude protein (ADICP) |
|
Definition
| This estimates the nitrogen that has low digestibility in the rumen and the intestine. It is important for determining the value of heat-damaged hay and silage. A little ADIN is good because it increases bypass protein, but too much may reduce total protein availability. |
|
|
Term
| Acid soils are phytotoxic as a result of... |
|
Definition
| nutritional disorders, deficiencies, or unavailability of essential nutrients such as calcium, magnesium, molybdenum, and phosphorus, and toxicity of aluminum, manganese, and hydrogen activity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protein content adjusted for the amount of heat-damaged protein. Used in place of CP when ADIN makes up more than 10 percent of the CP content of a feed. If no heat damage has occurred, then the adjusted crude protein equals the crude protein. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The building blocks of proteins. Used extensively for milk and muscle protein synthesis. Used also for glucose synthesis in the liver. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A colorless nitrogen compound produced as protein and nonprotein nitrogen degrades or breaks down in the rumen. It can be used to synthesize bacterial protein. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| forage directly eaten by the animal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ultimate test of forage quality, especially when forages are fed alone and free choice. Forage quality encompasses “nutritive value” (the potential for supplying nutrients, i.e., digestibility and nutrient content), how much animals will consume, and any anti-quality factors present. Animal performance can be influenced by any of several factors associated with either the plants or the animals (figure 1). Failure to give proper consideration to any of these factors may reduce an animal’s performance level, which in turn reduces potential income. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A negatively charged ion or particle, such as chloride or sulfate. Anionic salts are nutritionally important in dry cow rations to aid in the prevention of milk fever. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the plant is ready for flowering and such |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Various compounds may be present in forage that can lower animal performance, cause sickness, or even result in death. Such compounds include tannins, nitrates, alkaloids, cyanoglycosides, estrogens, and mycotoxins. The presence and/or severity of these elements depend on the plant species present (including weeds), time of year, environmental conditions, and animal sensitivity. High-quality forages must not contain harmful levels of anti-quality components. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The mineral matter present in feed. It is measured by burning the sample at 500°C until all organic matter is burned and removed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Determined by subtracting unavailable protein from crude protein. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
when the plant starts shifting to reproduction
the stage where the inflourescence moves towards elongation, something like that |
|
|
Term
| Brassicas are very high in ______, but extremely low in ______. |
|
Definition
crude protein and energy
fiber |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chemical compound that resists changes in pH with the addition (or loss) of acid or base. Buffers, such as sodium bicarbonate, are supplemented to reduce the risk of rumen acidosis (low pH). |
|
|
Term
| CEC of a soil depends on... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CEC of humus (organic matter) |
|
Definition
average: 200 meq/100g
range: 100-300 meq/100g |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
average: 80 meq/100g
range: 20-40 meq/100g |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
average: 8 meq/100g
range: 3-15 meq/100g |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
average: 80 meq/100g
range: 60-100 meq/100g |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the c'tration of CO2 at which plants show no net fixation of CO2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conservation reserve program |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Includes the sugars, starch, cellulose, gums, and related substances. Carbohydrates are the largest component in the dairy cow diet and contribute 60 to 70 percent of the net energy used for milk production. Their abbreviation, CHO, indicates that they contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A positively charged ion or particle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The principle carbohydrate constituent of plant cell membranes. It is made available to ruminants through the action of cellulolytic bacteria in the rumen. |
|
|
Term
| Cheaper to produce animals on ______ than on ______ |
|
Definition
forages
corn and concentrate |
|
|
Term
| Clays are minerals made of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Components of a forage system |
|
Definition
-soil
-forage plants
-production characteristics
-grazing animals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A broad classification of feedstuffs that are high in energy and low in crude fiber (less than 18 percent). Included are cereal grains, soybean oil meal, cottonseed meal, and by-products of the milling industry such as corn gluten and wheat bran. A concentrate may be low or rich in protein. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Critical LAI = LAI required to intercept 95% of incident light |
|
|
Term
| Critical LAI value for alfalfa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Critical LAI value for orchardgrass |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Critical LAI value for white clover |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A measure of the fat content as determined by ether extraction. This measure may also contain plant pigments, esters and aldehydes. Fat content of byproducts such as french fry waste should be checked frequently, since there can be considerable variation in these products. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| That portion of feedstuffs composed of polysaccharides such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. These serve as structural and protective parts of plants (high in forages and low in grains). CF is no longer considered a viable measurement. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Total protein in a feed. To calculate the protein percentage, a feed is first chemically analyzed for nitrogen content. Since proteins average approximately 16 percent nitrogen, the percentage of nitrogen in the analysis is multiplied by 6.25 to give the percent CP. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| growth habit that is between upright and prostrate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) are frequently used as standard forage testing techniques for fiber analysis. NDF approximates the total cell wall constituents including hemicellulose, whereas ADF primarily represents cellulose and lignin. ADF is often used to calculate digestibility, and NDF is used to predict intake potential. |
|
|
Term
| Dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) |
|
Definition
| DCAD is the milliequivalent (meq) difference between the major cations and anions in a diet. The DCAD can be calculated when the percentages of Na, K, Cl, and S (DM basis) in the diet are known. DCAD, meq/100 grams of DM = [(%Na/.023) + (%K/.039)] – [(%Cl/.0355) + (%S/.016)]. Feeding diets with a negative DCAD (anionic diet) in late pregnancy may reduce milk fever problems through alterations in calcium metabolism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
How much of the forage will be digested?
Digestibility (the extent to which forage is absorbed as it passes through an animal’s digestive tract) varies greatly. Immature, leafy plant tissues may be 80 to 90% digested, while less than 50% of mature, stemmy material is digested. |
|
|
Term
| Digestible dry matter (DDM) |
|
Definition
| Estimates the percentage of forage that is digestible. It is calculated from ADF values and is similar to TDN. The more ADF a feed contains, the lower the DDM value will be. DDM values are calculated using the equation DDM% = 88.9 – (ADF% x 0.779). |
|
|
Term
| Distribution of farmland in US, the darker the higher % of land |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| That part of feed, which is not water. Percent DM = 100% - moisture %. Feed values and nutrient requirements for ruminants are expressed on a dry matter or moisture-free basis to compensate for the large variation in moisture content of feeds commonly fed to cattle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Estimates the maximum amount of forage dry matter a cow will eat. It is expressed as a percent of body weight and is calculated from NDF by: DMI (% of body weight) = 120/NDF%. |
|
|
Term
| EFFECT OF SPECIES RICHNESS ON GRASSLAND PRODUCTIVITY |
|
Definition
[image]
The reason the increase is not linear is because of competition |
|
|
Term
| Effect of Organic Matter on Pore Space |
|
Definition
| increases macropores and decreases micropores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Forage preserved by fermentation in a silo, pit, or stack, usually in chopped form. Also called silage. |
|
|
Term
| Example of forages on crop land |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Factors having the greatest impact on forage quality |
|
Definition
| forage species, stage of maturity at harvest, and (if forage is mechanically harvested) harvesting and storage techniques. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The cellulose portion of roughages (forages) that is low in TDN and hard to digest by monogastric animals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the amount of water retained in soil after infiltration; this is the water held against gravity |
|
|
Term
| For N, the priority is... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For grasses, you gotta provide enough (what nutrient?), but for legumes, you gotta provide enough (what nutrient?) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The vegetative portion of plants in a fresh, dried, or ensiled state which is fed to livestock. Grasses and legumes cut at the proper stage of maturity and stored to preserve quality. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it can be defined as the extent to which a forage has the potential to produce a desired animal response |
|
|
Term
| Forage “Quality” includes... |
|
Definition
1) nutritive value
2) Physical attributes of forage that regulate intake
3) “antiquality” compounds that limit intake (flavors, toxins, tannins) – these are aspects related to palatability. |
|
|
Term
| Forages are important in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Forages can be harvested for ______ or... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a steep slope or long cliff that occurs from faulting and resulting erosion and separates two relatively level areas of differing elevations |
|
|
Term
| Grass takes a longer time to regrow if you... |
|
Definition
| cut it to the ground or graze it intensely |
|
|
Term
| Grasses get most of the N used for regrowth from... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Green chop (fresh forage) |
|
Definition
| Forages harvested (cut and chopped) in the field and fed directly to livestock. Also called zero grazing or soilage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dried forage (grasses, alfalfa, clovers) used for feeding farm animals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Silage usually containing 70 percent or more moisture. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the final stage of the decomposition of organic matter |
|
|
Term
| If chicory is grown without a legume partner,... |
|
Definition
| 100 to 150 lbs (N)/Acre should be applied in split applications: 1/3 at green up in early spring, 1/3 in early summer and 1/3 in early fall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In most cases, this determines the productivity of an animal. |
|
Definition
| the intake potential and digestible energy content of the forage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
How much will they eat?
Animals must consume adequate quantities of forage to perform well.Typically, the higher the palatability and forage quality, the higher the intake. |
|
|
Term
| Intense grazing of chickory should prevent plants from... |
|
Definition
| bolting, which will extend the vegetative state and forage productivity. |
|
|
Term
| Jefferson brought alfalfa to the US in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Knowing this is necessary to formulate rations that result in desired animal performance. |
|
Definition
| forage quality and animal nutritional needs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Clovers, alfalfa, and similar crops that can absorb nitrogen directly from the atmosphere through action of bacteria that live in their roots and use it as a nutrient for growth. |
|
|
Term
| Legumes get most of the N used for regrowth from... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A compound which, with cellulose, forms the cell walls of plants. It is practically indigestible. |
|
|
Term
| Limitations to Digestion Studies for Pastures |
|
Definition
-Forage always changing – can’t collect adequate supply of fresh forage at a constant stage of development
-Digestion studies expensive and time consuming
-Hard to compare many different species or varieties with different sampling dates, replications, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any one of a group of organic substances that are insoluble in water though soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, and other fat solvents, and have a greasy feel. They are rich sources of dietary energy. |
|
|
Term
| Lots of farmland around Mississippi River because of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lots of farmland in Coastal Plain and Great Plains due to... |
|
Definition
| the land being flat and suitable for farming |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Main features of soil structure |
|
Definition
-arrangement of particles into aggregates
-stability of aggregates when exposed to water |
|
|
Term
| Major difference between the endosperms of grasses and legumes |
|
Definition
| grasses have starch in endosperm and legumes have proteins and oils in cotyledons |
|
|
Term
| Map of US showing % of farmland as pastureland, the darker the higher % |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Map of US showing % of farmland that’s harvested forages, the darker, the higher % |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Metamorphic rocks formed by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K) and sulfur (S) are normally expressed as a percentage of each in the feed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any glacially formed accumulation of unconsolidated glacial debris (soil and rock) which can occur in currently glaciated and formerly glaciated regions |
|
|
Term
| More organic matter in grassland thanks in part to... |
|
Definition
| grass having less lignin and lower C:N ratio |
|
|
Term
| Most clay minerals are described as... |
|
Definition
| hydrous alumino- silicates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NDF is used to measure... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NDF vs. feed intake and why |
|
Definition
| NDF gives bulk or fill to the diet and is negatively correlated with feed intake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Grind sample to 1-mm size in a Wiley Mill (standard) (day 1)
-Scan sample (1 minute each)
-Select* a subset of scanned samples to run through wet chemical analysis
-Calibrate* spectral characteristics using wet chemical results
-Predict remaining samples without wet chemistry
*Can be skipped if a calibration equation has already been developed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is the energy available to an animal in a feed after removing the energy lost as feces, urine, gas and heat produced during digestion and metabolism. NE is the most useful energy estimate for formulating rations. Often, other energy values are determined from ADF using regression equations. These equations were developed from digestion trials. |
|
|
Term
| Net energy for gain (NEG) |
|
Definition
| An estimate of the energy value of a feed used for body tissue gain (weight gain) above that required for maintenance. |
|
|
Term
| Net energy for lactation (NEL) |
|
Definition
| An estimate of the energy value of a feed used for maintenance plus milk production during lactation and for maintenance plus the last two months of gestation for dry, pregnant cows. |
|
|
Term
| Net energy for maintenance (NEM) |
|
Definition
| An estimate of the energy value of a feed used to keep an animal in energy equilibrium, neither gaining nor losing weight. |
|
|
Term
| Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) |
|
Definition
| A measurement of fiber after digesting in a nonacidic, nonalkaline detergent as an aid in determining quality of forages. Contains the fibers in ADF, plus hemicellulose. Measures the structural part of the plant, the plant cell wall which consists of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose. NDF gives bulk or fill to the diet and is negatively correlated with feed intake. Because NDF can be used to predict intake, it is one of the most valuable analysis to have conducted on forages for dairy rations. Low NDF is usually desired. As maturity of the plant at harvest increases, cell wall content of the plant increases and NDF increases. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nitrogen in the food consumed minus nitrogen in feces and nitrogen in urine (nitrogen retention.) |
|
|
Term
| Nitrogen-free extract (NFE) |
|
Definition
| Consisting of carbohydrates, sugars, starches, and a major portion of materials classed as hemicellulose in feeds. When crude protein, fat, water, ash, and fiber are added and the sum is subtracted from 100, the difference is NFE. |
|
|
Term
| Non-protein nitrogen (NPN) |
|
Definition
| All nitrogen fed to animals is not necessarily found in proteins. NPN reflects other sources of nitrogen. An important source of NPN in the ruminant diet is urea. Rumen bacteria can utilize NPN to produce microbial proteins, thus providing amino acids to the cow. |
|
|
Term
| Nonfiber carbohydrates (NFC) |
|
Definition
| The highly digestible carbohydrate fraction of feeds consisting of starch, sugar, and pectin. Are the non-cell wall carbohydrates consisting primarily of starches, sugars and pectin that are rapidly fermented in the rumen. Subtracting percent (DM basis) NDF, CP, ether extract (fat) and ash from 100 provides an estimate of NFC percent in feeds. (NFC% = 100% - [%NDF + %CP + %fat + %ash]). In the absence of actual measured values, average values of the feedstuff are used in the equation. Also called nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC). |
|
|
Term
| Nonfiber carbohydrates (NFC) aka... |
|
Definition
| nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) |
|
|
Term
| Nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) |
|
Definition
| Used by rumen microorganisms to synthesize protein. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Once digested, will the forage provide an adequate level of nutrients? Living forage plants usually contain 70 to 90% water.To standardize analyses, forage yield and nutrient content are usually expressed on a dry matter (DM) basis. Forage dry matter can be divided into two main categories:
(1) cell contents (the non-structural parts of the plant tissue such as protein, sugar, and starch); and
(2) structural components of the cell wall (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin). |
|
|
Term
| Nutrient solution culture |
|
Definition
| By far the most common screening medium for Al tolerance is solution culture, which provides easy access to the root system, strict control over nutrient availability and pH, and non-destructive measurements of tolerance. |
|
|
Term
| Older forage tends to have (more or less) energy available |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One of the most significant benefits of growing legumes with grasses |
|
Definition
| improvement of forage quality |
|
|
Term
| One of the most significant factors, which determine the nutritive value of a feed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Organic layer in forest soils made of... |
|
Definition
| leaves and twigs and such |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Will the animals eat the forage?
Animals select one forage over another based on smell, feel, and taste. Palatability may therefore be influenced by texture, leafiness, fertilization, dung or urine patches, moisture content, pest infestation, or compounds that cause a forage to taste sweet, sour, or salty. High-quality forages are generally highly palatable. |
|
|
Term
| Peanut is a [what season?] crop, so you expect it to go dormant in [what month?] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plant grows back from the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plants store excess energy as... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to the volume of soil voids that can be filled by water and/or air |
|
|
Term
| Problems with Predictions when it comes to forages |
|
Definition
Assume ADF has constant relationship to digestibility – not true in reality
Better to use a measure of digestible fiber than ADF |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The heat involved in the manufacturing processes of many byproducts can affect rumen protein degradability and total digestibility. Most commercial feed testing labs do not offer analysis of rumen degradable protein (RDP) because of procedural variability. That explains why most people have relied on feed composition tables like the NRC for both RDP and RUP. To determine RUP values, some commercial labs have started using in situ bag techniques. You need to be careful when using the results of in situ or in vitro procedures, because they determine rumen degradability in a certain rumen environment. It might not be similar to the actual rumen environment of the cows you are working with. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A term indicating the total nitrogen content of a substance in comparison with the nitrogen content of protein (usually plant). For example, the nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) compound, urea, contains approximately 45 percent nitrogen and has a protein equivalent of 281 percent (6.25 x 45 percent). |
|
|
Term
| Proximate vs. Van Soest Analysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all the parameters and such |
|
|
Term
| RFV is calculated from... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the higher the RFV, the better the quality |
|
|
Term
| Rain during field drying damages ______ hay more than ______ hay. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Range lands made mostly of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Relative feed value (RFV) |
|
Definition
An index for ranking grass and legume forages based on combining digestibility and intake potential. Calculated from ADF and NDF. The higher the RFV, the better the quality. It is used to compare varieties, match hay/silage inventories to animals, and to market hay.
Developed primarily for use with legume or legume/grass forages, RFV combines digestibility and intake estimates into one number for an easy and effective way to identify and market quality hay. RFV is expressed as a percent compared to full bloom alfalfa at 100 percent RFV. RFV above 130 are considered good dairy quality hay. The higher the value the better, RFV in the range of 150 is desirable. RFV is calculated by: RFV% = DDM (%) x DMI (% of body weight)/ 1.29. |
|
|
Term
| Relative forage quality (RFQ) |
|
Definition
| An index for ranking grass and legume forages based on DN and intake potential. Calculated from NDF, CP, EE, NDFD, ADF, and NFC. It matches animal performance better than RFV across a wide range of forages. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Consists of pasture, silage, hay, or other dry fodder. It may be of high or low quality. Roughages are usually high in crude fiber (more than 18 percent) and relatively low in NFE (approximately 40 percent). |
|
|
Term
| Rumen degradable protein (RDP) |
|
Definition
| Protein or nitrogen that is degraded in the rumen by microorganisms and incorporated into microbial protein or freed as ammonia. |
|
|
Term
| Rumen degradable protein (RDP) known previously as... |
|
Definition
| degradable intake protein (DIP) |
|
|
Term
| Rumen undegradable protein (RUP) |
|
Definition
| Protein or nitrogen that is not degraded in the rumen by microorganisms but is available to be digested by the cow. |
|
|
Term
| Rumen undegradable protein (RUP), known previously as... |
|
Definition
| undegradable intake protein (UIP) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A completely hydrogenated fat, each carbon atom is associated with the maximum number of hydrogens; there are not double bonds. Saturated fatty acids are solid at room temperature. Tallow is an example of a saturated fat, although approximately 50 percent of the fatty acids are unsaturated. Saturated fats tend to have less detrimental effects on rumen fermentation than unsaturated fats. |
|
|
Term
| Sedimentary rocks formed by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Green forage, such as grass or clover, or fodder, such as field corn or sorghum, that is chopped into a silo where it is packed or compressed to exclude air and undergoes an acid fermentation (lactic and acetic acids) that retards spoilage. |
|
|
Term
| Silica combines with ______ in oxides |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The protein fraction composed of both non-protein nitrogen (NPN) and true protein, which is rapidly degraded in the rumen. It is normally expressed as a percent of the crude protein. |
|
|
Term
| Some antiquality elements in forages |
|
Definition
| tall fescue endophytes, toxins, and such |
|
|
Term
| Some characteristics of improved pastures |
|
Definition
-Introduced species
-Few species
-Dominant species
-Limited by nutrients
-High-input management
-Robust ecosystem
-Multiple livestock enterprises |
|
|
Term
| Some characteristics of natural grasslands |
|
Definition
-Native species predominate
-Species diverse
-Eveness of species (basically, the species know how to live with each other)
-Limited by water supply
-Low-input management (such tools include fire and grazing)
-Fragile ecosystem
-Extensive management
-Cow-calf best use |
|
|
Term
| Some energy that could be used in fermentation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some factors in the regrowth of forage plants |
|
Definition
-Residual leaf area
-Stored reserves |
|
|
Term
| Some forage-livestock industries in GA |
|
Definition
-beef
-dairy
-cash hay
-horses
-sheep and goats |
|
|
Term
| Some problems with overgrazing |
|
Definition
-Intake limited
-Low animal gain and production
-Low $ return per acre |
|
|
Term
| Some problems with undergrazing |
|
Definition
-Old forage has low nutritive value
-Selective grazing
-Low $ return per acre |
|
|
Term
| Some things involved in a forage system |
|
Definition
-soil and its characteristics
-the plant
-the animal that eats the plant |
|
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Term
| Some things that affect the yield, persistence, and composition of a forage |
|
Definition
-Plant species – Cultivar choice
-Stress and disease tolerances; important for resistance
-Cell wall structure – Cell and tissue types
-Maturity
-Bloat inducing?
-Presence of deleterious compounds? |
|
|
Term
| Some things to consider regarding animal utilization in forage systems |
|
Definition
-Animal nutritional needs
-Seasonal forage distribution
-Palatability (weather the animal like it or not)
-Species composition (important for pastures)
-Growth and removal rates |
|
|
Term
| Some types of forage lands |
|
Definition
-forages on crop land
-permanent pastureland |
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|
Term
| Some types of fresh harvested forages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some types of preserved harvested forages |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Stems and leaves come from... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The TDN is a matter of... |
|
Definition
| what’s inside the cell and what’s digestible |
|
|
Term
| The accuracy of forage analysis depends on... |
|
Definition
| the analytical procedures used and the precision of laboratory techniques. |
|
|
Term
| The balance between Ca, P, and Mg has something to do with... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The bulk of agricultural lime comes from... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The main symptom of Al toxicity |
|
Definition
| rapid inhibition of root growth |
|
|
Term
| The most common arrangement for collecting the excreta of animals for digestibility experiments |
|
Definition
through the use of metabolic crates
distorts results due to stressing the animal |
|
|
Term
| The primary response to aluminum stress occurs in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The toxic range for nitrates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ultimate and most direct method of evaluating for Al tolerance |
|
Definition
| by measuring economic yield (forage or grain) under field conditions. |
|
|
Term
| Total digestible nutrients (TDN) |
|
Definition
| Denotes the sum of the digestible crude protein, digestible nitrogen-free extract, digestible crude fiber and 2.25 times the digestible ether extract (fat). This value is often calculated from ADF. It is less accurate than NE for formulating diets containing both forage and grain. Most rations are now formulated using NE; however, TDN is still used to calculate beef cow rations where the diet is primarily forage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A blend of all feedstuffs (forages and grains) in one feed. A complete ration fits well into mechanized feeding and the use of computers to formulate least-cost rations. |
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|
Term
| Trees have their strength because of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Types of animal harvested forages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Types of machine harvested forage |
|
Definition
-fresh harvested
-preserved harvested |
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|
Term
| Unavailable protein or insoluble crude protein |
|
Definition
| Calculated from nitrogen that is bound to the acid detergent fiber fraction of the feed. Normally, about 1% protein on a DM basis is found in this fraction. Values greater than 1% indicate heat damage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A fat having one or more double bonds, not completely hydrogenated. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A nonprotein organic nitrogenous compound. It is made synthetically by combining ammonia and carbon dioxide. |
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|
Term
| Voluntary intake, a prime consideration in feeding, is often estimated based on... |
|
Definition
| neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| White clover is clone form because of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| White clover often planted with... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the point where the plant can no longer get water from the soil; this is the permanent wilting point; this is when the plant can no longer pump water into it |
|
|
Term
| Wind erosion is one of the consequences of... |
|
Definition
| turning natural grasslands into arable land |
|
|
Term
| a certain characteristic of grazing tolerant cultivars of alfalfa and why that is |
|
Definition
-Those that are grazing tolerant tend to be winter dormant
-Crown morphology is the reason |
|
|
Term
| a characteristic of alfalfa that makes it hard to replant it |
|
Definition
| autotoxicity and allelopathic properties, even against itself |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A lot is defined as forage taken from the same farm, field, and cut under uniform conditions within a 48-hour time period. |
|
|
Term
| a forage that's a good source of protein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a means of wet chemistry for digestion studies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a pretty good way to dilute the endophyte in tall fescue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a protein in legumes that has a high affinity for N |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| advantage of RFQ over RFV |
|
Definition
| It matches animal performance better than RFV across a wide range of forages. |
|
|
Term
| advantages of proximate analysis |
|
Definition
| Proximate analysis gives you more details and a better indication of performance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| soils transported by water |
|
|
Term
| amount of ADF in feed vs. DDM value |
|
Definition
| The more ADF a feed contains, the lower the DDM value will be. |
|
|
Term
| amount of fiber in a forage vs. fillingness to the animal |
|
Definition
| The more fiber in the forage, the more filling it is to the animal |
|
|
Term
| amount of fiber vs. amount of energy |
|
Definition
| When the amount of fiber goes up, the amount of energy goes down |
|
|
Term
| amount of soil mass taken up by minerals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of soil mass taken up by organic matter |
|
Definition
| 0-5% (except for histosols) |
|
|
Term
| an energy related reason animals are sometimes given antibiotics |
|
Definition
| Animals are sometimes given antibiotics to minimize energy loss from fermentation |
|
|
Term
| an example of how parent material can affect soil acidity |
|
Definition
| Soils that develop from granite parent materials acidify at a faster rate than soils developed from calcareous parent materials. |
|
|
Term
| an important source of NPN to livestock and why that is |
|
Definition
| An important source of NPN in the ruminant diet is urea. Rumen bacteria can utilize NPN to produce microbial proteins, thus providing amino acids to the cow. |
|
|
Term
| an important use of buffers in livestock animals |
|
Definition
| used to reduce the risk of rumen acidosis (low pH) |
|
|
Term
| anatomy of a C3 grass blade vs. anatomy of a C4 grass blade |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| anatomy of the leaf of a C3 plant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| anatomy of the leaf of a C4 plant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| anatomy of warm season grass at various scales |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| another CO2 fixing enzyme that's found in the mesophyll cells of C4 plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are C3 grasses warm season or cool season? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are all amino acids created equal? |
|
Definition
| no, some have higher N content than others |
|
|
Term
| brief description of the stolons in white clover |
|
Definition
| Stolons are above ground stems; each node has meristematic tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| special type of mesophyll that surrounds the vascular bundles |
|
|
Term
| can alfalfa reseed itself? |
|
Definition
| Alfalfa is not a good reseeder |
|
|
Term
| can alfalfa tolerate grazing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| can plants convert atmospheric N into useable N? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| can you overseed with red clover? |
|
Definition
| Overseeding is OK—no autotoxicity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the grain or seed for grasses |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of forages that regulate intake by the animal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| characteristics of illite |
|
Definition
-2:1 non-expanding clay
-Clay lattices held together by K and H.
-K not plant available except by weathering
-Not as tight as kaolinite, but much tighter than montmorillonite
-Not much movement of other things in and out of interior surfaces |
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|
Term
| chart of non-structural carbohydrates in grasses (memorize this) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chart showing how pH affects Al c'tration in soil solution and root growth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chart showing soil water content at different textures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chart showing solubility of certain elements at various pH's |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chart showing the general composition of most soils (except for histosols) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chart showing the various porosities for various textures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| composition of alfalfa leaves |
|
Definition
18-28% NDF
12-20% ADF
22-35% CP |
|
|
Term
| composition of the whole alfalfa plant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it seems that concentrates are materials diverted away from people |
|
|
Term
| cons of the proximate analysis system |
|
Definition
| Inaccurate quantification of nutritional entities |
|
|
Term
| criteria of a good marker in feed analysis |
|
Definition
-strictly non absorbable
-must not affect or be affected by the gastrointestinal tract or its microbial population
-must be physically similar to or intimately associated with feed material
-its method of estimation in digesta samples must be specific and sensitive and not interfere with other analyses |
|
|
Term
| cross section of a C3 grass blade |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| current grasslands in the US |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of N movement in grasses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of N movement in legumes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of a grass meristem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of how C4 p'synth happens in C4 plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of how legume roots develop nodules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of how p'synth works |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of how rock is weathered to form soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of some ways plants use N reserves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the composition of cellulose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the cycling between the components of a forage system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the differences between monocot and dicot seeds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the exchange between C3 and C4 machinery that occurs in C4 p'synth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the general anatomy of a plant cell wall |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the general structure of clays between sheets of clay |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the germination process in legume seeds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the germination process of dicots |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the grass seed germination process |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the reproductive phase of grass development |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the transition phase of grass development |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the types of cell walls that can be found in forage plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the typical yield distribution of bermudagrass and other warm season grasses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the typical yield distribution of tall fescue and other cool season grasses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the use of carbohydrates in plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the vegetative phase of grass development |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the visual indicators of monocot germination |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depictions of how C3 p'synth works |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| description of Al-injured roots |
|
Definition
-stubby
-brittle
-Root tips and lateral roots thicken and turn brown.
-The root system as a whole is affected, with many stubby lateral roots and no fine branching.
-Such roots are inefficient in absorbing nutrients and water. |
|
|
Term
| description of the flowers of red clover |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| description of the leaves of red clover |
|
Definition
| leaves are large and nearly always have a prominent V-shaped pattern, or watermark, on the leaflets |
|
|
Term
| description of the stems of red clover |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| description of the top layer of a forested soil |
|
Definition
| Forested soil exhibits surface layers (O horizons) of leaves and twigs in various stages of decomposition, along with a thin, mineral A horizon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flowers all at once. Apical meristem ceases to grow. Axillary buds terminate. |
|
|
Term
| diagram of where energy from food can be lost |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| difference between the anatomy of the leaves of C3 and C4 grasses in terms of composition |
|
Definition
| there are proportionally more thick walled fiber cells of the C4 grass leaf blade because there are fewer mesophyll cells |
|
|
Term
| difference between the anatomy of the leaves of C3 and C4 grasses in terms of the vascular bundles |
|
Definition
| the vascular bundles of the C4 leaves are are spaced more closely, whereas the C3 grass has many more mesophyll cells surrounding each vascular bundle |
|
|
Term
| digestibility of the contents of alfalfa cell wall |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| digestibility of the contents of alfalfa cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| disadvantages of the Van Soest Analysis |
|
Definition
| This is still a slow, labor intensive method – not useful for many samples, or for routine use in testing laboratories. |
|
|
Term
| distribution of land use in the United States |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| do legumes like or dislike wet soil? |
|
Definition
| Most legumes don’t like wet soils |
|
|
Term
| do the mesophyll cells have rubisco? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| do you want NDF to be high or low? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| do you want RFV to be high or low? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does delayed harvest result in quality loss in forage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does the root cap provide protection against Al damage? |
|
Definition
| may or may not, depending on the study |
|
|
Term
| effect of OM on bulk density |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cotyledon(s) emerging above the soil surface |
|
|
Term
| even with Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS), you still gotta do the wet chemistry from time to time. why is that? |
|
Definition
| to determine the parameters; most of the time, it is species specific |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| species know how to live with each other |
|
|
Term
| example of how rhizomes benefit Bermudagrass |
|
Definition
| Bermudagrass has rhizomes with scales; the scales have meristematic tissue |
|
|
Term
| example of how stolons benefit white clover |
|
Definition
| In white clover, the old plants die and the stolons create new plants |
|
|
Term
| examples of how OM can be actively manipulated by management |
|
Definition
-tillage “burns up” OM
-perennial plants add OM |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reference substance added to the feed |
|
|
Term
| external tolerance mechanisms |
|
Definition
| mechanisms that facilitate Al exclusion from the root apex |
|
|
Term
| extravaginal tillers come from... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fiber content vs. forage quality |
|
Definition
| As fiber increases, forage quality declines. |
|
|
Term
| global distribution of acid soils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| good animal performance results when |
|
Definition
| animals consume forage that is suitably high in nutrients and low in fiber |
|
|
Term
| grasses with which type of p'synth have more energy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| growth habit of red clover |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wet forage that's harvested and wrapped in plastic to be silage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| historical grasslands in the US |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how a good forage system produces environmental benefits |
|
Definition
-Limit soil erosion
-improve soil structure
-conserve water
-improve water quality |
|
|
Term
| how age can affect digestibility |
|
Definition
| It is generally felt that animal individuality affects digestibility more than age. However, older animals appear to better digest some nutrients (e.g., fiber, minerals) than do the young of their species. The evidence available indicated that, in general, age itself makes little or no difference in the ability of animals to digest nutrients. In the case of ruminant species, the young cannot digest much roughage until their digestive tracts, especially their rumens, are developed. Also the ability of old animals to digest feed is often impaired by poor teeth, which makes adequate chewing of their feed difficult. Declining health might further adversely affect digestibility at an advanced age. However, the digestibility of feed by younger animals may often be influenced more by the presence of parasites. |
|
|
Term
| how aggregation decreases porosity |
|
Definition
| because more large pores are present as compared to single clay and silt particles that are associated with smaller pores. |
|
|
Term
| how annual clovers should be seeded in fall |
|
Definition
-Alone or with cool season annual grasses
-Overseeding warm season pasture or hay |
|
|
Term
| how arrowleaf clover grows |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how bacterioids occur in legumes |
|
Definition
| Cells in nodules have multiple odd-shaped bacteria called bacteroids. |
|
|
Term
| how cellulose is made available to animals |
|
Definition
| It is made available to ruminants through the action of cellulolytic bacteria in the rumen. |
|
|
Term
| how chemical composition can affect digestibility |
|
Definition
| One of the most significant factor, which affect digestibility is the chemical composition of the feeds (Poppi et al., 1981b; Luginbuhl et al., 1994; Sarwar et al., 1985). Digestibility of one feed is believed to differ from that of a similar feed because each may contain different contents of certain chemical entities, particularly since some of these diminish the opportunity for the digestive enzymes to come in contact with their respective substrates. On the other hand, digestibility of complete feeds can be enhanced by the additions of relatively small quantities of specific nutrients such as protein or soluble carbohydrates. |
|
|
Term
| how chickory should be grazed and why |
|
Definition
| it should be grazed heavily because it’s fast growing and overgrown chickory loses quality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Structurally, the clay minerals are composed of planes of cations, arranged in sheets, which may be tetrahedrally or octahedrally coordinated (with oxygen) |
|
|
Term
| how climate can affect digestibility |
|
Definition
| The digestibility was higher at higher temperature than in a cold environment which may be due to higher mean retention time of the feedstuff in the digestive tract (Faichney, 1986). In some studies (Kennedy et al., 1976; Kennedy & Milligen, 1978; Kennedy, 1985), sheep exposed to cold (0ºC) had a lower digestibility than controls in warmer temperatures (22ºC). Increased reticulo-rumen motility in the sheep exposed to cold temperature (Kennedy, 1985) may be responsible for the decreased mean retention time. Increasing passage rate in such circumstances could serve as a strategy for increasing dry matter consumption to meet demands for higher energy imposed by cold climate (Merchen, 1988). Neural and endocrine regulation of ruminal contractions in animals exposed to cold have also been reported, but the precise mechanism is still to be determined (Kennedy et al., 1980). |
|
|
Term
| how clipping affects grass roots |
|
Definition
| Clipping and height of clipping make roots recede; the closer you clip it, the shallower the roots get; the plant redirects energy to growing leaves |
|
|
Term
| how cool season grasses respond to day length |
|
Definition
| Cool season grass switches to reproductive in response to longer day length |
|
|
Term
| how crude protein is measured |
|
Definition
| To calculate the protein percentage, a feed is first chemically analyzed for nitrogen content. Since proteins average approximately 16 percent nitrogen, the percentage of nitrogen in the analysis is multiplied by 6.25 to give the percent CP. |
|
|
Term
| how cultivation ruins soil structure |
|
Definition
| Generally, cultivation decreases porosity, breaks down aggregates, and increases decomposition of organic matter. |
|
|
Term
| how dry matter digestibility is usually measured |
|
Definition
| Usually measured as in vitro dry matter digestibility using rumen fluid in a laboratory digestion protocol. |
|
|
Term
| how exercise can affect digestibility |
|
Definition
| Although some workers have found that exercise hastens the process of digestion, it is generally considered to be a factor of minor importance. Other factors such as frequency of feeding, amount of water ingested and animal species may also affect digestibility but the data are contradictory and work remains to be done on these relationships. |
|
|
Term
| how feed intake can affect digestibility |
|
Definition
| The plane of nutrition is one of the primary factors that affect digestibility of any feed. Experiments have showed that livestock usually, digest a larger percentage of the nutrients in their feed when fed restrictedly than when they receive full feed (Okin & Mathison, 1991; Faichney, 1993; Poppi et al. 1981a). Most data indicate some depression in apparent digestibility as level of intake is increased. This may be due to a more rapid movement of feed through the tract, thus allowing less time for digestion and absorption. |
|
|
Term
| how feed processing can affect digestibility |
|
Definition
| Processing of feedstuffs is conducted in an attempt to enhance digestibility (Faichney, 1986; Sarwar et al., 1992). Changes in physical form can influence digestibility of the dry matter, energy, protein or any of the organic substances in feed products. Such processes as drying, grinding, pelleting and wafering all act to generally affect digestibility. Chemical, biological treatments and chopping improve the digestibility of fibrous feeds (Sarwar et al., 1994). |
|
|
Term
| how fructans are synthesized in cool season grasses |
|
Definition
| by adding fructose to sucrose units |
|
|
Term
| how grass affects the soil profile in grassland soil |
|
Definition
| Most of the organic matter in the grassland is added as fine roots distributed throughout the upper 1 m or so, creating a thick, mineral A horizon |
|
|
Term
| how leaf-to-stem ratio is related to forage quality |
|
Definition
| Reduced leaf-to-stem ratio is a major cause of the decline in forage quality with maturity, and also the loss in quality that occurs under adverse hay curing conditions. Leaves are higher in quality than stems, and the proportion of leaves in forage declines as the plant matures. |
|
|
Term
| how lignin can be digested |
|
Definition
| can be digested with acid, but the chunks are still there |
|
|
Term
| how long can fructans be? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long can the polymers of glucose in starch be? |
|
Definition
| Can be hundreds of units long |
|
|
Term
| how long do stands of red clover last? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much digestible energy can be lost? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how natural vegetation can influence the type of soil |
|
Definition
| differences in the distribution of organic matter in the upper part of the soil profile |
|
|
Term
| how organic matter improves soil structure |
|
Definition
| increases aggregate stability |
|
|
Term
| how particle size can affect digestibility |
|
Definition
| Much data exist indicating that forage digestibility is depressed by grinding to a very fine particle size (Galloway et al., 1993; Alwash & Thomas, 1974; Firkins et al., 1986). Fine grinding also apparently increases rate of passage that consequently reduces the digestibility. |
|
|
Term
| how perennial plants can benefit soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how pollen gets from legumes to insects |
|
Definition
| stigma rubs belly as insects pollinate |
|
|
Term
| how protein is measured in lab analytical techniques |
|
Definition
| It is commonly measured as crude protein (CP), which is 6.25 times the nitrogen content of forage. |
|
|
Term
| how reproductive growth affects forage quality |
|
Definition
| Reproductive growth lowers leaf-to-stem ratio, and thus forage quality. |
|
|
Term
| how rhizomes and stolons can be beneficial for grass plants |
|
Definition
| they can help with grazing and mowing tolerance |
|
|
Term
| how soil porosity is measured |
|
Definition
Measured as bulk density:
-It is inversely related to bulk density
-High bulk density = low porosity |
|
|
Term
| how soil texture affects compaction potential |
|
Definition
| Sands low; clays high (that is, clays are more likely to compact than sands) |
|
|
Term
| how soil texture affects nutrient holding capacity |
|
Definition
Sands low; clays vary in nutrient holding capacity
this is largely a matter of CEC |
|
|
Term
| how soil texture affects permeability to air |
|
Definition
| Sands are permeable; clays are not |
|
|
Term
| how soil texture affects water holding capacity |
|
Definition
| Sands low; clays high (lots of surface area) |
|
|
Term
| how starch can occur in warm season perennial grasses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how starch is synthesized in warm season grasses |
|
Definition
| by making polymers of glucose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| they can be a little bit good in terms of bloating |
|
|
Term
| how temperature affects forage quality |
|
Definition
| Plants grown at high temperatures generally produce lower quality forage than plants grown under cooler temperatures, and cool-season species grow most during the cooler months of the year. |
|
|
Term
| how the Van Soest Analysis works |
|
Definition
1: Grind sample to 1-mm size in a Wiley Mill (standard) (day 1)
2: Perform reflux reactions (ADF, NDF) (days 2, day 3)
3: Perform 72% acid digestion (ADL) (day 4); this digests the cellulose and leaves behind lignin
4: Ash sample (day 5) contains minerals
5: Calculate energy values from fiber content |
|
|
Term
| how the ash/ minetal matter in feed is measured |
|
Definition
| by burning the sample at 500°C until all organic matter is burned and removed. |
|
|
Term
| how the growth habit of alfalfa makes it bad for grazing |
|
Definition
| Alfalfa grows erect, which means the shoot apex is way at the top; if animal clips off the apex, it’ll take a long time for it to regrow, if at all; alfalfa bad for grazing |
|
|
Term
| how the maturity of a forage affects its digestibility |
|
Definition
| The more mature and fibrous (lower in quality) a forage, the longer it takes to be digested and the less an animal will consume. |
|
|
Term
| how the number of side chains on hemicellulose affects digestibility |
|
Definition
| The fewer the side chains, the more digestible the fiber. |
|
|
Term
| how the root cap may provide protection against Al damage |
|
Definition
| through its involvement in signal perception and hormone distribution |
|
|
Term
| how the vascular bundles are arranged in C4 p'synth |
|
Definition
| The vascular bundles are surrounded by a special type of mesophyll cell which are collectively called the bundle sheath |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DDM values are calculated using the equation DDM% = 88.9 – (ADF% x 0.779) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DMI (% of body weight) = 120/NDF% |
|
|
Term
| how to calculate Estimated Digestible Dry Matter (DDM) |
|
Definition
| Estimated Digestible Dry Matter = 88.9 – [0.779 x ADF(%)] |
|
|
Term
| how to calculate Estimated Dry Matter Intake (DMI) |
|
Definition
| Estimated Dry Matter Intake = 120 / NDF (%) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| NFC%= 100% - [%NDF + %CP + %fat + %ash] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
When crude protein, fat, water, ash, and fiber are added and the sum is subtracted from 100, the difference is NFE.
NFE = 100 –(CP + EE + CF + Ash + Moisture) |
|
|
Term
| how to calculate Relative Feed Value (RFV) |
|
Definition
Relative Feed Value (RFV) = (DDM x DMI) / 1.29
RFV% = DDM (%) x DMI (% of body weight)/ 1.29 |
|
|
Term
| how to calculate digestion coeffecient of a nutrient |
|
Definition
| Digestion coefficient of a nutrient = 100 - (100 * ((% Indicator in feed * % Nutrient in feces) / (% Indicator in feces * % Nutrient in feed))) |
|
|
Term
| how to calculate digestion coeffecient of dry matter |
|
Definition
| Digestion coefficient of dry matter = 100 - (100 * (% Indicator in feed DM / % Indicator in fecal DM)) |
|
|
Term
| how to calculate dry matter digestibility |
|
Definition
| (kg dry matter intake - kg fecal dry matter)/(kg dry matter intake) |
|
|
Term
| how to calculate feed value |
|
Definition
| Feed value = nutritive value * physical aspects of the forage |
|
|
Term
| how to calculate nutrient digestibility |
|
Definition
| nutrient digestibility (%) = ((nutrient intake - nutrient in feces) / (nutrient intake)) * 100 |
|
|
Term
| how to calculate the digestibility of a nutrient in the test feed stuff being fed in form of mixed feed |
|
Definition
Digestibility of nutrient in test feed (%) = ((A)- (B) (C) X 100)/(D)
A = Digestibility of nutrient in total diet
B = Digestibility of nutrient in basal diet (usually already determined when fed alone
C = proportion of total nutrient in diet supplied by basal diet
D = proportion of total nutrient in diet supplied by test feed. |
|
|
Term
| how to calculate yield of a grass forage |
|
Definition
| Tiller Density x Weight = Yield |
|
|
Term
| how to estimate Net energy of lactation (Mcal/lb) (NEL) |
|
Definition
| NEL = 1.50 - (ADF% x 0.0267) |
|
|
Term
| how to properly sample hay |
|
Definition
-use a good probe
-sample at random
-take enough core subsamples
-use proper technique
-handle samples correctly
-split samples correctly |
|
|
Term
| hydrous oxides are oxides of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cotyledon(s) remaining below ground |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| importance of carbohydrates in the dairy cow diet |
|
Definition
| Carbohydrates are the largest component in the dairy cow diet and contribute 60 to 70 percent of the net energy used for milk production. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flowering continues over a long period. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reference substance that is a natural constituent of the feed |
|
|
Term
| internal tolerance mechanisms |
|
Definition
| mechanisms that confer the ability to tolerate Al in the plant symplasm |
|
|
Term
| intravaginal tillers come from... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is bermudagrass a cool or warm season grass? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is kaolinite expanding or non-expanding? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is red clover annual or perennial? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is red clover determinate or indeterminate flowering? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is tall fescue a cool or warm season grass? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is white clover determinate or indeterminate flowering? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is red clover warm season or cool season? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| LAI = ratio of leaf area to land area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Phenolic compound in plant cell walls, esp. in older tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a material whose Ca and Mg compounds are capable of neutralizing soil acidity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wind transported; forms sand dunes |
|
|
Term
| minor species of annual clovers for the Southeast |
|
Definition
-Subterranean (very common in Australia; good for low pH soils)
-Berseem (very common in Europe and MidEast)
-Rose
-Ball
-Persian
-Hop |
|
|
Term
| major species of annual clovers for the Southeast |
|
Definition
-Arrowleaf clover
-Crimson clover |
|
|
Term
| maximum yield corresponds with... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| methodology of Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) in brief |
|
Definition
1 – Evaluate reflectance of many samples
2 – Calibrate the reflectance based on wet chemistry
3 – Predict the values of samples not run with wet chemistry |
|
|
Term
| microscopic view of cellulose in a newly divided cell wall |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| microscopic view of secondary cell wall encasing primary cell wall |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| moisture of hay vs. damage caused by rain |
|
Definition
| the dryer the hay when rain occurs, the greater the damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| morphology of a legume flower |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most labs have replaced aspects of the Proximate analysis system with... |
|
Definition
| modern analytical techniques |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where two organisms co-exist, both benefiting from their relationship. |
|
|
Term
| nutritive value includes... |
|
Definition
-Energy Value (from carbohydrates (starch, fructans, cellulose and other cell wall components))
-Crude Protein
-Minerals |
|
|
Term
| one detail about the climate in the shrub/steppe region |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| one distinguishing characteristic of histosols |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| one function of the hypocotyl |
|
Definition
| helps bring it down into the soil |
|
|
Term
| one of the consequences of turning natural grasslands into arable land |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| one polysac you don't want in forages if you have a choice |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| one type of tall grass in the Midwest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The presence or absence of molds, dust, and odor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reduces forage growth and may thin forage stands |
|
|
Term
| parts of the plant cell that are completely digestible |
|
Definition
the cell contents:
-sugars
-starches
-fat
-protein
-NPN
-pectins |
|
|
Term
| parts of the plant cell that are partly or completely indigestible |
|
Definition
cell wall:
-cell wall
-hemicellulose
-lignin
-cellulose |
|
|
Term
| pasture forage usually includes... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how many years that plant is out there |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the things attaching the leaves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| picture of montmorillonite |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| plants that are high in crude fiber |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| plants that are low in crude fiber |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| plants with this type of p'synth tend to be shade intolerant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| plants with this type of p'synth tend to dominate tropics |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| plants with this type of p'synth tend to not do well in tropics |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| plants with which type of p'synth have higher CO2 fixation point? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| porosity vs. bulk density |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| productivity of individual species vs. species richness |
|
Definition
| Productivity of individual species goes down when there’s more species richness |
|
|
Term
| pros of the proximate analysis system |
|
Definition
–Basic overview, useful for many years
–Cheap
–Rapid
–Easily understood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| grows laterally and covers soil surface |
|
|
Term
| proximate analysis doesn’t account for... |
|
Definition
| fecal, urine and gaseous losses. |
|
|
Term
| proximate analysis ignores... |
|
Definition
| palatability, digestibility, toxicity etc |
|
|
Term
| proximate analysis summary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| range forage usually includes... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Piedmont soils
-Formed in place from the rock-derived parent material |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| macropores (coarse texture) |
|
|
Term
| secondary factors that influence forage quality |
|
Definition
-soil fertility and fertilization
-temperatures during forage growth
-variety |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| size of stone and gravel particles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| soemthing ammonia can be used for |
|
Definition
| synth of bacterial protein |
|
|
Term
| soil on which compaction is a problem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
How particles are held together
Arrangement of soil particles into groupings (granular, blocky) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
relative proportions of sand, silt, or clay
mineral particle size |
|
|
Term
| soil texture in which you need more lime |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some Assumptions of Kjeldahl analysis |
|
Definition
1.All proteins contain 16%N
Hence uses constant ‘6.25’ to convert N to protein
2.All N in the food comes from true protein |
|
|
Term
| some Persistent White Clover for GA |
|
Definition
-‘Durana’—Native ecotypes selected from GA pastures
-‘Patriot’—Durana crossed to higher yielding ladino types
-‘Regal’—NOT grazing tolerant ladino type but high yielding |
|
|
Term
| some agricultural things that acidify soil |
|
Definition
-Soil acidification is intensified by the removal of cations through the harvesting of crops and by acid precipitation from polluted air.
-Soil acidification is often accelerated by certain cropping practices such as repeated applications of nitrogen in amounts that exceed crop uptake. |
|
|
Term
| some alternative DM methods |
|
Definition
-Correction equations
-Freeze drying (lyophilizing )
-Slow, low temperature drying e.g. 55oC for 48 h |
|
|
Term
| some alternative moisture methods |
|
Definition
-Toluene distillation
-Karl Fischer Titration (The reference method)
-Gas chromatography
-Saponification |
|
|
Term
| some alternatives to CP methods to get the true protein values |
|
Definition
1.Combustion methods (e.g. LECO analyzers)
2.Ninhydrin analysis
3.Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) precipitation
4.Colorimetric/ dye binding techniques |
|
|
Term
| some characteristics of kaolinite |
|
Definition
-Compacted clay lattices
-Held together by H bonds (-H….OH-)
-Little movement of other ions in and out of interior surfaces
-Creates thick particles |
|
|
Term
| some characteristics of montmorillonite |
|
Definition
-2:1 expanding clay
-Open clay lattices
-Loosely held together by cations and water
-A lot of movement of other things in and out of interior surfaces. |
|
|
Term
| some clover species for niche uses |
|
Definition
-Cluster
-Bigflower
-Lappa
-Striate
-Rabbit foot
-Maiden
-Tomcat
-Squarehead
-Pin-point
-Tree
-Pinlole
-Cup
-Whitetip
-Zigzag |
|
|
Term
| some cool season (C3) annuals |
|
Definition
-wheat
-rye
-annual ryegrass |
|
|
Term
| some cool season (C3) perennials |
|
Definition
-tall fescue
-orchardgrass |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some details about Annual lespedeza |
|
Definition
-non bloating I think because of tannins
-reseeding ability
-low yield but high quality
-acid soil and drought tolerance
-grow best with good fertility |
|
|
Term
| some details about Bermudagrass |
|
Definition
| -Not native, it withstands harsh weather
-Low quality; it’s a C4 grass |
|
|
Term
| some details about Sericea lespedeza |
|
Definition
-non bloating because of tannins
-growth from axillary buds
-intolerant of close grazing
-acid soil and drought tolerance
-reclamation/soil conservation uses |
|
|
Term
| some details about arrowleaf clover |
|
Definition
-excellent reseeding ability
-highest yielding annual clover
-late spring/early summer growth can affect warm season grass under hay management |
|
|
Term
| some details about crimson clover |
|
Definition
-easy to establish; early production
-poor reseeding (low hard seed); hard seed seems to affect ease of germination; this can be overcome by vernalization, something like that; if sand paper scars the seed coat, this can help the seed germinate; hard seed was developed as a mechanism for survival, such that some stay in soil during harsh conditions, something like that
-lower pH tolerance than arrowleaf
-good for interseeding in warm season grasses |
|
|
Term
| some details about forage brassica |
|
Definition
-Brassica forages are high quality, high yielding, fast growing crops that are suitable for livestock grazing.
-Both tops (stems plus leaves) and roots (bulbs) can be grazed and are very nutritious.
-Brassicas are very high in crude protein and energy, but extremely low in fiber.
-Weight gains by feeder lambs have been 0.2 to 0.4 lbs/day and 1.5 to 2.0 lbs/day for stocker cattle.
-Brassicas may best fit an early to late fall grazing program |
|
|
Term
| some details about forage chickory (Cichorium intybus) |
|
Definition
-Member of the sunflower family (Asteraceae)
-Perennial cool-season herb which originated in Central Europe but was developed for forage production in New Zealand.
-Pure stands in New Zealand pastures yielded up to 22,300 pounds of dry matter per acre with crude protein content between 18 and 22 percent (comparable to annual ryegrass) and 62 to 77 % IVDMD.
-Chicory is suited to well or moderately drained soils with a soil pH of 5.5 or greater
-If chicory is grown without a legume partner, 100 to 150 lbs (N)/Acre should be applied in split applications: 1/3 at green up in early spring, 1/3 in early summer and 1/3 in early fall
-At peak growth periods, chicory produced 73 pounds of forage per acre per day.
-Maximum life of chicory stands with good quality will be about five to seven years
-Chicory should be grazed heavily, leaving a stubble height of 11⁄2 to 2 inches, for short periods of time.
-Intense grazing should prevent plants from bolting, which will extend the vegetative state and forage productivity.
-A rest period of at least 25 to 30 days between grazings will allow chicory stand persistence and optimum performance. |
|
|
Term
| some details about high input management |
|
Definition
-nutrients
-water
-overseeding
-grazing |
|
|
Term
| some details about perennial peanut |
|
Definition
-rhizoma peanut and pinto peanut
-high quality
-very slow establishment
-grazing tolerant due to stolons |
|
|
Term
| some details about red clover |
|
Definition
-Cool-season, perennial legume with hairy stems.
-Stands last two to three years.
-Erect, leafy plant that grows 2 to 3 feet tall.
-Leaves are large and nearly always have a prominent V-shaped pattern, or watermark, on the leaflets.
-Red clover has very hairy, fleshy stems and dark, pink flowers.
-Red clover plants form crowns around a taproot and grow erect.
-Uses: Hay, pasture, haylage. |
|
|
Term
| some differences between cool and warm season grasses in terms of quality |
|
Definition
Cool-season species are generally higher in quality than warm-season grasses.
The digestibility of cool-season grass species averages about 9% higher than warm-season grasses.
Minimum crude protein levels found in warm-season grasses are also lower than those found in cool-season grasses.
Due to differences in leaf anatomy (tissue arrangement or structure),warm-season grasses convert sunlight into forage more efficiently than cool-season grasses, but their leaves contain a higher proportion of highly lignified, less digestible tissues. |
|
|
Term
| some environmental things that acidify soil |
|
Definition
| -High rainfall affects the rate of soil acidification depending on the rate of water percolation through the soil profile.
-Organic matter decaying to form carbonic acid and other weak acids also contributes to acidification.
-hydrolyzation of Al
-Net H+ production occurs through natural processes such as nitrification of ammonical nitrogen. |
|
|
Term
| some external tolerance mechanisms by plant roots against Al |
|
Definition
1) exudation of organic acids
2) immobilization at the cell wall
3) exudation of phosphate
4) active Al efflux across the plasma membrane
5) production of root mucilage
6) Al exclusion via alterations in rhizosphere pH
7) selective permeability of the plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
| some factors of forage that determine animal performance |
|
Definition
-feed availability
-feed nutrient content
-intake
-extent of digestion
-metabolism of the feed digested
especially availability and inteke |
|
|
Term
| some factors that affect digestibility |
|
Definition
-feed intake
-particle size
-chemical composition
-feed processing
-climate
-age
-exercise |
|
|
Term
| some factors that influence forage quality |
|
Definition
-palatability
-intake
-digestibility
-nutrient content
-anti-quality factors
-animal performance |
|
|
Term
| some factors to consider when growing forage plants |
|
Definition
-Water
-Nutrients
-Atmospheric gases
-Sunlight
-Temperature |
|
|
Term
| some forages that are determinate |
|
Definition
| red clover and some soybean |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Anchor medium for plants; provides support to the plant
-Water reservoir for plant growth
-Exchange site for nutrients required for plant growth |
|
|
Term
| some hormones in the seed that counteract each other |
|
Definition
| Gibberellic acid and abscisic acid counteract each other |
|
|
Term
| some important characteristics of soil |
|
Definition
-Texture
-Structure
-Cation exchange capacity
-Water holding capacity
-Depth
-Parent material
-Tolerance of animal or equipment traffic |
|
|
Term
| some info about Colorimetric/ dye binding techniques |
|
Definition
–Lowry method, Bio-rad, Bradford’s assay etc.
–Involve reactions between peptide N, or acidic or basic aas with a dye
–Measure soluble/availableN
–Appropriateness for forages with fiber / tannin bound N
–Results may depend on particle size and peptide size, presence of reagents that interfere with the reaction |
|
|
Term
| some info about Combustion methods (e.g. LECO analyzers) |
|
Definition
–Based on the Dumas (1831) Combustion method
–Sample N burnt to elemental N; measured by thermal conductivity
Pros:
–More repeatable/ precise, (error = 0.9 vs 0.14 for kjeldahl)
–No reagents; less hazardous,
–1.5-2% better estimates of sample N
–Quicker; easier
Cons:
–Small sample size problems (now solved)
–May need dried sample (now solved) |
|
|
Term
| some info about Ninhydrin analysis |
|
Definition
–Involves hydrolyzing protein to aas &
–Adding ninhydrin which:
–reacts with a-amino acids to produce a purple color.
–Color intensityreflects amino acid concentration.
–The test is sensitive but the reagent is difficult to prepare |
|
|
Term
| some info about Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) precipitation |
|
Definition
–TCA precipitates protein in a liquid e.g. milk
–Protein is filtered off, NPN is retained in filtrate
–Maceration may be required to free fiber-boundprotein |
|
|
Term
| some internal tolerance mechanisms by plant roots against Al |
|
Definition
-Al-binding proteins
-chelation in the cytosol
-compartmentation in the vacuole
-evolution of Al tolerant enzymes
-elevated enzyme activity |
|
|
Term
| some limitations that make forages not reach their genetic potential |
|
Definition
-physiological limitations
-pest limitations |
|
|
Term
| some livestock enterprises in improved pastures |
|
Definition
-cow/calf
-stocker
-dairy
-equine |
|
|
Term
| some macronutrients of interest in soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some materials other than lime that are used to neutralize soil acidity |
|
Definition
-marl
-slag from iron and steel making
-flue dust from cement plants
-refuse from sugar beet factories, paper mills, calcium carbide plants, rock wool plants, and water softening plants |
|
|
Term
| some members of the brassica family |
|
Definition
-kale
-forage rape
-turnips
-swedes |
|
|
Term
| some methods for screening for Al tolerance |
|
Definition
-cell and tissue culture
-nutrient solution culture
-soil bioassays
-field evaluations
-Laboratory- and greenhouse-based techniques for screening for Al tolerance
-field-based techniques |
|
|
Term
| some micronutrients of interest in soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some nitrogenous compounds in plants |
|
Definition
-Nucleic Acids (DNA/RNA)
-Cell Wall Proteins
-Nitrogenous Lipids
-Ammonium Salts
-Secondary Compounds
-Free Amino Acids
-Peptides
-Protein |
|
|
Term
| some non-structural carbohydrates in grasses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some other things that can reduce forage quality after harvest |
|
Definition
| Quality losses also occur due to weathering, plant respiration, and microbial activity during storage. |
|
|
Term
| some oven drying methods in the proximate analysis system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some physical properties of soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some plants that are good for livestock |
|
Definition
| Lots of alfalfa and forage and such are good for livestock |
|
|
Term
| some plants that have panicles |
|
Definition
-rice
-tall fescue and some other forages |
|
|
Term
| some problems that can occur with forages after harvest |
|
Definition
| Leaf shatter, plant respiration, and leaching by rainfall during field drying of hay can significantly reduce forage quality, particularly with legumes. |
|
|
Term
| some problems wigth EE assay |
|
Definition
-Assumed to represent ‘high energy’ components i.e. true fat & oil content (2.5 x energy of carbs)
-Includes complex lipids that are low in energy
+E.g. waxes, pigments, fat-soluble vitamins, sterols
-Some are not digestiblee.g. waxes
-May include protein & other ether-soluble, non fat compounds e.g. chlorophyll, resins etc. |
|
|
Term
| some problems with CF assays |
|
Definition
-Contains some lignin, cellulose, & hemicellulose
-Excludes some fiber fractions
+(included in NFE fraction)
+Cellulose, lignin
-Doesn’t reflect the different types of fiber e.g. cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin |
|
|
Term
| some problems with CP assays |
|
Definition
Determined by Kjeldahlanalysis which:
–Ignores nitrates
–Does not indicate unavailable fiber-bound / heat damaged protein
–Is based on some questionable assumptions |
|
|
Term
| some problems with NFE calculation |
|
Definition
-Not directly measured, calculated by difference
-NFE is a very vague measure of several constituents
-It should estimate non-fiber carbohydrates but does not do this accurately
-Often includes cell wallcomponentsMay be less digestible than CF
-Transfer errors |
|
|
Term
| some problems with ash assays |
|
Definition
-Excludes volatile mineralseg. I & Se, Cl & Zn
-May include sand & other inorganic elementsof organic origin e.g. P & S from proteins
-Doesn’t identify individual minerals
-Use atomic absorption spectrophotometer to accurately quantify minerals |
|
|
Term
| some problems with moisture assay |
|
Definition
-Destructive
-VFAs, NH3& alcohols lost during oven drying at 105°C
-grainsOven-drying only measures physically boundwater
-Drying above 60°C can create artifacts that hinder lignin, fiber & ADF analysis |
|
|
Term
| some properties of soil that can be affected by soil texture |
|
Definition
-permeability to air
-water holding capacity
-nutrient holding capacity
-compaction potential |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Alfalfa
-Red clover
-White clover
-Lespedezas
-Annual clovers |
|
|
Term
| some things a good forage system will do |
|
Definition
-Match animal nutritional needs throughout the year
-Optimize animal production for forage produced
-Produce environmental benefits
-Provide wildlife cover and recreational opportunities |
|
|
Term
| some things about feed that factor into intake of a forage by an animal |
|
Definition
-palatability attributes
-physical properties
-nutrient availability |
|
|
Term
| some things about management that factor into intake of a forage by an animal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some things about the animal that factor into intake of a forage by an animal |
|
Definition
-capacity
-appetite (energy demand) |
|
|
Term
| some things adequate animal nutrition is essential for |
|
Definition
-high rates of gain
-ample milk production
-efficient reproduction
-adequate profits |
|
|
Term
| some things that can cause clay hard pans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some things that can make hay lose its bright green color |
|
Definition
-leaching
-mold growth that causes bleaching
-Baling at moisture contents at or above 20 to 25% may cause high bale temperatures that result in tan to brown or black colors (commonly called “tobacco hay”). |
|
|
Term
| some things that factor into intake of forages by the animal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some things that often cause major losses in forage quality |
|
Definition
| poor storage and feeding techniques |
|
|
Term
| some things to consider when evaluating hay |
|
Definition
-plant species
-maturity
-leafiness
-texture
-color
-odor
-dusty
-foreign matter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Perennial peanut
-Aeschynomene
-Stylo
-Desmodium
-Leucaena |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Aeschynomene
-Perennial peanut
-Desmodium
-Leucaena
-Stylosanthes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-silicate clays
-hydrous oxides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Sericea lespedeza
-Annual lespedeza |
|
|
Term
| some types of silicate clays |
|
Definition
-kaolinite
-illite
-montmorillonite |
|
|
Term
| some types of soil particles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some types of white cover |
|
Definition
-small leaves (White Dutch type)
-medium leaves
-large leaves (Ladino type) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some warm season (C4) annuals |
|
Definition
-pearl millet
-sorghum/Sudan |
|
|
Term
| some warm season (C4) perennials |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something N fertilization does for forage quality |
|
Definition
| Fertilization of grasses with nitrogen (N) often substantially increases yield and also generally increases CP levels in the forage. |
|
|
Term
| something OM can improve in clays |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something OM can improve in sands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something about Brassicas, such as rape and canola |
|
Definition
| potential, but unproven in GA |
|
|
Term
| something about Durana white clover |
|
Definition
| very competitive because it has so many stolons, making it hard to kill; this is the version of white clover used by Dr. Hill in living mulch |
|
|
Term
| something about Regal white clover |
|
Definition
| it’s a ladino type; not very persistent |
|
|
Term
| something about forage chickory |
|
Definition
| drought tolerant succulent forb |
|
|
Term
| something about plants that is important for pasture management |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something about the type of white clover that has large leaves (Ladino type) |
|
Definition
-high yield
-poor grazing tolerance |
|
|
Term
| something about the type of white clover that has medium leaves |
|
Definition
best combination of yield and grazing tolerance
In a breeding program, this is what we focus on because we try to get characteristics of both small and large, something like that |
|
|
Term
| something about the type of white clover that has small leaves (White Dutch type) |
|
Definition
-low yield
-excellent grazing tolerance |
|
|
Term
| something bad that rainfall can do to legumes after harvest |
|
Definition
| Rainfall during curing damages legume leaves most. |
|
|
Term
| something dead animals can do to ruin a bale of forage |
|
Definition
| Dead animals in hay can cause botulism, a deadly disease that can kill farm animals. |
|
|
Term
| something done with red clover that may cause the fungus that causes slobbering to get in there |
|
Definition
| Overmature second cutting red clover hay may have the fungus that causes animals to slobber |
|
|
Term
| something legumes can cause in animals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something that can happen to red clover that can cause slobbering |
|
Definition
Slobbering is associated with black patch disease caused by a fungus that is a plant pathogen of red clover
Causes slobbering in horses and can kill by dehydration |
|
|
Term
| something you can't expect w/o soil OM |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| spacing of bundle sheaths in warm season grasses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| starch and cellulose are made of glucose, but cellulose is harder to digest. why is that? |
|
Definition
| because of the way it’s packed; chair conformation |
|
|
Term
| structure of a 1:1 clay like kaolinite |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| structure of hemicellulose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| structure of illite as it relates to cations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| structure of montmorillonite |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| structure of montmorillonite as it pertains to cations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| surface area per g of clay |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| surface area per g of sand |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| surface area per g of silt |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the 3 most important polysacs in terms of forage quality |
|
Definition
-cellulose
-hemicellulose
-lignin |
|
|
Term
| the 5 factors of soil formation |
|
Definition
-Parent material
-Climate
-Living organisms
-Topography
-Time |
|
|
Term
| the Van Soest fiber analysis system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the amount of cell walls vs. maturity |
|
Definition
| As the plant matures, the amount of cell walls increases |
|
|
Term
| the amount of the world's ice-free land that has acid soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the analysis that gives you more details and a better indication of performance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the best time to clip a forage |
|
Definition
| might be during the early part of the transition phase |
|
|
Term
| the biggest growth opportunities for improved pastures in Georgia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the bloom we target in alfalfa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the cells in C4 plants that have rubisco |
|
Definition
| The bundle sheath cells have Rubisco and fix CO2 just like in C3 plants |
|
|
Term
| the clay in typical Georgia soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the clay in typical Illinois soil |
|
Definition
1‑2% kaolinite
60% montmorillonite
35‑38% illite
0% hydrous oxides |
|
|
Term
| the clover being used in Dr. Hill's living mulch |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the composition of glucose |
|
Definition
| 1 sucrose attached to 1 fructose |
|
|
Term
| the critical light interception |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the critical site on the root for Al toxicity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the dairies that are more environmentally friendly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the developmental stages of grasses |
|
Definition
1: germination
2: vegetative
3: elongation
4: reproduction
5: seed development and ripening |
|
|
Term
| the dicot embryo compared to the plant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the dominant species of cash hay in Georgia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the effect of fertilization on the digestible energy of forage |
|
Definition
| fertilization usually has little or no effect on the digestible energy of forage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the final stage of the decomposition of organic matter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the forage that's highest in nutrients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the forages you should focus on and why |
|
Definition
| Focus on alfalfa, red clover, and white clover because they are the most common you will find in Georgia |
|
|
Term
| the four major components of soils |
|
Definition
-Minerals
‑Organic Matter
‑Water
‑Air |
|
|
Term
| the function of crude fiber (CF) |
|
Definition
| structural and protective parts of plants |
|
|
Term
| the grazing program that may be best for brassicas |
|
Definition
| Brassicas may best fit an early to late fall grazing program |
|
|
Term
| the growth habit of alfalfa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the growth habit of red clover |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the growth habit of white clover |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the hairy stuff on red clover |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ideal amount of acres per cow/calf pair |
|
Definition
| You want somewhere around 1-1.5 acres per cow/calf pair |
|
|
Term
| the impact of maturity on cell wall c'tration |
|
Definition
| the, more mature, the more lignin in the cell walls |
|
|
Term
| the importance of OM in the biological sense |
|
Definition
-stimulates macro- and microorganism growth and function
-indirectly affects plant nutrition |
|
|
Term
| the importance of OM in the nutritional sense |
|
Definition
| directly as source of nutrients |
|
|
Term
| the importance of OM in the physical sense |
|
Definition
-improves soil structure – greater aggregate stability, improved porosity, greater aeration, better water holding capacity, improved infiltration
-improves soil cation exchange capacity |
|
|
Term
| the importance of anionic salts in animal feed |
|
Definition
| Anionic salts are nutritionally important in dry cow rations to aid in the prevention of milk fever. |
|
|
Term
| the light frequency used by Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) |
|
Definition
| Infrared spectrum = ~780 – 2500 nm, just above visible spectrum |
|
|
Term
| the limitations of using a metabolism crate to measure metabolism ofan animal |
|
Definition
-The metabolism period requires a minimum of 7 days faecal / urine collection,
-May need to be varied for specific purposes but should not exceed 10 days for cattle over 400 kg confined to crates.
-Feed intake is generally determined 24 hours prior to the collection period given the lag between feed eaten, and urine / faeces excreted. Hav e to start here because the forage takes about 24 hours to go thru the system.
-The total length of time an animal is confined to the metabolism crate is generally no longer than 14 days, |
|
|
Term
| the main concern in forage management and why |
|
Definition
| the growing point because it determines if the species is grazing tolerant or not |
|
|
Term
| the most important factor determining forage quality of a given species |
|
Definition
| Maturity stage at harvest |
|
|
Term
| the most important factor to the low fertility of acid soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the most important factors influencing forage quality |
|
Definition
-forage species
-stage of maturity at harvest
-(for stored forages) harvesting and storage methods |
|
|
Term
| the most important nutrient for grasses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the most limiting factor of nutritive content of a forage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the most reliable method of measuring a feed's digestibility |
|
Definition
The total collection (conventional digestion trial)
however, this is tedious and time consuming |
|
|
Term
| the mutual relationship between legumes and Rhizobium bacteria |
|
Definition
-Bacteria provides plant with N and plant provides bacteria with nutrients
-If their environment is deficient in N, then they fix soil atmospheric N into the plant. C skeletons from photosynthesis provide structures for amino acids. |
|
|
Term
| the nodules on legume roots that are active |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the non structural carbs are... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the non-structural carbohydrate found in C4 grasses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the only reasonable solution to the problem of acid subsoil |
|
Definition
| Selection and development of genotypes with enhanced tolerance to acid soils and toxic levels of Al |
|
|
Term
| the original purpose for soybean in the U.S. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the overall chem rxn of p'synth |
|
Definition
| 6CO2 + 12H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
the rxn is accompanied by light and plant enzymes |
|
|
Term
| the pH that constitutes acid soils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the part of grasses we're interested in and why |
|
Definition
| the crown area because that’s where the growth occurs |
|
|
Term
| the part of the corn root that must be exposed to Al to be affected by Al toxicity |
|
Definition
| the terminal 2 to 3 mm of the root (root cap and meristem) |
|
|
Term
| the part of the proximate analysis summary where you got fats |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the plant enzyme involved in the overall chem rxn for p'synth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the plumule becomes the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the portion of the feed that can be taken up by the animal |
|
Definition
| portion which is soluble or is rendered soluble by hydrolysis or some other chemical or physical change |
|
|
Term
| the predominant shrub out West |
|
Definition
| alitrax, which is not that great for livestock |
|
|
Term
| the proximate analysis summary reveals... |
|
Definition
| the dry matter and moisture |
|
|
Term
| the radicle becomes the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the red clover seed to avoid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the relationship between forage legumes and pH |
|
Definition
| very dependent on pH; alfalfa tends to produce better at pH 6.5-7.5 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the size of the desired red clover variety |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the soil texture triangle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the stage of growth where most hay actually is harvested |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the stage of growth where most hay should be harvested |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the stages of alfalfa growth |
|
Definition
1: vegetative
2: flower bud development
3: flowering
4: seed production |
|
|
Term
| the structure of kaolinite as it relates to cations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the texture typical Georgia soil has |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the type of bee you have to use for pollination of alfalfa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the type of forage forage chickory is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the type of forage that produces better quality and why |
|
Definition
| Legumes generally produce higher quality forage than grasses.This is because legumes usually have less fiber and favor higher intake than grasses. |
|
|
Term
| the type of grasslands that have more species diversity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the type of non-structural carbohydrate found in cool season (C3) annuals such as wheat, rye, and annual ryegrass |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the type of non-structural carbohydrate found in cool season (C3) perennials such as tall fescue and orchardgrass |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the type of non-structural carbohydrate found in warm season (C4) annuals such as pearl millet and sorghum/Sudan |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the type of non-structural carbohydrate found in warm season (C4) perennials such as Bermuda and bahia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the type of texture typical Illinois soil has |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the type of tissue where C3 p'synth happens in all leaf tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ultimate test of forage quality |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the very nutritious parts of forage brassica that can be grazed |
|
Definition
| Both tops (stems plus leaves) and roots (bulbs) |
|
|
Term
| the way pollination works in legumes |
|
Definition
| A lot of legumes can’t self-pollinate; they’re cross-pollinators |
|
|
Term
| the way the ovary is in legumes and why |
|
Definition
| the ovary is elongated to get a pod |
|
|
Term
| thestage of growth where forage quality tends to be highest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| things that can affect leafiness of hay |
|
Definition
| Leafiness can be affected by plant species, by stage of maturity at harvest, and (especially in legume hays) by handling that results in leaf loss. |
|
|
Term
| this balance has something to do with grass tetany |
|
Definition
| The balance between Ca, P, and Mg has something to do with grass tetany |
|
|
Term
| this decreases the digestibility of alfalfa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this determines the nutritive value of a plant |
|
Definition
| The parts of the plant that are digestible determine the nutritive value of the plant |
|
|
Term
| this drives the components of the forage-livestock system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this is considered the most important growth-limiting factor for plants in acid soils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this is needed for crops to be resistant to Al |
|
Definition
To breed genotypes with improved Al
tolerance, reliable, efficient screening
methods must be available to the
researcher. |
|
|
Term
this is often the most effective strategy for
improving crop production on acid soils. |
|
Definition
| combining the use of Al tolerant cultivars with liming, since the application of lime is often not economically or physically feasible |
|
|
Term
| this is required to provide the information needed to formulate animal rations. |
|
Definition
| Accurate laboratory testing of feed and forage |
|
|
Term
| this part of the plant is important for regrowth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this places the greatest nutrient demand on animals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this state is considered the grass seed capital of the world |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| number of tillers per square foot |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the vegetative structures coming from the lateral buds of the apex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Coastal plains, river beds
-Particles are transported from their origin to a new geographic location |
|
|
Term
| type of grasses fructans are not found in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| types of aluminum tolerance mechanisms |
|
Definition
-external tolerance mechanisms
-internal tolerance mechanisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Cow/calf
-Grassfed finishing |
|
|
Term
| types of cash hay in Georgia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| types of dairy in Georgia |
|
Definition
-Confinement
-Grazing-based |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lowers overall forage quality and increases forage waste |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a period of cool temperatures |
|
|
Term
| water's role in forming soil |
|
Definition
| The hydraulic effects of flowing water, such as in rivers and streams, will break down rocks to parent material for soil formation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is used to compare varieties, match hay/silage inventories to animals, and to market hay |
|
|
Term
| what Rhizobium bacteria uses to fix N |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what acid detergent fiber (ADF) is used for in detergent fiber analysis |
|
Definition
| ADF primarily represents cellulose and lignin |
|
|
Term
| what alfalfa mosaic virus can do to white clover |
|
Definition
| it can wipe out a stem in a few days |
|
|
Term
| what can happen to the leaves and roots if you clip too low? |
|
Definition
| you affect the leaf and root growth at the same time |
|
|
Term
| what causes a nodule to form in a legume root? |
|
Definition
| cortical cells multiplying out of control |
|
|
Term
| what causes permanent cementing? |
|
Definition
| humus from organic matter |
|
|
Term
| what causes temporary cementing? |
|
Definition
-bacterial gums
-fungal mycelium |
|
|
Term
| what determines when a plant flowers? |
|
Definition
| Photoperiod and temperature |
|
|
Term
| what does the primary stem in red clover do instead of elongate? |
|
Definition
| it produces axillary shoots |
|
|
Term
| what fertilizing with N does to grasses and forages |
|
Definition
| Fertilizing with nitrogen generally increases the crude protein level of grasses, but fertilization usually has little or no effect on the digestible energy of forage. |
|
|
Term
| what grasses and legumes each contribute to a forage program |
|
Definition
| Grasses supply energy and legumes supply protein |
|
|
Term
| what happens if you cut the apex of an annual grass? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens if you don't till the soil after alfalfa has been there? |
|
Definition
| the allelopathic chemicals stay in the soil |
|
|
Term
| what happens to excess carbohydrate when p'synth exceeds the needs of growth and resp? |
|
Definition
| it is stored as starch or fructan |
|
|
Term
| what happens to intake potential and NDF c'tration as plants age? |
|
Definition
| Intake potential decreases and NDF concentration increases as plants age. This is because NDF is more difficult to digest than the non-fiber components of forage. |
|
|
Term
| what happens to lower leaves when plant LAI exceeds 95%? |
|
Definition
| the lower leaves get shaded and senesce – therefore, harvest at this point |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the carbohydrates formed in leaves by net p'synth? |
|
Definition
| they are translocated as sucrose to other parts of the plant |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the organic stuff when you burn organic matter? |
|
Definition
| When you burn organic matter, the organic stuff goes away, leaving behind minerals |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the ovary in legume flowers? |
|
Definition
| becomes a pod containing 2-3 seeds (this happens in peanuts) |
|
|
Term
| what holds the sheets of montmorillonite together? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what hydrated cations do to montmorillonite |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the keel in legume dicot flowers? |
|
Definition
| 2 fused petals (encloses ovary and stamens) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what large cations do to montmorillonite |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what legumes store in seed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what legumes store in their cotyledons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what makes legumes unique |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what makes the cotyledons go above the soil in epigeal germination? |
|
Definition
| the hypocotyl pushes the cotyledons up |
|
|
Term
| what minerals define soil pH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what monocots store in their endosperm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what most acid soils are found under |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what most cool-season grasses require for flowering |
|
Definition
| a period of cool temperatures (vernalization) |
|
|
Term
| what neutral detergent fiber (NDF) is used for in detergent fiber analysis |
|
Definition
| NDF approximates the total cell wall constituents including hemicellulose |
|
|
Term
| what oven drying measures |
|
Definition
| DM c'tration, not moisture c'tration |
|
|
Term
| what plants do when they are stressed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what really matters in terms of the yield of a forage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what red clover grows from |
|
Definition
| grows from crowns like alfalfa does |
|
|
Term
| what tall fescue will do if you don't harvest it at peak yield |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what the Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) method of analyzing forages analyzes for |
|
Definition
| relationships between particular wavelengths and certain components, such as NDF |
|
|
Term
| what the detergent does in the Van Soest fiber analysis system |
|
Definition
| The detergent breaks apart the cell wall because the content of the cell can’t be accessed unless you digest the cell wall |
|
|
Term
| what the inoculant used in red clover is |
|
Definition
| a mix of bacteria in a powder |
|
|
Term
| what the proximate analysis summary is used for |
|
Definition
| it is used a lot, especially for concentrates |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what tiller weight and number of tillers do above genetic potential |
|
Definition
| Above the genetic potential, the tiller weight will increase, but the number of tillers won’t |
|
|
Term
| what tillers do when plant grows tham |
|
Definition
| switch from vegetative to reproductive growth |
|
|
Term
| what to do when a forage is no longer productive |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what too little fiber does to lactating dairy animals |
|
Definition
| too little fiber reduces production of fat-corrected milk, increases fattening of the female, and increases incidence of digestive and metabolic disorders |
|
|
Term
| what too much compaction does to soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what too much fiber does to lactating dairy animals |
|
Definition
| lowers energy density and limits intake, resulting in low milk production |
|
|
Term
| what warm season grasses do in response to day shortening and why |
|
Definition
| Warm season grasses go dormant when they sense day shortening because they’re not able to tolerate cold |
|
|
Term
| what we focus on with white clover in a breeding program and why |
|
Definition
| getting the characteristics of both small and large, something like that |
|
|
Term
| what will grass rely on for regrowth if it's perennial? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what's happening to this clover?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what's in parentheses (number 1)?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what's number 1 (type of seed)?
[image] |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Vascular bundles with bundle sheath |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vascular bundles with bundle sheath |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when Bermudagrass is dormant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when adjusted crude protein is used |
|
Definition
| Used in place of CP when ADIN makes up more than 10 percent of the CP content of a feed. |
|
|
Term
| when ammonia is produced in an animal |
|
Definition
| it is produced as protein and nonprotein nitrogen degrades or breaks down in the rumen |
|
|
Term
| when cool season grasses reproduce |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when fescue provides forage |
|
Definition
| when Bermudagrass is dormant |
|
|
Term
| when hydrous oxides persist in soils |
|
Definition
| after silica has leached out |
|
|
Term
| when most cool-season grasses produce reproductive stems and why |
|
Definition
| spring because they require vernalization for flowering |
|
|
Term
| when soil bioassays have a distinct advantage over nutrient solution culture |
|
Definition
| when Al tolerance may be influenced by soil dependent external factors |
|
|
Term
| when the crude protein (CP) value is not applicable |
|
Definition
| should be used with some care, as it is not applicable to non-ruminants or when high levels of nitrate are present in the forage. |
|
|
Term
| when warm season grasses have their peak |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when warm season grasses reproduce |
|
Definition
| when the days get shorter |
|
|
Term
| when you need to supplement feed |
|
Definition
| at the point of lowest energy |
|
|
Term
| when you want your red clover to mature and why |
|
Definition
| Choose either early or medium maturity because you want to harvest it before Bermudagrass sets in |
|
|
Term
| wher red clover develops the crown |
|
Definition
| Red clover plants form crowns around a taproot and grow erect. |
|
|
Term
| where a plant's primary response to Al stress occurs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where cool season (C3) annuals such as wheat, rye, and annual ryegrass store their fructan |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where cool season (C3) perennials such as tall fescue and orchardgrass store their fructan |
|
Definition
-stem bases
-rhizomes
-stolons |
|
|
Term
| where growth respiration occurs |
|
Definition
| mainly in areas of cell division or expansion |
|
|
Term
| where histosols are often found |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where the structural carbs are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where warm season (C4) annuals such as pearl millet and sorghum/Sudan store their fructose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where warm season (C4) perennials such as Bermuda and bahia store their starch |
|
Definition
-stem bases
-rhizomes
-stolons |
|
|
Term
| which cell wall is more important and why? |
|
Definition
| The secondary cell wall is more important because it makes the frame in general. |
|
|
Term
which element is number 10?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which element is number 11?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which element is number 12?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which element is number 13?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which element is number 1?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which element is number 2?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which element is number 3?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which element is number 4?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which element is number 5?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which element is number 6?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which element is number 7?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which element is number 8?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which element is number 9?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which fats tend to have less detrimental effects on rumen fermentation? |
|
Definition
| saturated fats tend to have less detrimental effects on rumen fermentation than unsaturated fats |
|
|
Term
| which forages tend to be more digestable? C3 or C4? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which has a highe protein content? alfalfa or forage chickory? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which has higher protein? grasses or legumes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which is more digestible overall, alfalfaor red clover? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which is more mobile in the p'synthetic machinery? malate or OAA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which leaves are higher in quality: green or dead? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of cellulose is number 1?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of cellulose is number 2?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of cellulose is number 3?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of cellulose is number 4?
[image] |
|
Definition
| chains of cellulose molecules |
|
|
Term
| which part of the C4 plant leaf is number 1?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which part of the C3 plant leaf is number 1?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which part of the C4 plant leaf is number 2?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which part of the C3 plant leaf is number 2?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which part of the C4 plant leaf is number 3?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which part of the C3 plant leaf is number 3?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which part of the C4 plant leaf is number 4?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which part of the C3 plant leaf is number 4?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the dicot seed is number 10?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the dicot seed is number 2?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the dicot seed is number 3?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the dicot seed is number 4?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the dicot seed is number 5?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the dicot seed is number 6?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the dicot seed is number 7?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the dicot seed is number 8?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the dicot seed is number 9?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which part of the forage legume has the most protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which part of the forage plant is highest in quality: leaves or stems? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the germinated legume seed is number 1?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the germinated legume seed is number 2?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the germinated legume seed is number 3?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the germinated legume seed is number 4?
[image] |
|
Definition
| radicle with secondary roots |
|
|
Term
which part of the grass blade is number 1?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the grass blade is number 2?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the grass blade is number 3?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the grass blade is number 4?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the grass blade is number 5?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the grass plant is number 10?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the grass plant is number 11?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the grass plant is number 12?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the grass plant is number 13?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the grass plant is number 14?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the grass plant is number 1?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the grass plant is number 1?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the grass plant is number 1?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the grass plant is number 2?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the grass plant is number 2?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the grass plant is number 2?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the grass plant is number 3?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the grass plant is number 3?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the grass plant is number 3?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the grass plant is number 4?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the grass plant is number 4?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the grass plant is number 4?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the grass plant is number 5?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the grass plant is number 5?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the grass plant is number 5?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the grass plant is number 6?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the grass plant is number 6?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the grass plant is number 6?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the grass plant is number 7?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the grass plant is number 7?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the grass plant is number 7?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the grass plant is number 8?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the grass plant is number 8?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the grass plant is number 9?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the grass seedling is number 1?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the grass seedling is number 2?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the grass seedling is number 3?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the grass seedling is number 4?
[image] |
|
Definition
| subcoleoptile internode roots |
|
|
Term
which part of the grass seedling is number 5?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the grass seedling is number 6?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the grass seedling is number 7?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the legume seed is number 1?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the legume seed is number 2?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the legume seed is number 3?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the legume seed is number 4?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the legume seed is number 5?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the legume seed is number 6?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the legume seed is number 7?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the monocot seed is number 10?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the monocot seed is number 11?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the monocot seed is number 1?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the monocot seed is number 2?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the monocot seed is number 2?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the monocot seed is number 3?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the monocot seed is number 3?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the monocot seed is number 4?
[image] |
|
Definition
| plumule (shoot w/ leaf primordia) |
|
|
Term
which part of the monocot seed is number 4?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the monocot seed is number 5?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the monocot seed is number 5?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the monocot seed is number 6?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the monocot seed is number 6?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the monocot seed is number 7?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the monocot seed is number 7?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the monocot seed is number 8?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the monocot seed is number 9?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the plant cell wall is number 1?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the plant cell wall is number 2?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the plant cell wall is number 3?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the plant cell wall is number 4?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the plant cell wall is number 5?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which soil has more organic matter? that under grasslands or that under forests? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which soil is more acidic and more leached? forested or grassland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which soil texture is number 10?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which soil texture is number 11?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which soil texture is number 12?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which soil texture is number 1?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which soil texture is number 2?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which soil texture is number 3?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which soil texture is number 4?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which soil texture is number 5?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which soil texture is number 6?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which soil texture is number 7?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which soil texture is number 8?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which soil texture is number 9?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which tolerates acidity better, alfalfa or red clover? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which tyope of grass has longer growing season? cool season or warm season? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which type of respiration is of higher priority: maintenance or growth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why Al is a problem in soil |
|
Definition
| because it's toxic to plants |
|
|
Term
| why C3 grasses tend to have higher nutritive value than C4 grasses |
|
Definition
| because the C3 grasses have more mesophyll and less fiber; the mesophyll cells have lots of protein |
|
|
Term
| why C3 tends to shut down at 86°F or 68°F |
|
Definition
| because stomata close up due to water becoming a limiting factor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Silicate clays and humus are negatively charged
-Therefore, positively charged ions (cations) will bind
-If these ions are not bound too tightly, they can be exchanged with the soil solution and made available to plants |
|
|
Term
| why Cecil soil aggregates better than Tifton soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why Durana white clover is very competitive and hard to kill |
|
Definition
| because it has so many stolons, making it hard to kill |
|
|
Term
| why H bonds are strong enough between sheets of clay |
|
Definition
| because they're very small |
|
|
Term
| why K can get into illite, but larger cations can't |
|
Definition
| because the clay lattices are close enough such that larger ions and water can not move in and out |
|
|
Term
| why Tifton soil is yellow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why a metabolism crate is not a good way to measure metabolism of an animal |
|
Definition
| This affects results because the animal is used to roaming free and the confinement stresses them out, affecting the metabolism |
|
|
Term
| why alfalfa is drought tolerant |
|
Definition
| because of its deep tap root |
|
|
Term
| why alfalfa is higher in protein than Timothy grass |
|
Definition
| because Alfalfa is a legume |
|
|
Term
| why alfalfa is not very effective in the SE |
|
Definition
| because of such acid soils |
|
|
Term
| why cellulose and hemicellulose can be partly digested |
|
Definition
| Cellulose and hemicellulose are partly digested, thanks to microbes and such |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| because it makes it hard for plants; problem on clay soil |
|
|
Term
| why concentrates need to be reduced |
|
Definition
| because concentrates are more expensive than forages |
|
|
Term
| why crude protein is used when analyzing animal feed |
|
Definition
| because rumen microbes can convert non-protein nitrogen to microbial protein, which can then be used by the animal. |
|
|
Term
| why digestion slows dramatically as forage becomes more mature |
|
Definition
| because the rate at which fiber is digested slows as plants mature |
|
|
Term
| why dry matter yield peaks in March or spring |
|
Definition
| because of the cool season forages |
|
|
Term
| why feed is necessary for animals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why fiber increases as the plant matures |
|
Definition
| because the amount of growth in the stems is higher |
|
|
Term
| why good soil structure is important |
|
Definition
-adequate aeration
-water permeability (low runoff and erosion)
-good seedbed |
|
|
Term
| why grass regrows more quickly under light defoliation |
|
Definition
| because more stubble remains to supply more carbohydrates and for more p'synth, so the lag time befor growth following cutting is minimal |
|
|
Term
| why grasses are important in the environmental protection of soils |
|
Definition
| because grass roots hold soil in place, even sand |
|
|
Term
| why grazing management can be extremely important |
|
Definition
| to prevent overgrazing and undergrazing |
|
|
Term
| why histosols have such high OM content |
|
Definition
| because the flooded places they're found in have no air getting to the soil, such that the OM doesn’t decompose |
|
|
Term
| why honeybees aren’t good pollinators for alfalfa |
|
Definition
| because the pistil smacks it on the head, deterring it |
|
|
Term
| why indeterminate flowering can be a disadvantage |
|
Definition
| because it can make it hard to control pollination |
|
|
Term
| why intercepting 100% of the light is undesireable |
|
Definition
| because intercepting 100% implies shading of lower leaves |
|
|
Term
| why is orchardgrass more digestible than Bermudagrass? |
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Definition
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Term
| why it may not be possible to develop winter active, grazing tolerant alfalfa in the South |
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Definition
| because selection for grazing tolerance tends to make alfalfa winter dormant again |
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Term
| why it's best to harvest at critical LAI |
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Definition
| because above this level, lower leaves shaded and senesce – therefore, harvest at this point |
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Term
| why it's good to use management practices that optimize N-use efficiency and ultimately reduce the amount of NO3- lost through leaching |
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Definition
| because they could slow the rate of acidification |
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Term
| why it's harder to make hay using red clover than with alfalfa |
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Definition
| because red clover has thinner stems |
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Term
| why it’s not worth it to grow warm season grasses in Mahattan, KS |
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Definition
| because of such a short growing season |
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Term
| why leafiness of hay is important |
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Definition
| because the higher the leaf content, the higher the forage quality |
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Term
| why legumes need rhizobia |
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Definition
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Term
| why lignin is hard to break |
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Definition
| because of all the chains and no repeating structure |
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Term
| why lignin is hard to digest |
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Definition
| because it has no repeating structure |
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Term
| why many legumes have to be inoculated for N fixation |
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Definition
| because of not being native to the region |
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Term
| why mollisols are rich in OM |
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Definition
| because of the decay of grass roots and such |
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Term
| why nitrogenase doesn't like oxygen |
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Definition
| because oxygen would oxidize it |
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Term
| why nutrient requirements increase during the last third of pregnancy |
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Definition
-rapidly increasing fetal weight
-the need to store fat during pregnancy that will be used to meet the high-energy demand of early lactation |
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Term
| why pH is important in soil |
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Definition
| because it affects the solubility of elements in soil |
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Term
| why perennial peanut is grazing tolerant |
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Definition
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Term
| why red clover can survive grazing |
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Definition
| because the apex and meristematic tissue are safe |
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Term
| why red clover needs to be inoculated with a specific inocculant |
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Definition
| because the bacteria needed aren’t native to here; neither is red clover |
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Term
| why residual leaf area is important |
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Definition
| because it needs to be able to grow back |
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Term
| why results on a forage test report vary somewhat |
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Definition
| because of differences within a hay lot (or other feed material sampled), sampling technique, and laboratory procedures |
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Term
| why sandy soils acidify more rapidly |
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Definition
| Sandy soils with relatively few clay particles acidify more rapidly due to their smaller reservoir of alkaline cations and higher leaching potential. |
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Term
| why seeds need a reserve to grow |
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Definition
| because they can’t directly pump nutrients yet |
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Term
| why soils under forests are acid in nature |
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Definition
| because of roots secreting acid |
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Term
| why soluble sugars are lowest in the morning and highest after a day of bright sunshine |
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Definition
| because plants accumulate soluble carbohydrates during daylight and then use them overnight |
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Term
| why some of the digestible stuff goes to the feces |
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Definition
| because of microbial cells (MC) and endogenous secretions (ES) |
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Term
| why soybean was brought to the US |
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Definition
| Soybean was brought to the US as a forage crop |
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Term
| why storage of carbs is important in plants |
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Definition
| Storage of carbs is important to growth of the plants |
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Term
| why the K in illite is not plant available |
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Definition
| because it’s part of the structure |
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Term
| why the Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) can be used to analyze forages |
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Definition
| because different constituents in a forage consistently absorb or reflect different wavelengths |
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Term
| why the arrangement of particles into aggregates is important |
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Definition
| because this can form pores for water and air and channels connecting pores |
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Term
| why the digestibility of alfalfa goes down after May |
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Definition
| because it accumulates more fiber and lignin |
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Term
| why the forage is considered to be always changing |
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Definition
| because it doesn't stay at a constant stage of development |
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Term
| why the forage quality of legumes and some grasses, such as Bermudagrass, are less closely linked to season than cool-season grasses |
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Definition
| because they flower several times per season |
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Term
| why the forage quality of regrowth of cool-season grasses is greater and changes less over time |
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Definition
| because they have higher leaf-to-stem ratios than first-growth forage |
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Term
| why the hemicellulose is more digestible in younger plants than in older plants |
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Definition
| fewer side chains in younger plants |
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Term
| why the net p'synth of C3 plants is is limited at high irradiance |
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Definition
| because CO2 transport to rubisco is slower |
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Term
| why the number 6.25 is used for proteins |
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Definition
| because proteins have about 6.25% N |
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Term
| why the number of frost free days is important in forage selection |
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Definition
| because this is related to the needed hardiness and cold tolerance of the pants |
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Term
| why the protein content goes down as the plant matures |
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Definition
| because all the plant’s focus is on the flowers and influorescence |
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Term
| why the soil here is acid |
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Definition
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Term
| why the technique used to sample forages is extremely important |
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Definition
| because a laboratory analysis uses only a few grams of material to represent tons of forage |
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Term
| why the water and air held in the macropores is more important |
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Definition
| because the water and air in the macropores is more accessible to plants |
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Term
| why the wilting coefficient is higher in clay soils than in sandy soils |
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Definition
| because clay particles hold on to water more tightly than sand |
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Term
| why tropical perennial grasses are lower in quality |
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Definition
| because of the distribution of bundle sheath cells |
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Term
| why we have to have multiple species in a forage program |
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Definition
because that maximizes yield
[image] |
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Term
| why weather and climate are important variables in a forage system |
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Definition
| because the choice of species is very important in that regard |
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Term
| why you don't have to worry too much about the persistence of white clover |
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Definition
| because of stolons and its ability to reseed itself |
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Term
| why you don't wanna go beyond a certain age in forage plants |
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Definition
| because if you go beyond it, there’s too much accumulation of lignin |
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Term
| why you might not wanna feed red clover to animals while the clover is still fresh |
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Definition
| because the compound in there that causes slobbering decreases while in storage |
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Term
| why you want complementary forage species in a forage program |
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Definition
| you want them for year around grazing or production |
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Term
| why you want grass/legume mixtures in a forage program |
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Definition
| because they can decrease fertilizer costs while optimizing nutritive value and seasonal distribution of production |
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Term
| why you want the combined yield of tall fescue and clover to be high |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the soil texture triangle |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the leaves, stems, and flowers of red clover |
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Definition
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Definition
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