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Forage Legumes
part of test 1
82
Agriculture
Undergraduate 4
01/30/2017

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Term
some temperate legumes
Definition
-Alfalfa
-Red clover
-White clover
-Lespedezas
-Annual clovers
Term
some tropical legumes
Definition
-Perennial peanut
-Aeschynomene
-Stylo
-Desmodium
-Leucaena
Term
For grasses, you gotta provide enough (what nutrient?), but for legumes, you gotta provide enough (what nutrient?)
Definition
N
K
Term
some limitations that make forages not reach their genetic potential
Definition
-physiological limitations
-pest limitations
Term
what to do when a forage is no longer productive
Definition
let the land fallow
Term
why you don't have to worry too much about the persistence of white clover
Definition
because of stolons and its ability to reseed itself
Term
can alfalfa reseed itself?
Definition
Alfalfa is not a good reseeder
Term
a characteristic of alfalfa that makes it hard to replant it
Definition
autotoxicity and allelopathic properties, even against itself
Term
what happens if you don't till the soil after alfalfa has been there?
Definition
the allelopathic chemicals stay in the soil
Term
how the growth habit of alfalfa makes it bad for grazing
Definition
Alfalfa grows erect, which means the shoot apex is way at the top; if animal clips off the apex, it’ll take a long time for it to regrow, if at all; alfalfa bad for grazing
Term
White clover is clone form because of...
Definition
stolons
Term
the forages you should focus on and why
Definition
Focus on alfalfa, red clover, and white clover because they are the most common you will find in Georgia
Term
some details about red clover
Definition
-Cool-season, perennial legume with hairy stems.
-Stands last two to three years.
-Erect, leafy plant that grows 2 to 3 feet tall.
-Leaves are large and nearly always have a prominent V-shaped pattern, or watermark, on the leaflets.
-Red clover has very hairy, fleshy stems and dark, pink flowers.
-Red clover plants form crowns around a taproot and grow erect.
-Uses: Hay, pasture, haylage.
Term
some uses of red clover
Definition
-Hay
-pasture
-haylage
Term
the hairy stuff on red clover
Definition
pubescence
Term
what red clover grows from
Definition
grows from crowns like alfalfa does
Term
isred clover warm season or cool season?
Definition
cool season
Term
is red clover annual or perennial?
Definition
perennial
Term
how long do stands of red clover last?
Definition
about 2-3 years
Term
growth habit of red clover
Definition
erect
Term
height of red clover
Definition
2-3 feet
Term
[image]
Definition
the leaves, stems, and flowers of red clover
Term
description of the leaves of red clover
Definition
leaves are large and nearly always have a prominent V-shaped pattern, or watermark, on the leaflets
Term
description of the stems of red clover
Definition
very hairy, fleshy stems
Term
description of the flowers of red clover
Definition
has dark, pink flowers
Term
wher red clover develops the crown
Definition
Red clover plants form crowns around a taproot and grow erect.
Term
why the digestibility of alfalfa goes down after May
Definition
because it accumulates more fiber and lignin
Term
which is more digestible overall, alfalfaor red clover?
Definition
red clover
Term
which tolerates acidity berrer, alfalfa or red clover?
Definition
red clover
Term
why red clover needs to be inoculated with a specific inocculant
Definition
because the bacteria needed aren’t native to here; neither is red clover
Term
what the inoculant used in red clover is
Definition
a mix of bacteria in a powder
Term
the red clover seed to avoid
Definition
common or medium sized
Term
the size of the desired red clover variety
Definition
smaller seeds
Term
can you overseed with red clover?
Definition
Overseeding is OK—no autotoxicity
Term
why it's harder to make hay using red clover than with alfalfa
Definition
because red clover has thinner stems
Term
determinate flowering
Definition
flowers all at once. Apical meristem ceases to grow. Axillary buds terminate.
Term
indeterminate flowering
Definition
flowering continues over a long period.
Term
is white clover determinate or indeterminate flowering?
Definition
indeterminate
Term
is red clover determinate or indeterminate flowering?
Definition
determinate
Term
why indeterminate flowering can be a disadvantage
Definition
because it can make it hard to control pollination
Term
when you want your red clover to mature and why
Definition
Choose either early or medium maturity because you want to harvest it before Bermudagrass sets in
Term
something that can happen to red clover that can cause slobbering
Definition
Slobbering is associated with black patch disease caused by a fungus that is a plant pathogen of red clover

Causes slobbering in horses and can kill by dehydration
Term
something done with red clover that may cause the fungus that causes slobbering to get in there
Definition
Overmature second cutting red clover hay may have the fungus that causes animals to slobber
Term
why you might not wanna feed red clover to animals while the clover is still fresh
Definition
because the compound in there that causes slobbering decreases while in storage
Term
some types of white cover
Definition
-small leaves (White Dutch type)
-medium leaves
-large leaves (Ladino type)
Term
something about the type of white clover that has small leaves (White Dutch type)
Definition
-low yield
-excellent grazing tolerance
Term
something about the type of white clover that has medium leaves
Definition
best combination of yield and grazing tolerance

In a breeding program, this is what we focus on because we try to get characteristics of both small and large, something like that
Term
something about the type of white clover that has large leaves (Ladino type)
Definition
-high yield
-poor grazing tolerance
Term
what we focus on with white clover in a breeding program and why
Definition
getting the characteristics of both small and large, something like that
Term
the forage that's highest in nutrients
Definition
white clover
Term
The TDN is a matter of...
Definition
what’s inside the cell and what’s digestible
Term
this balance has something to do with grass tetany
Definition
The balance between Ca, P, and Mg has something to do with grass tetany
Term
The balance between Ca, P, and Mg has something to do with...
Definition
grass tetany
Term
some Persistent White Clover for GA
Definition
-‘Durana’—Native ecotypes selected from GA pastures
-‘Patriot’—Durana crossed to higher yielding ladino types
-‘Regal’—NOT grazing tolerant ladino type but high yielding
Term
something about Regal white clover
Definition
it’s a ladino type; not very persistent
Term
something about Durana white clover
Definition
very competitive because it has so many stolons, making it hard to kill; this is the version of white clover used by Dr. Hill in living mulch
Term
why Durana white clover is very competitive and hard to kill
Definition
because it has so many stolons, making it hard to kill
Term
the clover being used in Dr. Hill's living mulch
Definition
Durana white clover
Term
why you want the combined yield of tall fescue and clover to be high
Definition
to dilute endophyte
Term
a pretty good way to dilute the endophyte in tall fescue
Definition
putting a legume in it
Term
what alfalfa mosaic virus can do to white clover
Definition
it can wipe out a stem in a few days
Term
the original purpose for soybean in the U.S.
Definition
as a forage
Term
do legumes like or dislike wet soil?
Definition
Most legumes don’t like wet soils
Term
some types of lespedeza
Definition
-Sericea lespedeza
-Annual lespedeza
Term
some details about Sericea lespedeza
Definition
-non bloating because of tannins
-growth from axillary buds
-intolerant of close grazing
-acid soil and drought tolerance
-reclamation/soil conservation uses
Term
some details about Annual lespedeza
Definition
-non bloating I think because of tannins
-reseeding ability
-low yield but high quality
-acid soil and drought tolerance
-grow best with good fertility
Term
major species of annual clovers for the Southeast
Definition
-Arrowleaf clover
-Crimson clover
Term
maior species of annual clovers for the Southeast
Definition
-Subterranean (very common in Australia; good for low pH soils)
-Berseem (very common in Europe and MidEast)
-Rose
-Ball
-Persian
-Hop
Term
some clover species for niche uses
Definition
-Cluster
-Bigflower
-Lappa
-Striate
-Rabbit foot
-Maiden
-Tomcat
-Squarehead
-Pin-point
-Tree
-Pinlole
-Cup
-Whitetip
-Zigzag
Term
how annual clovers should be seeded in fall
Definition
-Alone or with cool season annual grasses
-Overseeding warm season pasture or hay
Term
some details about arrowleaf clover
Definition
-excellent reseeding ability
-highest yielding annual clover
-late spring/early summer growth can affect warm season grass under hay management
Term
some details about crimson clover
Definition
-easy to establish; early production
-poor reseeding (low hard seed); hard seed seems to affect ease of germination; this can be overcome by vernalization, something like that; if sand paper scars the seed coat, this can help the seed germinate; hard seed was developed as a mechanism for survival, such that some stay in soil during harsh conditions, something like that
-lower pH tolerance than arrowleaf
-good for interseeding in warm season grasses
Term
how arrowleaf clover grows
Definition
erect, like alfalfa
Term
why alfalfa is drought tolerant
Definition
because of its deep tap root
Term
why alfalfa is not very effective in the SE
Definition
because of such acid soils
Term
some tropical legumes
Definition
-Aeschynomene
-Perennial peanut
-Desmodium
-Leucaena
-Stylosanthes
Term
which part of the forage legume has the most protein?
Definition
leaves
Term
which has higher protein? grasses or legumes?
Definition
legumes
Term
what grasses and legumes each contribute to a forage program
Definition
Grasses supply energy and legumes supply protein
Term
some details about perennial peanut
Definition
-rhizoma peanut and pinto peanut
-high quality
-very slow establishment
-grazing tolerant due to stolons
Term
why perennial peanut is grazing tolerant
Definition
because of stolons
Term
Peanut is a [what season?] crop, so you expect it to go dormant in [what month?]
Definition
summer
October
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