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FOR REAL test 5 psyc
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122
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
05/01/2011

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Term
habituation
Definition
the decline in the tendency to respond to an event that has become familiar through repeated exposure
Term
sensitization
Definition
increased responsiveness to an event that has been repeated
Term
unconditioned stimulus
Definition
a stimulus that automatically leads to an observable response prior to any training
Term
memory 
Definition
the capacity to preserve and recover info
Term
encoding 
Definition
the processes that determine and control how memories are formed
Term
storage
Definition
the preocesses that determine and contorl how memories are stored and kept over time
Term
retrieval
Definition
the processes that determine and control how memories are recovered and translated into performance
Term
short-term memory
Definition
a limited capacity system that we use to hold info after it has been analyzed for periods lasting less than a minute or two
Term
rehearsal
Definition
a strategic process that helps to maintain short-term memories indefintely through the use of interal repetition
Term
episodic memory
Definition
a memory for a particular event or episode, that happened to you personally, such as remembering what you ate for breakfast this morning or where you went on vacation last year
Term
semantic memory
Definition
knowledge baout the world, stored as facts that make little or no reference to one's personal experiences 
Term
procedural memory
Definition
knowledge about how to do things, such as riding a bike or swinging a golf club
Term
phonemes
Definition
the smallest significant sound units in speech
Term
morphemes
Definition
the smallest units in a language that carry meaning
Term
pragmatics
Definition
the practical knowledge used to comprehend the intentions of a speaker and to produce an effective response
Term
category
Definition
a class of objects (people, place, thing) that most people agree belong together
Term
basic-level categories
Definition
the level in a categoriy hierarchy that provides the most useful and predictive info; the basic level usually resides at an intermediate level in a category hierarchy
Term
wundt most clearly linked with
Definition
the structuralist view
Term
the scientific method always
Definition
begins and ends with an observation
Term
a hypothesis
Definition
is a prediction about the characteristics of a behavior under investigation
Term
operational definitions
Definition
define concepts in terms of how they are measured
Term
defining intelligence in terms of performance on a psyc test
Definition
operational
Term
a good operational def would be
Definition
the number of times you do something
Term
dr phil predicts that if the temp of a room is increased, then individuals are more likely to act aggressively. this suggests that dr phil believes room temp and agressiong are
Definition
positively correlated
Term
as x increases y is decreased the correllation is
Definition
poitive
Term
dr kinn predicts that if the level of lighting on an assembly line is reduced, then worker productivity will increase this is what correlation
Definition
negative
Term
conscientiousness and extroversion have a strong neg correlation if heidi has a score in conscientiousness that's extremely low...
Definition
she will have prob have a high extroversion score
Term
when a correlation isn't statistically different from zero
Definition
knowing the value of one measure doesn't allow you to predict the value of the second measure with an accuracy greater than chance
Term
in a scatterplot or scatter diagram paired x and y are plotted
Definition
are plotted as single points
Term
identifying that a strong correlation exists between two variables allows a researcher to
Definition
accurately predict the value of one variable from known values of the second variable
Term
the neurons that make the initial contact with the environment
Definition
sensory neurons
Term
interneurons are neurons that
Definition
have no direct contact with the world
Term
motor neurons are neurons that
Definition
carry messages to muscles and glands that produce behavioral responses
Term
function of terminal buttons
Definition
store neurotransmiters
Term
the nodes of ranvier are
Definition
gaps in the myelin sheath that allow the neural signal to travel at a greater speed
Term
an action potential
Definition
an electrical signal that travels along the axon of neuron
Term
janet touches a stove that's warm; pierce touches a stove that's hot. based on what's known about action potentials you could predict that, for these two individuals, the action potentials:
Definition
will be the same due to the all or none principle
Term
when potassium ions flow out of the neuron or chloride ions flow into the neuron, it causes
Definition
the likelihood of an action potential to decrease
Term
neural messages are transmitted from your spinal cord to your fingers by the 
Definition
somatic nervous system
Term
the neurons in the autonomic nervous sytem connect to 
Definition
smooth muscles and glands
Term
neural messages are transmitted from your spinal cord to your heart muscles by the
Definition
autonomic nervous system
Term
the human body wouldn't be able to perform basic internal housekeeping necessary for survival without
Definition
an autonomic nervous system
Term
destruction of wernicke's area associated with a loss of ability to
Definition
easily understand spoke language
Term
early researchers who studied brain function by linking specific brain injuries to behavioral deficits were using
Definition
the case study method of research
Term
an individual in a coma and needs to be on life support will most likely show damage to the 
Definition
hindbrain
Term
key functions of the medulla and pons
Definition
basic life support, heart rate breathing and blood pressure
Term
can't stop coughing would show high levels of activity where?
Definition
medulla and pons
Term
making a cat fall into a deep sleep would involve
Definition
reticular formation
Term
within the hindbrain, the structure linked to coordination of complex motor skills
Definition
cerebellum
Term
smooth gym movements result by
Definition
cerebellum
Term
one of the key functions of the thalamus
Definition
acting as an important gathering point for sensory input
Term
the structure that plays an important part in the release of hormones by the pituitary gland
Definition
hypothalamus
Term
amygdala activity increases when
Definition

people show faces of emotions

happy sad mad

Term
the pleasure centers foudn in the
Definition
limbic system
Term
the primary motor cortex is lovcated in this lobe
Definition
the frontal lobe
Term
mirror neurons in the frontal lobe become active when we
Definition
observe another person performing simple motor movements
Term
key function of parietal lobe
Definition
processing of neural signal related to touch
Term
within cerebral cortex, auditory info is processed within the
Definition
temporal lobes
Term
encoding
Definition
the processes that determine adn control how memories are formed
Term
sensory memory
Definition
an replica of an environmental message
Term
chunking
Definition

a short-term memory strategy that involves rearranging incoming info into meaningful or familiar patterns

 

ca tfl ybu g --> cat fly bug

Term
factor analysis
Definition
a statistical approach that groups together realtes items on tests by analyzing the correlation among test scores
Term
g factor
Definition

general intelligence

 

according to spearman, a general factor, derived from factor analysis, that underlies or contributes to performance on a variety of mental tests

Term
s specific intelligence
Definition
unique to a particular kind of test
Term
fluid intelligence
Definition
the natural ability to solve problems, reason, and remember: is thought to be relatively unifluenced by experience
Term
crystallized intelligence
Definition
the knowledge and abilities aquired as a result of experience
Term
multiple intelligences
Definition

by howard gardner

 

people posses a set of seperate and independent "intelligences" ranging from musical to linguistic to interpersonal ability

Term
how many intelligences are there according to gardner
Definition

8

 

musical

bodily-kinesthetic

logical-mathematical

linguistic

spatial

interpersonal 

intrapersonal

naturalistic

Term
triarchic theory
Definition

robert sternberg's theory

 

proposes three types of intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical

Term
analytical intelligence
Definition

perfrom well on standardized tests

 

good at solving problems

Term
creative intelligence
Definition

people able to create, invent, and discover

 

Term
practical intelligence
Definition

can put ideas into every day practice

 

street smarts, good with their culture

Term
reliability
Definition
a measure of the consistency of test results; reliable tests produce similar scores from one administration to another
Term
IQ intelligence quotient
Definition
mental age divided by chronological age and then multiplied by 100
Term
stereotype threat
Definition

when people take intelligence tests, they have certain expectations in turn can affect the final score

 

ex- being nervous, less likely to do well on the test

Term
stereotype
Definition
the collections of beliefs and impressions held about a group and its members; common stereotypes include those based on gender, race, and age
Term
prejudice 
Definition
positive or negative evaluations of a group and its members
Term
discrimination
Definition
behaviors that are directed against members of a group
Term
external attribution
Definition
attributing the cause of a person's behavior to an external event or situation in the environment
Term
internal attribution
Definition
attributing the cause of a person's behavior to an internal personality trait or disposition
Term
bystander effect
Definition
the reluctance to come to the aid of a person in need when other people are present
Term
the psychometric approach to intelligence proposes that
Definition
intelligence is a mental capacity that can be measued by analyzing performance on mental tests
Term
thurstone suggested that intelligence should be conceptualized as 
Definition
7 primary mental abilities that are independent of each other
Term
thurstone's 7 intelligences
Definition
verbal comprehension, verbal fluency, numerical ability, spatial ability, memory, perceptual speed, and reasoning
Term
are thurstone's intelligences independent of each other
Definition
YES
Term
according to cattell the general ability to solve problems, reason, and remember refers to
Definition
fluid intelligence
Term
according to cattell crystalized knowledge refers to 
Definition
aquired knowledge and ability
Term
who proposed that musical intelligence is a distinct intelligence
Definition
gardner
Term
gardner developed his theory throigh the use of
Definition
case study research
Term
the view that complete conceptualization of intelligence must address behavior that occurs outside lab settings is most consistent with 
Definition
the triarchic theory
Term
most powerful determinant of a first impression
Definition
physical attractiveness
Term
general knowledge structures about socail experiences or people
Definition
social schema
Term
stereotypes can cause people to
Definition
place too much emphasis on the differences that exist between groups
Term
prejudice involves
Definition
holding a negative attitude toward members of a group
Term
treating a person in an unfair wayy simply because fo their membership in a particular group is
Definition
discrimination
Term
an external attribution occurs when individuals attribute the cause of a person's behavior to 
Definition
a situation in the environment
Term

when a surgeon's patient died they decide he was incompentent

 

example of?

Definition
an internal attribution
Term
people tend to make internal attributions when
Definition
behavior is high in consistency
Term
blake's afraid of the poodle that lves next door to her and if the dog goes outside she avoids it and is also afraid of other dogs in this case most people should make
Definition
an internal attribution for blake's fear of te poodle
Term
when people make the fundamental attribution error they
Definition
overestimate the influences of internal, personal factors and underestimeate the role of external, situational factors
Term
erik heard that alexis was in an accident and he decided it was her reckless driving that caused it his attribution is consistent with
Definition
the funamental attribution error
Term
if anne makes the fundamental attribution error she will explain the loss of her favorite politician by saying
Definition
he just didn't have the campaign skills necessary to get his ideas across
Term
when people attribute their own behavior to external factors, but attribute the behavior of tohers to internal factors they are
Definition
showing and actor-observer effect
Term
when people explaing hteir own behavior by providing internal attributions for actions that produce positve outcomes and external attributions for actions that produce negative outcomes
Definition
showing self-serving bias
Term

earn an A say good at the subject

 

get a C and say that couldn't study as much for this one

 

example of?

Definition
self-serving bias
Term
attitydes are postive or negative evaluations or beliefs that involve
Definition
a cognitive, affective, and behavioral component
Term
the emotional feelings that an objecy or event engenders in invidiuals aare a part of
Definition
the affective components of attitudes about the object or event
Term
ab likes jack smith, who is currently runnig for reelection she knows he voted in favor of issues she supports and worked hard for local residents this knowledge base forms what?
Definition
the cognitive compenent of abs' attitude toward jack smith
Term
carlos doesn't like landlord spends time looking at classified ads trying to find a new apartment this action forms
Definition
th behavioral component 
Term
say it often enough and people will start to belive it is an example of
Definition
mere exposure
Term
doesn't like smoking because saw ads where fave athelete spoke against it ex of
Definition
classical conditioning
Term
given a free mug improves attitude toward the brand advertised on it
Definition
operant conditioning
Term
operant conditioning focuses on history of
Definition
reinforcemnt and punishment
Term
make decisions from what parents said is an example of 
Definition
observational learning
Term
when an individual listens carefully to the arguments presented in a persuasive message and evaluates the merits of the arguments that are presented, the message is being processed using the 
Definition
central route to persuassion
Term
eletion commercials that attempt to persuade vieweres by listing the candidte's views and accomplushments are using 
Definition
central route theory
Term
when listener pays very little attention to the content of a persuasive message and cfocuses instead on superficial aspects of the message theyre using 
Definition
peripheral route to persuasion
Term
listeing to a celebrity in an add to make decision on wether to buy a car or not is an example of 
Definition
peripheral route to persuasion
Term
social facilitations involve
Definition
enhanced performace when an inividual performs in the presence of others
Term
social interference
Definition
impaired performacne when an individual performs in front of others
Term
when on acts in a way that shows an unselfish concern for others
Definition
altruism
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