Term
Bacillus cereus
(bacterial) |
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Definition
Onset: 10-16 hrs
S/S: cramps, watery diarrhea, nausea
Duration: 24-48 hrs
Sources: Meats, stews, gravies, vanilla sauce
Testing: not recommended
Treatment: supportive |
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Term
Campylobacter jejuni (Campylobacteriosis)
(bacterial) |
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Definition
Onset: (2-5 days)
S/S: Diarrhea (may be bloody), cramps, fever, vomiting
Duration: 2-10 days
Sources: Raw/undercooked poultry, unpasteurized dairy, contaminated water
Testing: Stool culture, requires special media
Treatment: Antibiotics only if severe |
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Term
Clostridium botulinum, pre-formed toxin (botulism)
(bacterial) |
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Definition
Onset: 3-30 days
S/S: lethargy, weakness, poor feeding, constipation, "floppy baby", poor gag/sucking, SIDS
Duration: Variable
Sources: Honey, home-canned vegetables, corn syrup
Testing: Stool, serum, food testing
Treatment: Immunoglobulin |
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Term
Bacillus anthracis (anthrax)
(bacterial) |
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Definition
Onset: 2 days-weeks
S/S: Nausea, vomiting, malaise, bloody diarrhea, acute abdominal pain
Duration: Weeks
Sources: Meat contaminated with spores
Testing: Blood
Treatment: PCN, ciprofloxacin |
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Term
Brucella (B. abortus, B. melitensis, B. suis)
(bacterial) |
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Definition
Onset: 1-3 weeks
S/S: Fever/chills, sweats, weakness, headache, muscle/joint aches, diarrhea (blood in acute phase)
Duration: Weeks
Source: Unpasturized dairy, uncooked meat
Testing: Blood culture, serology
Treatment: Rifampin and doxycylcine for 6 weeks |
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Term
Clostridium perfringens
(bacterial) |
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Definition
Onset: 8-16 hrs
S/S: Watery diarrhea, nausea, cramping, usually afebrile
Duration: 24-48 hrs
Source: Meats, poultry, gravy, dried or precooked foods/temperature-abused food
Testing: Can test for enterotoxin, C. perfringens can normally be present in stool so quantity must be evaluate culture.
Treatment: Supportive care |
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Term
Enterohomorrhatic E. Coli (0157:H7, other Shiga toxin producing)
(bacterial) |
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Definition
Onset: 1-8 days
S/S: Severe, bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting. Usually little/no fever. More common in under 4 yrs old.
Duration: 5-10 days
Source: Undercooked beef (hamburger), unpasturized dairy or juice, raw fruits/vegetables, contaminated water
Testing: Stool culture (157:H7 needs special media), Shiga toxin testing
Treatment: Monitor kidneys, h/h, platelets closely. Hemolytic uremic syndrom (HUS) can cause life-long complications. Antibiotics may promote HUS. |
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Term
Enterotoxic E. coli (ETEC, "Travelers Diarrhea)
(bacterial) |
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Definition
Onset: 1-3 days
S/S: Watery diarrhea, cramps, vomiting
Duration: 3-7 days
Testing: Stool culture, ETEC needs special identification
Treatment: Antibiotics rarely needed |
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Term
Cronobacter sakazkii
(bacterial) |
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Definition
Onset: Within a few days
S/S: (Babies) Fever, poor feeding, irritability, jaundice, seizures. Meningitis, sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis
Duration: 2-8 weeks
Source: Powdered infant formula, powdered mild, herbal teas, starches
Testing: Laboratory culture
Treatment: Ampicillin and gentamicin |
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Term
Listeria monocytogenes (Listeriosis)
(bacterial) |
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Definition
Onset: 9-48 hrs (or at birth)
S/S: Fever, muscle aches, nausea, diarrhea. Premature delivery or stillbirth during pregnancy. Can cause non-GI invasive Listeriosis (fever/flu-like s/s) and/or meningitis, septicemia
Duration: Variable
Source: Some soft cheese, unpasteurized dairy, deli meats
Testing: Blood or CSF cultures
Treatment: Antibiotics |
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Term
Salmonella spp.
(bacterial) |
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Definition
Onset: 1-3 days
S/S: Diarrhea, fever, cramps, vomiting. S. typhi and S. paratyphi insidious onset- fever, headache, constipation, malaise, chills and myalgia; diarrhea uncommon and vomiting not severe.
Duration: 4-7 days
Source: Eggs, poultry, unpasteurized milk or juice, raw fruits/vegetables, S. typhi often related to fecal contamination.
Testing: Stool culture
Treatment: Antibiotics only for extra-intestinal spread, high risk, or for S. typhi or S. paratyphi. |
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Term
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Definition
Onset: 24-48 hrs
S/S: Uncommon cause of foodborne illness. Cramps, fever, diarrhea (possible blood and mucus).
Duration: 4-7 days
Source: Food or fecal-contaminated water. Person to person fecal/oral transmission more common, spread by food service workers.
Testing: Stool culture
Treatment: Supportive care, antibiotics |
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Term
Staphylococcus aureus (performed enterotoxin)
(bacterial) |
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Definition
Onset: 1-6 hrs
S/S: Sudden, severe nausea, vomiting and abdominal cramps. Diarrhea and fever may be present.
Duration: 24-48 hrs
Source: Unrefrigerated or improperly refrigerated meats, potato and egg salads, cream pastries
Testing: Usually clinical diagnosis, stool or emesis can be tested for toxin and cultured.
Treatment: Supportive care |
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Term
Vibrio cholerae (toxin)
(bacterial) |
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Definition
Onset: 24-72 hrs
S/S: Profuse watery diarrhea and vomiting, severe dehydration and death within hours.
Duration: 3-7 days (if survives)
Source: Contaminated water, seafood, street food in Latin America or Asia
Testing: Stool culture, requires special media
Treatment: Aggressive rehydration and tetracycline or doxycycline (Bactrim for children). |
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Term
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
(bacterial) |
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Definition
Onset: 2-48 hrs
S/S: Watery diarrhea, cramps, nausea, vomiting
Duration: 2-5 days
Source: Undercooked/raw seafood
Testing: Stool cultures, requires specific media
Treatment: Supportive care, doxycycline |
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Term
Vibrio vulnificus
(bacterial) |
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Definition
Onset: 1-7 days
S/S: Vomiting, diarrhea, abd pain, bacteremia and wound infections. Most common in immunocompromised or chronic liver disease (presenting with bullous skin lesions). Can be fatal for high risk persons.
Duration: 2-8 days
Source: Undercooked shellfish (especially oysters), open wounds exposed to sea water
Testing: Stool, wound or blood cultures, requires special media.
Treatment: doxycycline |
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Term
Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
(bacterial) |
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Definition
Onset: 24-48 hours
S/S: Children infected more often than adults. Appendicitis-like symptoms (diarrhea, vomiting, fever, abd pain). Erythema nodosum possible with Y. pseudotuberculosis.
Duration: 1-3 weeks
Source: Undercooked pork, unpasteurized dairy, tofu, contaminated water. Has occured in infants handling chitterlings.
Testing: Stool, emesis or blood culture. Requires special media
Treatment: Supportive care, antibiotics if septicemia. |
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Term
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Definition
Onset: 28 days average (15-50 days)
S/S: Diarrhea, dark urine, jaundice, flulike symptoms, fever
Duration: 2 wk-3 months
Source: Shellfish from contaminated waters, raw produce, contaminated water, fecal/oral from food handlers
Testing: Increase ALT, bilirubin, + IgM and antihepatitis A antibodies
Treatment: supportive care, prevention with immunization |
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Term
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Definition
Onset: 15-60 days
S/S: Fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, jaundice, dark urine, clay-colored stools, joint pain
Duration: 2-6 weeks
Source: Contaminated water or foods, undercooked pork or deer, shellfish. Rare outside Southeast Asia
Testing: HEV rna
Treatment: Supportive care |
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Term
Noroviruses (and other caliciviruses)
(viral) |
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Definition
Onset: 12-48 hrs
S/S: Nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramping, diarrhea, fever, myalgia, possible headache. Vomiting more common in children, diarrhea in adults.
Duration: 12-60 hrs
Source: Fecal/oral transmission, shellfish
Testing: PCR, clinical diagnisis
Treatment: Rehydration |
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Term
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Definition
Onset: 1-3 days
S/S: Vomiting, watery diarrhea, low-grade fever. Temporary lactose intolerance may occur. Infants, children, elderly, immunocompromised vulnerable.
Duration: 4-8 days
Testing: stool immunoassy
Treatment: Rehydration, prevention with vaccine |
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Term
Angiostrongylus cantonensis (rat lungworm)
(Parasite) |
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Definition
Onset: 1 wk-1 month
S/S: Eosinophilic meningitis
Duration: weeks to months
Source: Latin America and Caribbean. Undercooked snails or slugs, crabs/shellfish who ingested infected host, or produce contaminated by infective snails/slugs.
Testing: CSF proteins, eosinophils and leukocytes, ELISA
Treatment: Supportive care, steroids |
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Term
Anisakis simplex
(parasite) |
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Definition
Onset: 24 hrs-2 weeks
S/S: Severe stomach and abd pain, nausea/vomiting, diarrhea. Some develop allergic reaction.
Duration: Weeks to months
Source: Raw ocean fish and cephalopods
Testing: Hx, endoscopy, radiograph, surgery
Treatment: Endoscopy or surgery to remove worm |
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Term
Cryptosporidium spp.
(Parasite) |
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Definition
Onset: 2-10 days
S/S: Diarrhea (usually watery), stomach cramps, upset stomach, slight fever
Duration: May remit and relapse for weeks to months
Source: Undercooked food or fecal/oral food handler, contaminated water
Testing: Specific examination of stool for Cryptosporidium. Food/water examination
Treatment: Supportive care, self-limited. Antibiotics if severe. |
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Term
Cyclospora cayetanensis
(Parasite) |
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Definition
Onset: 1-14 days (usually at least 7 days)
S/S: Mostly tropical or subtropical regions. Diarrhea (usually watery), weight loss, appetite loss, stomach cramps, nausea, vomiting, fatigue.
Duration: May remit and relapse over months
Source: Fresh produce, berries, lettuce, herbs, water
Testing: Request specific stool testing
Treatment: Bactrim for 7 days |
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Term
Giardia lamblia
(Parasite) |
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Definition
Onset: 1-2 weeks
S/S: Malodorous diarrhea, malaise, abd pain, flatulance, weight loss. Prolonged infection may stunt growth in children.
Duration: 2-6 wks, months
Testing: Ova and parasite examination, ELISA
Treatment: Metronidazole |
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Term
Entamoeba histolytica
(Parasite) |
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Definition
Onset: 2-3 days to 4 wks
S/S: Most common in tropical areas. Diarrhea (often bloody), frequent bowel movements, lower abdominal pain.
Duration: weeks to months
Source: Uncooked food, fecal/oral food handler, drinking water
Testing: Stool examination for cysts and parasites, may need 3 samples.
Treatment: Metronidazole |
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Term
Tenia solium (pork), Tenia saginata (beef) Tapeworm
(Parasite) |
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Definition
Onset: 2-4 months
S/S: Often asymptomatic, nausea, diarrhea, malaise. T. solium can cause cysticercosis which can result in seizures, muscle or eye damage.
Duration: Years
Source: Undercooked meat
Testing: Ova and parasite stool, may need 3 samples
Treatment: Antihelminthic drugs |
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Term
Toxoplasma gondii
(Parasite) |
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Definition
Onset: 5-23 days, at birth in infants
S/S: Usually asymptomatic in women, possible mild mlu-like illness. Babies with congenital infection have few symptoms at birth. Later develop toxoplasmacosis (retardation, impaired vision, cerebral palsy, seizures) unless treated.
Duration: Months
Source: Cat feces, food contaminated with cat feces
Testing: Identification difficult, serology, cord/placenta testing may be useful
Treatment: Spiramycin or pyrimethamine/sulfadiazine |
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