Term
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Definition
| This term refers to food that contains carbon. |
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Term
| Total Calories Calculation |
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Definition
| (grams protein x 4) + (grams carbs x 4) + (grams fat x 9) |
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Term
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Definition
| compound made of single or multiple sugars. Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| monosaccharides and dissacharides; basic sugar unit; contains 6 carbon atoms + hydrogen and oxygen |
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Term
| complex carbohydrates (aka polysaccharides) |
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Definition
| long chains of sugar that form either fibre or starch |
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Term
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Definition
| Single sugars; there are 3: glucose, fructose and galactose. this type of sugar is absorbed directly into the blood when eaten |
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Term
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Definition
| double sugars; Lactose, Maltose, Sucrose.must be digested before they can be absorbed into blood. |
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Definition
| this is used in both plant and animal tissue for energy. Also known as blood sugar. |
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Definition
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Definition
| together with glucose, this monosaccharide forms the dissacharide lactose. On its own, this is helps to form nervous tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| milk sugar; glucose + galactose |
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Definition
| malt sugar; formed of two glucose units |
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Definition
| table/cane sugar; glucose + fructose |
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Term
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Definition
| this part of the body is responsible for the breakdown of mainly carbs (sugar), but also assists in the metabolizing of fats and proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| a polysaccharide made of glucose; resists digestion when in the raw form; the storage form of glucose in plants. |
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Term
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Definition
| a polysaccharide formed of glucose; made & stored in the liver; the storage form of glucose in humans/animals. |
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Term
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Definition
| keeps bowel movements regular; cannot be digested by humans BUT can be digested via fermentation. Two types: soluble (dissolve in water ex barley, fruit, oats) & insoluble (ex, whole grain, cellulose) |
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Term
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Definition
| term for swollen veins in the rectum |
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Term
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Definition
| swollen sacs in the intestinal wall (painful inflammation) |
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Term
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Definition
| after eating, when blood sugar rises, this hormone encourages the body to store excess glucose. |
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Term
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Definition
| when you're hungry, blood sugar is low, and this hormon stimulates the liver to release some glucose back into bloodstream. |
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Term
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Definition
| this is a tool used to rank foods according to how much they raise blood glucose. |
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Term
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Definition
| Juvenile; insulen dependent. Pancreas does not produce insulin so it must be injected. |
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Term
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Definition
| Insulin Independent; often develops due to obesity. This disease is characterized by the pancreas producing sufficient amounts of insulin, but the body is unable to move glucose from bloodstream into cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| characterized by abnormally low glucose levels. Two specific types include post-prandial and fasting. |
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Term
| Converting percentages to grams formula |
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Definition
gram nutrient=(daily calories x percent nutrient)/y calories per gram
where "y" is 4 for protein/carbs, 9 for fat, 7 for alc |
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Term
| Percentage of Calories Formula |
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Definition
(grams nutrient x y) / total calories
where "y" is 4 for carbs/protein, 7 for alc, 9 for fat |
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Term
| Vitamins listed on a food label |
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Definition
| Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Calcium, Iron |
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Term
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Definition
| to provide cells with a usable source of energy; also required for the central nervous system and red blood cells; helps produce collagen; needed in genetic material |
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Term
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Definition
| this chemical leaks into the blood when insulin levels are too low and fat must be converted for energy rather than glucose. may be excreted through the urine as well and causes a sweet, fruity-smelling breath. |
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Term
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Definition
| low to no-calorie, generally thought of to be safe in small doses. Excreted by the kidneys unchanged. |
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Term
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Definition
| major source of energy--> main form of energy stored in the body; helps absorb fat-soluble vitamins; assists in growth and development; makes food taste better |
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Term
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Definition
| One double bond; "good" type of fat; ex, olives, walnuts |
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Term
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Definition
| two or more double bonds; cannot be made by our bodies so essential in our diets; two types--> omega-6 and omega-3 |
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Term
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Definition
| "bad" fat; no double bond; generally comes from animal fat with the exception of coconut and palm oil |
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Term
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Definition
| an organic molecule which does not dissolve in water |
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Definition
| a type of PUFA; has anti-inflammatory qualities, can decrease symptoms of diseases such as Crohn's, and decrease insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes; also assists in growth and development |
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Term
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Definition
| a member of the lipids group; soft, waxy substance made in the body, but also found in animal-derived foods; high levels are very bad for you (clog arteries) |
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Term
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Definition
A substance that mixes with both fat and water and permanently disperses the fat in the water; ex, eggs |
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Term
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Definition
| an emulsifier which is made in the liver and stored in the galbladder; secreted in the small intestine |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| enzymes, certain hormones, antibodies, fluid & electrolye balance, energy |
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Term
| very-low-density lipoproteins |
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Definition
| carry triglycerides & other lipids to body cells |
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Term
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Definition
| transports cholesterol & other lipids to body tissues |
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Term
| high-density lipoproteins |
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Definition
| carries cholesterol from cells to the liver to be disposed |
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Term
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Definition
| the precursor for making bile; vitamind & and sex hormones are examples |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 fatty acids + glycerol + a phosporous-containing molecule; an emulsifier; helps fat travel back and forth across cell membranes |
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Term
| Linoleic acid & Linolenic acid |
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Definition
| the two essential fatty acids; cannot be made by the body |
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Term
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Definition
| made when unsaturated fat is partially hydrogenated; margarine, cake mix, fast food |
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Term
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Definition
| bad fat; animal sources, coconut & palm oil |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| essential in our diets; a type of unsaturated fat; omega-3, omega-6 |
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Term
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Definition
| formed from glycerol & three fatty acid groups |
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Term
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Definition
| organic acids coposed of carbon chains; differ from each other in chain lengths & degree of saturation |
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Term
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Definition
| keratin build-up on the cornea; related to vitamin A deficiency |
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Term
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Definition
| eye dryness; related to vit A deficiency |
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Term
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Definition
| Permanent blindness due to keratin buildup on the cornea; related to vit A deficiency |
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Term
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Definition
| this deals with vision--> maintains the cornea; found in fish, liver, sweet potatoes |
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Term
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Definition
| a B vitamin; deals with energy metabolism as well as nerve processes; Beriberi is the disease related to the deficiency of this vitamin |
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Term
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Definition
| nervous system disorder leading to loss of sensation; the thiamin-deficiency disease |
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Term
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Definition
| a B-vitamin, deals with energy metabolism; found in pasta, cereal, grain & milk products |
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Term
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Definition
| a B-vitamin that deals with metabolism; found in meat, tuna and potato; a lack of this vitamin can cause Pellagra |
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Term
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Definition
| niacin-deficiency disease; causes the 4 D's (diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia and death) |
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Term
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Definition
| a B-vitamin; part of a co-enzyme--> makes new cells; found in leafy green veggies; deficiency can cause anemia & neural-tube defect |
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Term
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Definition
| this vitamin converts AA's that are in abundance in the body into AA;s that the body is lacking; regulates blood glucose; develops the brain & NS of babies--> deficiencies can cause later behavioural issues |
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Term
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Definition
| this vitamin maintains myelin sheath and protects nerve fibres; deficiencies lead to nerve damage &/or large immature RBC's |
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Term
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Definition
| this vitamin maintains collagen, is an antioxidant, assists enzymes and boosts immune system; found in tomato, potato, kiwi, citrus fruits; scurvy is the deficiency |
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Term
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Definition
| breakdown of collagen causing bleeding gums etc; vitamin-c deficiency disease |
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Term
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Definition
| this vitamin helps replenish calcium--> maintains bones & teeth; sunlight, fortified products; deficiency is rickets & osteomalacia |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal bone growth (knocked knees, bowed legs etc). Vitamin D deficiency disease |
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Term
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Definition
| this vitamin is an antioxidant; found in a variety of foods; deficiency is erythrocyte hemolysis |
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Term
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Definition
| vitamin E deficiency disease; rupture of blood cells |
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Term
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Definition
| This vitamin helps with blood clotting; found in leafy green veggies; deficiency is hemmorage |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal bleeding; caused by a lack of vitamin K |
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Term
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Definition
| essential fatty acids help make these; act as a hormone and regulate body functions such as muscle relaxation/contraction, blood vessel dilation/constriction etc. Aspirin slows the reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| the building block of protein; can be used by cells for energy; contains 4 different constituents, 3 of which are the same but 1 is the side chain therefore the part the makes it unique |
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Term
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Definition
| the nitrogen-containing part at one end of an AA |
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Term
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Definition
| Phenylalanine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Threonine, Methionine, Tryptophan, Valine |
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Term
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Definition
| connect one amino acid to the next; |
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Term
| Electrically Charged Side Chains |
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Definition
| amino acids with these are attracted to water |
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Term
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Definition
| amino acids with these are repelled by water |
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Term
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Definition
| a protein that makes connective tissues; acts like glue between cells; ex, tendons, ligaments, the foundations of bones & teeth |
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Term
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Definition
| a protein catalyst; facilitates a chemical reaction without itself being altered in the process |
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Term
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Definition
| a disease where hemoglobin (protein that carries oxygen in blood) is abnormal |
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Term
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Definition
| doesn't really begin until stomach acid begins protein denaturation |
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Term
| Protein-Energy Malnutrition |
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Definition
| the world's most widespread nutrition problem; lack of intake leading to lack of energy |
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Term
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Definition
| A disease characterized by chronic inadequate food intake; leads to a shriveled, leaned-over person |
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Term
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Definition
| disease related to protein malnutrition; symptom is edema |
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Term
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Definition
| provides all the AA's needed by the body to create its proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| these contain all of the essential AA's in high enough amounts to support health |
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