Term
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Definition
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Term
Highest rates of growth (who?) |
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Definition
- infancy
- childhood
- adolescence
- pregnancy
- lactation
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Term
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Definition
when cells increase in size |
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Term
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Definition
when cells divide and multiply |
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Term
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Definition
-acquisition of increased complexity of function -pattern fairly predictable -delays could indicate health problems
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Term
Fetal growth and development |
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Definition
zygote --> embryo --> fetus |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-transfers nutrients, hormones, oxygen, and other substances from maternal blood to fetus -metabolic waste products removed -source of hormones
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Term
Stage of pregnancy most critical |
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Definition
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Term
What deficiency is early pregnancy critical for? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-vitamin -deficiency causes neural tube defect (Spina Bifida)
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Term
What is formed during early pregnancy? |
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Definition
-main internal organs -major external organs
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Term
What is irreversable due to nutrient deficiency? |
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Definition
limited organ development (brain and heart) |
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Term
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Definition
-one of the most common neural tube defects (NTD) -caused by failure of neural tube to close completely
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Term
critical periods for neural tube |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-will cut NTD incidence in half (from 1/1,000 to 1/2,000) -need 400 mcg of folic acid per day
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Term
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Definition
-in serious form, membranes and fluids bulge through the gap and nerves are exposed, invariable leading to some degree fo paralysis
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Term
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Definition
-Full term:37-42 weeks
-Pre-term: < 37 weeks
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Term
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Definition
-low birth weight: <5.5 lbs -intrauterine growth retardation
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Term
Maternal weight gain provides _____ for the baby |
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Definition
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Term
Weight for height prior to conception |
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Definition
-underweight: gain extra weight
-overweight: NO weight loss, just gain less
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Term
Recommended weight gain during pregnancy |
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Definition
-Normal: 25-30 lbs -Underweight: 28-40 lbs -Overweight: 15-25 lbs |
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Term
| Weight gain within recommended range lowers __________ and raises _________ |
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Definition
-surgical births -healthy birth weights |
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Term
USDA Dietary Guidelines emphasizes: |
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Definition
-folate and folic acid rich foods
-heme iron
-enhancement of iron absorption
-calcium-rich foods -appropriate weight gain
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Term
Recommended Energy Intake (per trimester) |
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Definition
2nd trimester: EER + 348 kcal/day 3rd trimester: EER + 452 kcal/day |
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Term
Common Nutrient-related concerns |
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Definition
-nausea -constipation -hemorrhoids -heartburn -food cravings and aversions -non-food cravings (Pica)
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Term
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Definition
-common if nutrien-deficient, but "non-adaptive" (clay, dirt, ect dont supply nutrients) |
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Term
What substances or behaviors should pregnant women avoid? |
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Definition
-dieting -alcohol -caffeine -sugar substitutes (1 diet drink/day ok)
-vitamin-mineral mega doses -especially Vitamin A -causes birth defects ("teratogenic")
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Term
How much caffeine is ok per day for a pregnant woman? |
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Definition
1 cup of coffee or 2 sodas per day |
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Term
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Definition
-crosses the placenta freely and is directly toxic -a sudden dose of alcohol can halt the delivery of oxygen through the umbilical cord -slows cell division
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Term
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Definition
-irreversable brain damage -growth retardation
-mental retardation
-facial abnormalities
-vision abnormalities
--> wide eyes, narrow lips, long shaped head (rather than wide)
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Term
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Definition
onset of milk production stimulated by sucking |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-stimulates mammary gland to synthesize milk
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Term
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Definition
causes myoepithelial cells to contract and release the milk |
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Term
Milk Production (supply and demand) |
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Definition
1st 6 months postpartum: -26 ounces produced per day
2nd 6 months: -20 ounces produced per day
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Term
Why human milk is beneficial for babies |
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Definition
-colostrum -eliminates meconium -immunological benefits: -reduced risk of: -food allergies -infectious diseases -promotes GI tract development
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Term
Composition of human milk |
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Definition
-protein -lipids -DHA -cholesterol
-carbohydrates -lactose -oligosaccharides -enzymes -lactoferrin
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Term
Benefits of breastfeeding (for the infant) |
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Definition
-ideal food -provides antibodies (decrease respiratory and GI infections) -nutrients are very absorbable -decreases risk of allergies decreases risk of childhood obescity |
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Term
Benifits of breastfeeding (for the mother) |
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Definition
-postpartum amenorrhea -decrease in breast and uterine cancer -risk decreases the longer a woman breastfeeds -helps lose pregnancy weight
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Term
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Definition
ovulation is delayed during lactation, spaces out the pregnancies |
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Term
supplements for breastfed babies |
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Definition
-flouride -if ot goes from 4-6 months with only breast milk
-vitamin D -if it doesnt get enough sunlight
-iron -if mother was anemic during pregnancy
- vitamin B12 -if mother is Vegan or doesnt eat much animal products
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Term
Energy requirements during lactation |
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Definition
1st 6 months: -extra 500 kcal/day (330 kcal when accounting for mobilized fat)
2nd 6 months: -extra 400 kcal/day
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Term
foods that cause allergies (top 4) |
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Definition
-cow's milk
-eggs -nuts, peanuts
- wheat
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Term
Nursing Bottle Tooth Decay ("bottle mouth") |
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Definition
caused by infant going to sleep with bottle in mouth (formula, milk, juices--high in sugar --> tooth decay)
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Term
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Definition
o Physiological state that results when not enough food is eaten to meet energy needs |
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Term
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Definition
o Limited food supply to meet the needs of a population |
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Term
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Definition
o Extreme shortage of food leading to massive starvation in a population |
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Term
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Definition
o Condition of impaired development or function caused by deficiency |
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Term
Causes of HUNGER in the U.S. |
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Definition
-poverty -substance abuse
-physical and mental illness
- lack of awareness and assistance
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Term
Groups at risk for hunger and malnutrition in the U.S. |
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Definition
-the working poor
-elders -the homeless
-children
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Term
Undernutrition in the U.S. |
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Definition
-Poverty is defined as an annual income of $17,050 for a family of four per year -16% of all children are poor -choice between food, rent, or heat
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Term
Difficulties confronting the poor |
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Definition
• Substandard education
• Poor skills
• Lack of reliable and safe child care
• Inability to relocate
• Little employment experience
• Limited financial reserve to fall back on
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Term
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Definition
• 43% are families with children
• 6.5% of all adults experience homelessness in their lifetime
• Cost of housing increased
• Subsidy for housing decreased
• Low income families likely to spend more than half their income for rent
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Term
Attacking hunger in America |
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Definition
-The Food Stamp program
-Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)
-National School Lunch Program -Child and Adult Care Food Program
-Meals on Wheels
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Term
Relieving hunger in the U.S. |
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Definition
- Food Recovery—collecting food for distribution to low-income people who are hungry
-Food banks
-Soup Kitchens
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Term
How many people per year could the fod thrown out in U.S. cafeterias, supermarkets, and restaurants feed? |
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Definition
49 million people (per year) (~15-22% of population) |
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Term
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Definition
-Requires able-bodied adults to get a job
-Limited support to 3 years in a row with a 5 year maximum
-Each state determines how to implement the work requirements
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Term
Causes of world hunger: famine |
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Definition
-Crop Failure
-Bad weather
-War
-War/Political unrest
-Africa has the largest group of under-nourished people
-Congo has the most—75%
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Term
Problems with the developing world |
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Definition
• Extreme imbalances in food/population
• War and political unrest
• Rapid depletion of natural resources
• High external debt
• Poor infrastructure
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Term
In the developing world, __________ people live below the international poverty line, earning less than $1 per day. |
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Definition
more than 1.2 billion people |
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Term
| According to the CDC, _______ of children (6-11 years) and ________ of adolescents (12-19 years) are at or above the 95th percentile for BMI |
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Definition
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Term
Over ________ of children watch > 3 hours of TV per day, not including video game/computer time |
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Definition
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Term
Recommendations of TV time |
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Definition
< 2 years old: -no television
older kids: -< 2 hours per day
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Term
Recommendations for physical activity |
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Definition
It is recommended that children engage in at least 60 minutes of physical activity every day |
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Term
Recommended FAT intake for children |
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Definition
1-3 years: -30-40% of energy 4-8 years: -25-35% of energy -emphasis on linoleic and linolenic fatty acids |
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Term
Recommended PROTEIN intake for children |
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Definition
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Term
Recommended CARBOHYDRATE intake for children |
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Definition
1 year and up = 45-65% of energy -Dietary Fiber -1-3 years = 19 g/day -4-8 years = 25 g/day
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Term
Micronutrients of Calcium |
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Definition
Milk and Dairy products
o 1-3 years = 500 mg/day
o 4-8 years = 800 mg/day |
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Term
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Definition
o Meats, fish, poultry, eggs, legumes, enriched cereal and grain products
o 1-3 years = 7 mg/day
o 4-8 years = 10 mg/day
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Term
What is the leading cause of childhood obesity? |
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Definition
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Term
Recommended protein intake for children and adolescents (g/kg and g/day) |
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Definition
children: .95 g/kg 9-13 years: 34 g/day 14-18 years: 52 g/day |
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Term
recommended fat intake for children (% of energy) |
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Definition
1-3 years: 30-40% of energy 4-8 years: 25-35% of energy with an emphasis on linoleic and linolenic fatty acids |
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Term
recommended carbohydrate intake for children (% of energy) |
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Definition
1 year and up: 45-65% of energy |
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Term
recommended dietary fiber intake for children (g/day) |
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Definition
1-3 years: 19 g/day
4-8 years: 25 g/day
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Term
recommended calcium intake for childrenand adolescents (mg/day) |
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Definition
1-3 years: 500 mg/day
4-8 years: 800 mg/day 9-18 years: 1,300 mg/day
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Term
recommended iron intake for children and adolescents (mg/day) |
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Definition
1-3 years: 7 mg/day 4-8 years: 10 mg/day adolescent: female: 15 mg/day male: 11 mg/day
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Term
Adolescent boy growth spurt |
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Definition
-begins between 12-13 years of age -gain about 8" in height -gain about 45 lbs in weight -gain more muscles
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Term
adolescent girl growth spurt |
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Definition
-occurs between 10-11 years of age -gain about 6" in height -gain about 35 lbs in weight -gain more fat
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Term
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Definition
female: ~ 9 years
male: ~ 11 years
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Term
By age 18, more the ___% of skeletal mass has been formed |
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Definition
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Term
Total Estimated Energy (TEE) for adolescents (kcal/day) |
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Definition
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Term
Competitive atheletes may require _____ extra calories to meet EERs |
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Definition
500-1500 (extra calories) |
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Term
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Definition
Young adult: 19-30 years
Middle-aged:31-50 years
Older adult: > 50 years
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Term
Nearly ____ adults have a BMI of 30 kg/m2 or greater |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
average number of years a person can expect to live |
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Term
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Definition
~78 years males: 76 years females: 81 years |
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Term
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Definition
maximum number of years a particular species has remained alive |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
trend in population growth |
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Definition
elders have increasingly increased more than young people |
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Term
trend in U.S. aging population |
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Definition
over the years, the percent of the population over 65 has grown and will continue to grow |
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Term
A century from now, nearly ____ Americans will be 65 or older. |
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Definition
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Term
Georgia is ranked ____ in the highest amount of individuals 65 or older. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-body deterioration due to daily wear and tear -combination of lifestyle, environment, and genetics -senescence programmed in cells
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Term
What is the main cause of aging? |
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Definition
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Term
kcal/day recommendations for older adults |
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Definition
women: 1,800 kcal/day men: 2,400 kcal/day |
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Term
At what age should we reduce the amount of calories and why? |
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Definition
at age 60 because we do less physical activity |
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Term
Why older adults are an "at risk" population |
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Definition
-food insecurity -social isolation -depression -illness -multiple medications -physical changes affect nutrient use
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Term
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Definition
80% diagnosed with chronic 20% diagnosed with depression |
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Term
# of meds an average adult takes per day |
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Definition
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Term
What age has the highest functional limitations and why? |
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Definition
85 year olds (walking, preparing meals, eating) |
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Term
Changes in body composition affecting energy and nutrient requirements |
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Definition
-loss of lean mass -increase in fat mass -decrease in energy requirements
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Term
Osteoperosis is more common in males or females? |
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Definition
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Term
What helps prevent Osteoperosis and other bone disease? |
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Definition
-Vitamin D -phosphorus -magnesium -calcium
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Term
Daily recommendations for calcium and vitamin D for people > 50 years old |
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Definition
calcium:1,200 mg/day vitamin D: 10 micrograms/day |
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Term
_________ is an alternative to hormone replacement therapy and is structurally similar to estrogen. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
declne in number of cells that produce gastric secretions |
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Term
Atrophic gastritis decreases bioavailability of: |
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Definition
-calcium -iron -biotin -folate -zinc
-Vitamin B12 |
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Term
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Definition
-requires able-bodied adults to get a job -limited support to 3 years in a row with a 5 year maximum -each state determines how to implement the work requirements
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Term
World hunger: famine, is caused by: |
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Definition
-crop failure due to bad weather or war -war/political unrest |
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Term
What area of the world has the largest group of under-nourished people? |
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Definition
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Term
What country in Africa has the largest group of under-nourished people and what percent is it? |
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Definition
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Term
Problems with the developing world |
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Definition
-extreme imbalances in food and population -war and political unrest -rapid depletion of natural resources -high external debt -poor infrastructure
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Term
In the developing world, more than _____ billion people live below the poverty line, earning less than ___ per day. |
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Definition
more than 1.2 billion people; less than $1 per day |
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Term
What is environmental degredation caused by? |
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Definition
the impacts of growing numbers of people |
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Term
Chronic malnutrition statictics |
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Definition
-1 in 6 children are born underweight -2 in 5 children are underweight by age 5 -every year, 1/2 million people die as a result of malnutrition
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Term
The most critical micronutrients missing from people's diets worldwide include: |
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Definition
-iron -vitamin A -iodine
-vitamin B12
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Term
It is estimated that by 2050, ______ infants will be born in the poorest parts of the world. |
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Definition
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Term
Economists estimate that there will be enoug food produced to meet the needs of the increasing population until the year ______. |
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Definition
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Term
Ways to reduce under-nutrition in developing countries |
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Definition
Direct Food Aid and Peace Corps |
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Term
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Definition
-not a long-term solution -drive down local food prices -inappropriate donated foods -create a dependence on outside sources
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Term
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Definition
-provides education -distributes food and medical supplies -create independent, self-sustaining economies
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Term
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Definition
the productive area of earth used to support the lifestyle of one individual |
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Term
Ecological Footprints of countries |
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Definition
North America:12 (highest) next closest--Western Europe: 6
Africa: 1 (lowest)
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