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Food Health and Nutrition
Life Cycle and Malnutrition
126
Other
Undergraduate 3
12/02/2008

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Cards

Term

 

 

GROWTH

Definition

 

 

increase in body size

Term

 

 

Highest rates of growth

(who?)

Definition
  • infancy
  • childhood
  • adolescence
  • pregnancy
  • lactation

 

Term

 

 

HYPERTROPHY

Definition

 

when cells increase in size

Term

 

 

HYPERPLASIA

Definition

 

 

when cells divide and multiply

Term

 

 

DEVELOPMENT

 

Definition
-acquisition of increased complexity of function
 
-pattern fairly predictable
 
-delays could indicate health problems
Term

 

 

Fetal growth and development

 

Definition

 

 

zygote --> embryo --> fetus

Term

 

 

Zygote

(when?)

Definition

 

 

 first 2 weeks

Term

 

 

Embryo

(when?)

Definition

 

 

weeks 2-8

Term

 

 

Fetus

(when?)

 

Definition

 

 

8 weeks to birth

Term

 

 

Functions of Placenta

Definition
-transfers nutrients, hormones, oxygen, and other substances from maternal blood to fetus
 
-metabolic waste products removed
 
-source of hormones
Term

 

 

Stage of pregnancy most critical

Definition

 

 

early pregnancy

Term

 

 

What deficiency is early pregnancy critical for?

Definition

 

 

folate deficiency

Term

 

 

Folate

Definition
-vitamin
 
-deficiency causes neural tube defect (Spina Bifida)
Term

 

 

What is formed during early pregnancy?

Definition
-main internal organs
-major external organs
Term

 

 

What is irreversable due to nutrient deficiency?

Definition

 

 

limited organ development (brain and heart)

Term

 

 

Spina Bifida

Definition
-one of the most common neural tube defects (NTD)
 
-caused by failure of neural tube to close completely
Term

 

 

critical periods for neural tube

Definition

 

 

17-30 d gestation

Term

 

 

Folate Supplementation

Definition
-will cut NTD incidence in half (from 1/1,000 to 1/2,000)
 
-need 400 mcg of folic acid per day
Term

 

 

Neural Tube Defect

Definition
-in serious form, membranes and fluids bulge through the gap and nerves are exposed, invariable leading to some degree fo paralysis
 
 
 
Term

 

 

Gestational Age

Definition
-Full term:37-42 weeks
 
-Pre-term: < 37 weeks
Term

 

 

Birth Weight

Definition
-low birth weight: <5.5 lbs
 
-intrauterine growth retardation
Term

 

 

Maternal weight gain provides _____ for the baby

Definition

 

 

adipose tissue

Term

 

 

Weight for height prior to conception

Definition
-underweight: gain extra weight
 
-overweight: NO weight loss, just gain less
Term

 

 

Recommended weight gain

during pregnancy

Definition

-Normal: 25-30 lbs

 

-Underweight: 28-40 lbs

 

-Overweight: 15-25 lbs

 

Term
Weight gain within recommended range lowers __________ and raises _________
Definition

 

 

-surgical births

-healthy birth weights

Term

 

 

USDA Dietary Guidelines emphasizes:

Definition
-folate and folic acid rich foods
-heme iron
-enhancement of iron absorption
-calcium-rich foods
-appropriate weight gain
Term

 

 

Recommended Energy Intake 

(per trimester)

Definition

2nd trimester:

    EER + 348 kcal/day

 

3rd trimester:  

   EER + 452 kcal/day

 

Term

 

 

Common Nutrient-related concerns

Definition
-nausea
-constipation
-hemorrhoids
-heartburn
-food cravings and aversions
-non-food cravings (Pica)
 
Term

 

 

Pica

Definition
 
-common if nutrien-deficient, but "non-adaptive" (clay, dirt, ect dont supply nutrients)
Term

 

 

What substances or behaviors should pregnant women avoid?

Definition
-dieting
-alcohol
-caffeine
-sugar substitutes (1 diet drink/day ok)
-vitamin-mineral mega doses
   -especially Vitamin A
        -causes birth defects ("teratogenic")
 
Term

 

 

How much caffeine is ok per day for a pregnant woman?

Definition

 

 

1 cup of coffee or 2 sodas per day

Term

 

 

Effects of Alcohol

Definition
-crosses the placenta freely and is directly toxic
 
-a sudden dose of alcohol can halt the delivery of oxygen through the umbilical cord
 
-slows cell division
 
Term

 

 

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Definition
-irreversable brain damage
-growth retardation
-mental retardation
-facial abnormalities
-vision abnormalities
--> wide eyes, narrow lips, long shaped head (rather than wide)
Term

 

 

LACTOGENESIS

Definition

 

 

onset of milk production stimulated by sucking

Term

 

 

Lactation Hormones

Definition

 

  • prolactin
  • oxytocin
Term

 

 

Prolactin

Definition
 
 
-stimulates mammary gland to synthesize milk
Term

 

 

Oxytocin

Definition

 

 

causes myoepithelial cells to contract and release the milk

Term

 

 

Milk Production

(supply and demand)

Definition
1st 6 months postpartum:
      -26 ounces produced per day
2nd 6 months:
      -20 ounces produced per day
Term

 

 

Why human milk is beneficial for babies

Definition
-colostrum
-eliminates meconium
-immunological benefits:
      -reduced risk of:
             -food allergies
             -infectious diseases
      -promotes GI tract development
Term

 

 

Composition of human milk

Definition
-protein
-lipids
    -DHA
    -cholesterol
-carbohydrates
    -lactose
    -oligosaccharides
-enzymes
-lactoferrin
 
Term

 

 

Benefits of breastfeeding

(for the infant)

Definition

-ideal food

-provides antibodies (decrease respiratory and GI 

      infections)

-nutrients are very absorbable

-decreases risk of allergies

decreases risk of childhood obescity

 

 

Term

 

 

Benifits of breastfeeding

(for the mother)

Definition
-postpartum amenorrhea
-decrease in breast and uterine cancer
     -risk decreases the longer a woman breastfeeds
-helps lose pregnancy weight
Term

 

 

postpartum amenorrhea

Definition

 

ovulation is delayed during lactation, spaces out the pregnancies

Term

 

 

supplements for breastfed babies

Definition
-flouride
     -if ot goes from 4-6 months with only breast milk
-vitamin D
     -if it doesnt get enough sunlight
-iron
     -if mother was anemic during pregnancy
- vitamin B12
     -if mother is Vegan or doesnt eat much animal
       products
Term

 

 

Energy requirements during lactation

Definition
1st 6 months:
      -extra 500 kcal/day (330 kcal when accounting
        for mobilized fat)
2nd 6 months:
    -extra 400 kcal/day
Term

 

 

foods that cause allergies

(top 4)

Definition
-cow's milk
-eggs
-nuts, peanuts
- wheat
Term

 

 

Nursing Bottle Tooth Decay

("bottle mouth")

Definition
caused by infant going to sleep with bottle in mouth
 
(formula, milk, juices--high in sugar --> tooth decay)
Term

 

 

HUNGER

Definition

 

 

o    Physiological state that results when not enough food is eaten to meet energy needs

Term

 

 

UNDER-NUTRITION

Definition

 

 

o    Limited food supply to meet the needs of a population

Term

 

 

FAMINE

Definition

 

 

o    Extreme shortage of food leading to massive starvation in a population

Term

 

 

MALNUTRITION

Definition

 

 

o    Condition of impaired development or function caused by deficiency

Term

 

 

Causes of HUNGER in the U.S.

Definition
-poverty
-substance abuse
-physical and mental illness
- lack of awareness and assistance
Term

 

 

Groups at risk for hunger and

malnutrition in the U.S.

Definition
-the working poor
-elders
-the homeless
-children
Term

 

 

Undernutrition in the U.S.

Definition
-Poverty is defined as an annual income of $17,050 for
    a family of four per year
-16% of all children are poor
-choice between food, rent, or heat
 
Term

 

 

Difficulties confronting the poor

Definition
•    Substandard education
•    Poor skills
•    Lack of reliable and safe child care
•    Inability to relocate
•    Little employment experience
•    Limited financial reserve to fall back on


Term

 

 

Homelessness

Definition
•    43% are families with children
•    6.5% of all adults experience homelessness in
         their lifetime
•    Cost of housing increased
•    Subsidy for housing decreased
•    Low income families likely to spend more than
         half their income for rent

Term

 

 

Attacking hunger in America

Definition
-The Food Stamp program
-Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women,
    Infants, and Children (WIC)
-National School Lunch Program
-Child and Adult Care Food Program
-Meals on Wheels

Term

 

 

Relieving hunger in the U.S.

Definition
- Food Recovery—collecting food for distribution to
     low-income people who are hungry
-Food banks
-Soup Kitchens

Term

 

 

How many people per year could the fod thrown out in U.S. cafeterias, supermarkets, and restaurants feed?   

 

 

Definition

 

 

49 million people (per year)

(~15-22% of population)

Term

 

 

New Welfare Reform Law

Definition
-Requires able-bodied adults to get a job
-Limited support to 3 years in a row with a 5 year
     maximum
-Each state determines how to implement the work
    requirements

Term

 

 

Causes of world hunger: famine

Definition
-Crop Failure
     -Bad weather
     -War
-War/Political unrest
-Africa has the largest group of under-nourished
     people
        -Congo has the most—75%


Term

 

 

Problems with the developing world

Definition
•    Extreme imbalances in food/population
•    War and political unrest
•    Rapid depletion of natural resources
•    High external debt
•    Poor infrastructure

Term

 

 

In the developing world, __________ people live below the international poverty line, earning less than $1 per day.

Definition

 

 

more than 1.2 billion people

Term
According to the CDC, _______ of children (6-11 years) and ________ of adolescents (12-19 years) are at or above the 95th percentile for BMI
Definition

 

 

15%; 15%

Term

 

Over ________ of children watch > 3 hours of TV per day, not including video game/computer time

Definition

 

 

1/3

Term

 

 

Recommendations of TV time

Definition
< 2 years old:
      -no television
 
older kids:
     -< 2 hours per day
Term

 

 

Recommendations for physical activity

Definition

 

 

It is recommended that children engage in at least 60 minutes of physical activity every day

Term

 

 

Recommended FAT intake for children

Definition

1-3 years:

      -30-40% of energy

 

4-8 years:

     -25-35% of energy

     -emphasis on linoleic and linolenic fatty acids

 

Term

 

 

Recommended PROTEIN intake for children

Definition
 
 
 
0.95 g/kg
Term

 

 

Recommended CARBOHYDRATE intake for children

Definition
1 year and up = 45-65% of energy
     -Dietary Fiber
          -1-3 years = 19 g/day
          -4-8 years = 25 g/day
Term

 

 

Micronutrients of Calcium

Definition

 

Milk and Dairy products
o    1-3 years = 500 mg/day
o    4-8 years = 800 mg/day

Term

 

 

Micronutrients of IRON

Definition
o    Meats, fish, poultry, eggs, legumes, enriched cereal and grain products
o    1-3 years = 7 mg/day
o    4-8 years = 10 mg/day
Term

 

 

What is the leading cause of childhood obesity?

Definition

 

 

parental obesity

Term

 

 

Recommended protein intake for children and adolescents

(g/kg and g/day)

Definition

children: .95 g/kg

 

9-13 years: 34 g/day

 

14-18 years: 52 g/day

Term

 

 

recommended fat intake for children

(% of energy)

Definition

 

1-3 years: 30-40% of energy

 

4-8 years: 25-35% of energy with an emphasis on linoleic and linolenic fatty acids

Term

 

 

recommended carbohydrate intake for children

(% of energy)

Definition

 

 

1 year and up: 45-65% of energy

Term

 

 

recommended dietary fiber intake for children

(g/day)

Definition
 
1-3 years: 19 g/day
 
4-8 years: 25 g/day
Term

 

 

recommended calcium intake for childrenand adolescents

(mg/day)

Definition
 
1-3 years: 500 mg/day
 
4-8 years: 800 mg/day
 
9-18 years: 1,300 mg/day
Term

 

 

recommended iron intake for children and adolescents

(mg/day)

Definition
1-3 years: 7 mg/day
 
4-8 years: 10 mg/day
 
adolescent:  female: 15 mg/day
                   male: 11 mg/day
Term

 

Adolescent boy growth spurt

Definition
-begins between 12-13 years of age
-gain about 8" in height
-gain about 45 lbs in weight
-gain more muscles
Term

 

 

adolescent girl growth spurt

Definition
-occurs between 10-11 years of age
-gain about 6" in height
-gain about 35 lbs in weight
-gain more fat
Term

 

 

ages of puberty

Definition
 
 
female: ~ 9 years
male: ~ 11 years
Term

 

By age 18, more the ___% of skeletal mass has been formed

Definition

 

 

90%

Term

 

 

Total Estimated Energy (TEE) for adolescents

(kcal/day)

 

 

Definition

 

 

25 kcal/day

Term

 

 

Competitive atheletes may require _____ extra calories to meet EERs

Definition

 

 

500-1500 (extra calories)

Term

 

Ranges of Adulthood

Definition
Young adult: 19-30 years
 
Middle-aged:31-50 years
 
Older adult: > 50 years
Term

 

 

Nearly ____ adults have a BMI of 30 kg/m2 or greater

Definition

 

 

1/3

Term

 

 

Life expectancy

Definition

 

 

average number of years a person can expect to live

Term

 

 

current life expectancy

Definition

 

 

~78 years

males: 76 years

females: 81 years

Term

 

 

life span

Definition

 

 

maximum number of years a particular species has remained alive

Term

 

 

longevity

Definition

 

 

life expectancy at birth

Term

 

 

trend in population growth

Definition

 

 

elders have increasingly increased more than young people

Term

 

 

trend in U.S. aging population

Definition

 

 

over the years, the percent of the population over 65 has grown and will continue to grow

Term

 

 

A century from now, nearly ____ Americans will be 65 or older.

Definition

 

 

1 of 4

Term

 

 

Georgia is ranked ____ in the highest amount of individuals 65 or older.

Definition

 

 

13th

Term

 

 

Theories of aging

Definition
-body deterioration due to daily wear and tear
-combination of lifestyle, environment, and genetics
-senescence programmed in cells
Term

 

 

What is the main cause of aging?

Definition

 

 

lifestyle

Term

 

 

kcal/day recommendations for older adults

Definition

 

 

women: 1,800 kcal/day

men: 2,400 kcal/day

Term

 

 

At what age should we reduce the amount of calories and why?

Definition

 

 

at age 60 because we do less physical activity

Term

 

 

Why older adults are an "at risk" population

Definition
-food insecurity
-social isolation
-depression
-illness
-multiple medications
-physical changes affect nutrient use
Term

 

 

% illnesses in elders

Definition

 

 

80% diagnosed with chronic

20% diagnosed with depression

Term

 

 

# of meds an average adult takes per day

Definition

 

 

4 meds/day

Term

 

 

What age has the highest functional limitations and why?

 

Definition

 

 

85 year olds (walking, preparing meals, eating)

Term

 

 

Changes in body composition affecting energy and nutrient requirements

Definition
-loss of lean mass
-increase in fat mass
-decrease in energy requirements
Term

 

 

Osteoperosis is more common in males or females?

Definition

 

 

females

Term

 

 

What helps prevent Osteoperosis and other bone disease?

Definition
-Vitamin D
-phosphorus
-magnesium
-calcium
Term

 

 

Daily recommendations for calcium and vitamin D for people > 50 years old

Definition

 

 

calcium:1,200 mg/day

vitamin D: 10 micrograms/day

Term

 

_________ is an alternative to hormone replacement therapy and is structurally similar to estrogen.

 

 

Definition

 

 

isoflavones (soy)

Term

 

 

Atrophic gastritis

Definition

 

declne in number of cells that produce gastric secretions

Term

 

 

Atrophic gastritis decreases bioavailability of:

Definition
-calcium
-iron
-biotin
-folate
-zinc
-Vitamin B12
Term

 

 

New Welfare Reform Law

Definition
-requires able-bodied adults to get a job
-limited support to 3 years in a row with a 5 year maximum
-each state determines how to implement the work requirements
Term

 

 

World hunger: famine, is caused by:

Definition
-crop failure due to bad weather or war
 
-war/political unrest
 
Term

 

 

What area of the world has the largest group of under-nourished people?

Definition

 

 

Africa

Term

 

 

What country in Africa has the largest group of under-nourished people and what percent is it?

Definition

 

 

Congo--75%

Term

 

 

Problems with the developing world

Definition
-extreme imbalances in food and population
-war and political unrest
-rapid depletion of natural resources
-high external debt
-poor infrastructure
Term

 

 

In the developing world, more than _____ billion people live below the poverty line, earning less than ___ per day.

Definition

 

 

more than 1.2 billion people; less than $1 per day

Term

 

 

What is environmental degredation caused by?

Definition

 

 

the impacts of growing numbers of people

Term

 

 

Chronic malnutrition statictics

Definition
-1 in 6 children are born underweight
-2 in 5 children are underweight by age 5
-every year, 1/2 million people die as a result of malnutrition
Term

 

 

The most critical micronutrients missing from people's diets worldwide include:

Definition
-iron
-vitamin A
-iodine
-vitamin B12
Term

 

 

It is estimated that by 2050, ______ infants will be born in the poorest parts of the world.

Definition

 

 

9 out of 10

Term

 

 

Economists estimate that there will be enoug food produced to meet the needs of the increasing population until the year ______.

Definition

 

 

2020

Term

 

 

Ways to reduce under-nutrition in developing countries

Definition

 

Direct Food Aid and

Peace Corps

Term

 

 

Direct Food Aid

Definition
-not a long-term solution
-drive down local food prices
-inappropriate donated foods
-create a dependence on outside sources
Term

 

 

Peace Corps

Definition
-provides education
-distributes food and medical supplies
-create independent, self-sustaining economies
Term

 

 

Ecological Footprint

Definition

 

 

the productive area of earth used to support the lifestyle of one individual

Term

 

 

Ecological Footprints of countries

Definition
North America:12 (highest)
    next closest--Western Europe: 6
Africa: 1 (lowest)
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