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Definition
Essential nutrient 50-75% of body weight 2/3 intercellular 1/3 extracellular
dissolve & transport substances, blood volume, maintain body temp, protect & lubricate tissue |
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Definition
Ions formed when minerals or salts dissolve in water Have positive & negative charge to maintain balance Attract water |
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Definition
positively charged electrolyte ex: sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) |
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Definition
Negatively charged electrolyte ex: chloride (Cl-) |
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Functions of electrolytes |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1-1.5 milliliters per kilocalorie consumed |
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Definition
inorganic elements not changed into something else in the body 2 types: macrominerals and trace minerals |
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Term
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Definition
major minerals > 5g of the mineral found in the body > 100mg consumed per day |
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Definition
body has < 5g of minerals < 100mg per day |
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Term
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Definition
sodium potassium chloride calcium phosphorous magnesium sulfur
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Term
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Definition
Extracellular cation Foods usually provide >Na+ than the body needs processed foods have >Na+ than fresh foods Excess Na+ usually excreted through urine if retained, edema and risk for hypertension If deficiency then muscle cramps |
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Definition
Intracellular cation Abundant in all living cells Fresh foods have more potassium Deficiency: results from excessive losses due to vomiting, diarrhea, prescription drugs (steroids, laxitives, diuretics |
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Definition
extracellular anion Functions: maintains fluid balance helps in digestion part of hydrochloric acid in the stomach food source: table salt |
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Definition
Most abundant mineral in the body Found mainly in bones and teeth Involved in formation of bones and teeth active growth (0-20 years) peak bone mass (20-30 years) bone loss (40+ years, eslecially after menopause) |
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Definition
Cicrulating calcium in body fluids participates in: regulation of muscle contraction blood clotting transmission of nerve impulses secretion of hormones activation of enzyme systems
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Term
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Definition
Calcitonin lowers blood calcium parathyroid hormone raises blood calcium Vitamin D increases calcium absorption Fiber, phytates, oxalates reduce calcium absorption
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Definition
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Definition
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increased by: Vitamin D decreased by: fiber, phytates, oxalates infants and children absorb ~60% of ingested calcium
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Definition
**very common young childern --> Rickets adults --> Osteomalacia (adult Rickets) softening of bones Osteoperosis--reduction in bone mass
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Term
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Definition
milk and dairy products dark leafy vegetables broccoli
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Term
The chief ion used to maintain the volume of fluid outside the cells |
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Definition
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Term
Which characteristic of water is represented by its ability to act as a lubricant? |
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Definition
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Term
What substance is good to consume with a plant food source of iron in order to facilitate iron absorption? |
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Definition
orange juice, meat, fish, and poultry |
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Term
Which trace mineral is an essential component of the hormones produced by the thyroid gland? |
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Definition
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Who absorbs the least amount of calcium? |
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Definition
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The RDA for iron is _______ for women than for men |
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Definition
higher (due to menstruation) |
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No food additives are permanently approved by the FDA. True or False? |
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Definition
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What does not contain B12? |
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Definition
Legumes (B12 is found in animal-based products) |
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Term
Phosphorus plays a critical role in what? |
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Definition
-acts as a buffer to halp maintain acid base balance -it is part of DNA and RNA -phosphorus compounds carry, store, and release energy in the metabolism of energy nutrients |
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Term
Which are sulfer containing amino acids? |
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Definition
methionine cystine threonine alanine is not |
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Term
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Definition
Second most abundant mineral in the body 85% found in bones and teeth 15% found in all body cells |
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Term
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Definition
bone structure components of ATP, DNA, RNA, and phospholipids |
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Definition
meat, milk, eggs processed foods
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Definition
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MAGNESIUM (Mg) (where found) |
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Definition
Over half the body's magnesium is found in bone and muscle |
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Term
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Definition
heart function protects against hypertension and heart disease acts together with Calcium |
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Definition
whole grains vegetables legumes tofu seafood
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Term
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Definition
Found in: amino acids cycteine and methionine protein Keratin (hair) B Vitamins (biotin and thiamine)
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Term
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Definition
Uncommon Similar to protein deficiency
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Term
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Definition
foods rich in natural protein
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Term
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Definition
Iron Zinc Copper Selenium Flouride Manganese Chromium Molybdenum
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Term
Overview of trace minerals |
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Definition
-content in food depends on soil, water, and processing -deficiencies are typically failure to thrive and grow -used in all body systems -toxic at intakes not far above estimated requirements -interactions amond them are common too much of one can lead to dificiencies of others
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Definition
Helps in the transport of oxygen as part of hemoglobin (in red blood cells) myoglobin (in muscle cells) |
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Term
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Definition
Heme--derived from flesh of animals absorbed more easily
Non-heme--both plant and animal sources absorption enhanced by: Vitamin C, MFP, sugars, lactic and citric acids
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Term
Factors inhibiting Iron absorption |
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Definition
phytates and fibers (soy products, whole grain, nuts) calcium and phosphorous in milk EDTA in food additives tannic acid (tea, coffee) |
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Term
Absorption of Iron (amount) |
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Definition
usually 10-15% when needed: 20-35%
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Term
Transport and Storage of Iron |
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Definition
Bone iron stored in bone marrow, spleen and other tissues Excess iron in liver
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Term
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Definition
**most common deficiency worldwide -in U.S., 10% of toddlers, adolescent girls and women of childbearing age iron deficiency: the depletion of iron stores anemia: severe depletion of iron stores with low hemoglobin concentration
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Term
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Definition
hemochromatosis can cause liver damage and infections iron poisoning mainly occurs with children accidentally taking iron leading cause of accidental poisoning in kids
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Definition
involved in growth and wound healing
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Definition
zinc status (if need, absorb more) fiber and phytates limit high zinc intake impairs copper absorbtion high iron intake impairs zinc absorption
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Definition
first reported in Egypt, Iran, and Turkey in the1960s growth retardation, arrested sexual masturbation, impaired immune function, impaired brain function, impaired wound healing especially in pregnant women, children, elderly, poor leads to dwarfism
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Definition
high doses may cause vomiting, headache, diarrhea interfere in copper metabolism can cause copper deficiency
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Term
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Definition
one of body's antioxidents part of antioxident enzyme that works with
Vitamin E to stop oxidation in the body thyroid metabolism immune function
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Term
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Definition
increases subsceptibility to some infections
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Term
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Definition
seafood meat grains Brazil and Cashew nuts
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Term
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Definition
2 forms: Iodine--form in food Iodide--form in body part of the thyroid hormone regulates body temp, growth, and metabolism
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Term
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Definition
rare in the U.S. Goiter enlargement of thyroid gland Cretinism mental and physical retardation occurs in fetuses when pregnant women is deficient
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Term
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Definition
iodized salt seafood ocean mist
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Term
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Definition
serves as a constituent of many antioxident enzymes involved in hemoglobin synthesis iron metabolism involved in collagen synthesis and wound healing
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
legumes whole grains shellfish
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Definition
forms crystal structure of teeth and bones prevents dental cavities
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Term
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Definition
increased risk for tooth decay and cavities
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Term
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Definition
skeletal flurosis the enamel of teeth become dark
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Term
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Definition
best sources is drinking water seafood tea
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Definition
not a nutrient impairs body growth chemically similar to nutrient minerals like iron, calcium, and zinc -displaces them in the body
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Term
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Definition
1 out of 6 young children and 1 out of 9 fetuses are exposed to harmful doses of lead 1.7 million (10-15%) of preschoolers may have toxic blood levels of lead
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Term
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Definition
causes learning disabilities, behavior problems, slow growth, anemia, sleep disturbances, impaired hearing, nervous system disorders in adults, hypertension, reproductive complications, kidney failure
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Term
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Definition
contaminated water old paint dirt imported pottery imported food cans air pollution
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Reasons for Vegetarian diet |
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Definition
ethical environment health concerns social issues
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Term
Health benefits to Vegetarian diet |
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Definition
lowers.... body weight, blood pressure, heart disease, risk for cancer (colon cancer liked to meat consumption)
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Term
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Definition
Vegan Ovo-vegetarian Lacto-vegetarian lacto-ovo-vegetarian pesco-vegetarian
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Term
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Definition
eats no animal derived foods (meat, fish, poultry, eggs, dairy)
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
includes milk and milk products in diet
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Term
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Definition
includes milk, milk products, and eggs in diet
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Term
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Definition
includes fish, dairy, and eggs in diet
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Term
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Definition
calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin D, vitamin B12
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Term
Other vegetarianism problems |
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Definition
-Vitamin B12 is found only animal products -if dont eat Vitamin D fortified foods or receive adequate sunlight, supplementation is reccomended -must plan balanced diet to avoid deficiencies -diet may be high in fat it person favors cheeses, fried foods, butter, cream sauces, sweets -careful attention to caloric intake -needs are higher during pregnancy, lactation, infancy, childhood, and illness
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Term
Cereal grain proteins are low in which amino acid? |
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Definition
lysine (a lower quality protein) |
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Term
legumes are low in which amino acid? |
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Definition
methionine (protein of marginal quality) |
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Term
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Definition
depend upon the amount of nine essential amino acids and how digestible that protein is cereal and legume proteins eaten together improve the "balance" of amino acid supply and mixture of proteins is of better quality
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Term
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Definition
rice and beans peanut butter and wheat toast tofu and stir fried vegetables
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Term
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Definition
-Vegan children tend to be shorter in height and lighter in weight -Vegans need higher RDA intakes of protein and other nutrients -adequate calories may be difficult to achieve -food availability and variety may be limited in certain regions
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Term
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Definition
substances in plants that may help prevent diseases like cancer and heart disease 3,000 different phytochemicals known with possible health benefits some found to lower LDL cholesterol, prevent blood clotting
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Term
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Definition
from nature food that provides a health benefit beyond basic nutrition
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Term
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Definition
from manufacturers processed food supplemented with food ingredients naturally rich in disease preventing substances
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Term
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Definition
byproducts of metabolism capable of causing cells to lose their structure and function, and eventually destroy them connected with the development of 50 diseases including heart disease and cancer
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Term
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Definition
capable of stabilizing or deactivating free radicals before they attack cells
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Term
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Definition
many pigments found in fruits and vegetables are phytochemicals color wheel
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Term
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Definition
lycopene tomatoes, tomato sauce, vegetable juice, tomato soup, watermelon
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Term
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Definition
glucosinolates broccoli, Brussels sprouts, bok choy, cauliflour, cabbage
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Term
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Definition
Lutein spinach, avocado, kale, green beans, green peppers, kiwi, colard green, mustard greens
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Term
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Definition
alpha and beta carotene carrots, pumpkins, squash, mangos, apricots, cantaloupe
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Definition
vitamin C flavanoids oranges, orange juice, tangerines, peaches, lemons, limes, pineapple
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Term
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Definition
ellagic acid grapes, grape juice, cherries, red wine, strawberries, raisins
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Term
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Definition
allyl sulfides garlic, onion, chives
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Term
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Definition
a special phytochemical isoflavanoids and saponins benefits including lower risk for heart disease, osteoperosis, reduced menopause symptoms
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Term
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Definition
soy flours simplest form, can be used in baked goods tofu rich in minerals, excellent source of protein soy milk consumed by dairy sensitive individuals and strict vegans
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Term
4 risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease |
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Definition
1. high blood fats and cholesterol 2. high blood pressure 3. overweight or obesity 4. type II diabetes
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Term
about what percentage of salt we eat comes from processed foods? |
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Definition
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Term
what type of fat is generally found in animal fats like beef fat, poultry skin, and whole milk dairy products? |
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Definition
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Term
Unstable molecules of oxygen that float freely throughout our bodies seeking to rebalance themselves by stealing electrons from healthy cells are called... |
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Definition
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Term
Cruciferous vegetables, which may help protect against colon cancer and stomach cancer, include: |
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Definition
cabbage, broccoli, and cauliflour |
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Term
The recommended daily intake of dietary fiber is ___ grams |
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Definition
25+ grams (we only get about 15.6g average per day) |
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Term
What is the second leading cause of death in developed countries? |
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Definition
cancer (1/3 contributed to diet) |
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Term
What factors contribute to an increased life expectancy during the 19th century? |
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Definition
-basic hygiene -role of antiseptics in good medicine
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Term
common sources of insoluble fiber |
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Definition
cereal (aid in protecting against
whole grains colon cancer)
bran wheat cellulose strawberries potatoes peppers
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Term
In U.S., ______ kills more people than any other cause and accounts for an estimated ____% of all deaths |
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Definition
cardiovascular dieases; 40% |
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Term
1 out of every 4 people in developed countries has______? |
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Definition
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Term
____ is the 7th most leading cause of mortality in industrialized countries |
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Definition
diabetes for every death where diabetes is the primary cause, there are 2 deaths where diabetes is a contributing cause of death |
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Term
Diabetes affects ______ people worldwide; ___ million diagnosed and ___ million suffer from disease withough being aware of it |
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Definition
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Term
What form of diabetes is most common? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Daily Adjusted Life Years measure of influence of disease on populations by calculating years of healthy life lost through poor health of disease |
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Term
Diet or nutritional intake accounts for about __% of DALY |
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Definition
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Term
Tobacco responsible for __% of DALY |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-caused by eating food contaminated by living cells of bacteria or viruses -Salmonella, Campylobacter jejuni (bacteria) -Noroviruses, Hepatitis A (viruses) |
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Term
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Definition
-caused by eating foods containing pre-formed bacterial toxins -Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium botulinum (bacteria that produce toxins) -plant poisonings -metal or other chemical poisonings
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Term
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Definition
-a disease that is carried to people by food -most caused by microorganisms: bacteria, viruses, or parasites -viruses (Noroviruses) are the most common cause of foorborne illness in the U.S.
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Term
Potentially Hazardous Foods (PHF) |
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Definition
foods that support the growth of microorganisms moist, high protein, low acid if handled improperly, any food can be hazardous
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Biological Hazards in foods |
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Definition
-fish toxins -poisonous plant parts (ex: rhubarb leaves) -poisonous mushrooms
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Term
Chemical hazards in foods |
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Definition
-toxic metals (copper, zinc, lead) -unintentional pesticides and cleaning solutions |
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Term
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Definition
40-140 degrees range where bacteria can multiply rapidly |
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Term
To keep food safe from bacteria, one should: |
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Definition
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Term
How long should washing hands should take? |
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Definition
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Term
Environmental Contaminants |
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Definition
methylmercury 1953 Japan Minamata disease blindness, deafness, loss of coordination, death 1960--121 cases seen in infants whose mothers ate fish bay was contaminated with methylmercury
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Term
Other Environmental Contaminants |
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Definition
PBB 1973--1,000 lbs of PBB accidentally mixed into livestock feed and shipped throughout Michigan 97% of population consumed it nervous system and liver problems
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Term
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Definition
-poisonous mushrooms -cabbage, turnips, mustard greens, radishes: contain goitrogens (enlarge thyroid gland if eaten alot) -lima beans, fruit seeds: contains cyanogens (i.e. cyanide) "laetrile" -potatoes contain solanine--toxic in large amounts "green potatoes"
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