Term
| many fat soluble vitamin require _______ carrier for transport |
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Definition
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Term
| fat soluble vitamins require ____ for absorption |
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Definition
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Term
| goes by names such as retinol, retinal, retinoic acid |
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Definition
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Term
| first fat soluble vitamin to be discovered |
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Definition
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Term
1. promotes vision
2. promotes cell division
3. reproduction
4. antioxidant
5. supports the immune system
6. promotes growth |
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Definition
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Term
| slow recovery of vision after flashes of bright light at night; "buta ayam" |
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Definition
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Term
| permanent softening of cornea |
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Definition
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Term
| leads to night blindness, blindness, keratinization of surfaces, cessation of growth, and deficient immune system |
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Definition
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Term
| upper intake limit of vitamin A for adults is _____ug/day and for children ______ug/day |
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Definition
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Term
| can lead to birth defects, liver failure, and fractures |
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Definition
| vitamin A toxicity/too much vitamin A |
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Term
| found in animal food like liver, milk, and eggs |
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Definition
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Term
| primarily found in plant food; dark green and deep orange fruits and vegetables; spinach, sweet potatoes, carrots |
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Definition
| precursor to vitamin A (ex. beta carotene) |
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Term
| also known as cholecalciferol; synthesized in the body by sunlight |
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Definition
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Term
| vitamin D is synthesized in the body by _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| vitamin D is actually a ________ |
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Definition
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Term
promotes blood levels of calcium in body by:
1. increasing calcium absorption from GI tract
2. increasing calcium retention from kidneys
3. increasing calcium withdrawal from bones |
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Definition
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Term
| symptoms similar to those for calcium deficiency (osteoporosis); rickets in children; osteomalacia in adults |
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Definition
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Term
| most likely vitamin to become toxis; excess blood calcium can form stones; hardening of the arteries, heart, and other soft tissues due to calcification; renal damage |
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Definition
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Term
sources of this vitamin include:
1.exposure to sunligh
2. animal-based foods like fortified milk, egg yolk, liver, fatty fish |
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Definition
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Term
| chemical name is alpha-tocoherol ("to bring forth offspring"); antioxidant; promotes immune function by protecting white and red blood cells |
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Definition
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Term
| rare in humans; can lead to erythrocyte hemolysis (breaking open of red blood cells) as seen in premature babies, and neuromuscular dysfunction (in spinal cord and eyes) |
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Definition
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Term
| very high doses may interfere with blood clotting; not very common |
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Definition
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Term
| rich sources for this vitamin come from vegetable oils/veg. oil products, fruits, vegetables |
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Definition
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Term
| acts primarily in blood clotting; participates in synthesis of bone proteins that bind minerals (ex. calcium) |
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Definition
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Term
| bacteria in the GI tract can cynthesize this vitamin, but not sufficient source; once synthesized, this vitamin is absorbed and stored in liver; 1/2 of total need comes from bacteria and 1/2 from food |
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Definition
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Term
| newborn infants have serile GI tract, so single dose of this vitamin is given at birth |
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Definition
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Term
| not common, but can occur with supplements; can cause jaundice, brain damage, red blood cell hemolysis, and reduced effectiveness of anticoagulant drugs |
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Definition
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Term
| rich sources for this vitamin include GI bacteria, liver, leafy green vegetables, cabbage, banana, avocado, garbanzo bean, shrimp |
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Definition
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Term
| absorbed directly into the blood; travel freely; freely circulate in water-filled parts of the body; kidneys detect and remove excess urine; possible to reach toxic levels when consumed from supplements; needed in frequent doses (perhaps 1-3 days) |
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Definition
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Term
| vitamins B and C are this type |
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Definition
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Term
| absorbed first into the lymph, then in the blood; many require protein carries; trapped in the cells associated with fat; less readily excreted tend; tend to remain in fat storage sites; likely to reach toxic levels when consumed from supplements; needed in periodic doses (perhaps weeks or even months) |
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Definition
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Term
| vitamins A, D, E, and K are this type |
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Definition
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Term
| energy intake - energy expenditure = ____________ |
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Definition
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Term
positive energy balance = _____ weight
negative energy balance = _____ weight |
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Definition
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Term
| energy for basic body functions, basal metabolism rate; affected by body size, composition, age, gender |
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Definition
resting energy expenditure (REE)
60-65% |
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Term
| highly variable component of energy expenditure; affected by body size, fitness level, and type of activity |
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Definition
| physical activity (25-35%) |
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Term
| energy to digest, absorb, further process food nutrients |
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Definition
thermic effect of food (TEF)
(5-10%) |
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Term
| nonvoluntary physical activity triggered by overeating or cold environment; fidgeting, shivering, maintenance of muscle tone, posture |
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Definition
| nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) |
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Term
| measure heat output from the body using an insulated chamber; expensive and complex |
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Definition
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Term
| measures the amount of oxygen a person usus; relationship exists b/n body's use of energy and oxygen |
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Definition
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Term
| phsyiological (internal) ddrive to eat; controlled by internal body |
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Definition
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Term
| psychological drive to eat; often in the absence of hunger |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| in small intestine; elicit feeling of satiety; communicate w/ brain via nerves; inform brain of the presence of nutrients in small intestine |
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Definition
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Term
| recommended body fat levels for males = ____%; females = ____% |
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Definition
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Term
| a collection of health risks that increase your chance of developing heart disease, stroke, and diabetes |
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Definition
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Term
| obesity increases number and size of fat cells |
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Definition
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Term
| the body tends to maintain a certain weight by means of internal control |
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Definition
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Term
| provides protection from starvation |
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Definition
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Term
| a defect in this gene causes you to eat past the set point |
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Definition
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Term
| a defect in this gene causes defective leptin receptors |
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Definition
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Term
| also known as vitamin B1; most converted to TPP; TPP promote the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA |
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Definition
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Term
| alcoholics and elderly are most at risk for _______ deficiency |
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Definition
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Term
| involved in numerous reactions of intermediary metabolism; helps enzymes facilitate realease of energy from nutrients |
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Definition
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Term
| growing infants, children, and pregnant women have high _________ needs |
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Definition
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Term
| consists of nicotinic acid and nicotinamide; can be eaten pre-formed or made in the body from the amino acid tryptophan; active coenzyme forms are NAD and NADP |
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Definition
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Term
| symptoms of this deficiency are diarrhea, dermatitis, and even death; seen in low-protein diets which center around corn |
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Definition
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Term
| large doses have a drug-like effect on the nervous system, blood lipids and blood glucose; symptoms include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, dissiness, painful flush/rash, low BP |
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Definition
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Term
| sulfur-containing vitamin; plays impt role in metabolism as a coenzyme that carries CO2; critical to the TCA cycle |
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Definition
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Term
| symptoms include depression, muscle pain, anorexia, hair loss, and hallucinations |
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Definition
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Term
| people with GI disorders and that eat raw eggs are most at risk for this deficiency |
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Definition
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Term
| involved in more than 100 steps in synthesis of lipids, neurotransmitters, steroid hormones, and hemoglobin; active form is part of coenzyme A; used in energy metabolism |
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Definition
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Term
| RDA for pantothenic acid is ____mg/day |
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Definition
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Term
| deficiency very rare; symptoms involve general failure of all the body's systems |
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Definition
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Term
| rich sources are found in foods like meats, fish, and poultry; can be destroyed by heat |
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Definition
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Term
| family of three compounds (pyridoxal, pyridoxine, and pyridoxamine); primary active coenzyme form is PLP |
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Definition
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Term
| PLP is active in _________ metabolism because it can transfer _______ groups |
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Definition
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Term
| PLP helps convert ________ to ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| the requirement of vitamin B6 is related to ____________ |
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Definition
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Term
| this deficiency is rare in the US; the elderly, alcoholics, people on drug therapy, and breastfed infants with low amounts of this vitamin are at risk |
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Definition
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Term
| found in meat, fish, poultry, vegetables; heating, canning, milling of wheat, and freezing increase loss from food |
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Definition
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Term
| aka folic acid, folacin, of PGA; coenzyme forms are DHF and THF; helps synthesize DNA; requires vitamin B12; vitamin C protects folate from oxidative destruction; may reduce risk of cardiovascular disease, colon cancer, and Alzheimer's disease |
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Definition
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Term
DRI for folate
all individuals = _____ug/day
during pregnancy = _____ug/day |
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Definition
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Term
| this deficiency leads to impaired cell division and protein synthesis, anemia characterized by large, immature blood cells, decrease in DNA synthesis |
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Definition
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Term
| folate deficiency; high steroid levels; closes at 28 days of gestation; paralysis of the lower limbs |
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Definition
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Term
| rich sources of this include mushrooms, green vegetables, raw foods |
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Definition
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Term
| deficiency leads to pernicious anemia, inadequate absorption; occurs during vegetarian diets; neuropathy |
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Definition
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Term
| rich sources - only found in animal products; in stomach, pepsin releases this from food |
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Definition
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Term
| 7-15% of elderly have this deficiency; vegetarians/vegans at risk |
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Definition
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Term
functions:
1.antioxidant activity - reacts with free radicals
2. collagen synthese
3. cold prevention
4. cancer prevention |
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Definition
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Term
| RDA for vitamin C = ___mg/day; increased need for ascorbate in smokers (100 mg/day) |
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Definition
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Term
| deficiency can lead to scurvy; symptoms include bleeding gums, easy bruising, impaired wound and fracture healing, joint pain, loose/decaying teeth; rare in US; at risk=alcoholics, poor diets, diabetes mellitus |
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Definition
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Term
| symptoms include nausea, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea; interferes with medications; chronic large dosages may be unsafe for people unable to regulate intestinal iron absorption |
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Definition
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