Term
| The forms of vitamin K synthesized by bacteria and found in animals |
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Definition
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Term
| A term used generally to describe the process of adding nutrients to foods, such as the addition of vitamin D to milk |
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Definition
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Term
| General terms for the many forms of this vitamin. The majority of this naturally found in foods is in the polyglutamate form, which contains a string of glutamate molecules that must be removed before it can be absorbed |
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Definition
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Term
| When the quantity of acohol consumed exceeds the individuals tolerance for alcohol and impairs mental and physical abilities |
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Definition
Alcohol intoxication or alcohol poisoning
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Term
| softening or drying and ulceration of the cornea resulting from Vitamin A deficiency |
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Definition
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Term
| a compound that can be converted into the active form of a vitamin in the body |
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Definition
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Term
| The disease resulting from a deficiency of thiamin |
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Definition
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Term
| The active coenzyme forms of niacin that are able to pick up and donate hydrogens and electrons. They are important to the transfer of electrons to oxygen in cellular respiration and in many synthetic reactions. |
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Definition
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
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Term
| The active coenzyme form of thiamin. It is the predominant form found inside cells where it aids reactions in which a carbon containing group is lost as CO2. |
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Definition
Thiamin Pyrophosphate
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Term
| A vitamin D deficiency in adults characterized by a loss of minerals from bones. It causes bone pains, muscle aches, and an increase in bone fractures. |
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Definition
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Term
| A hard protein that makes up hair and nails |
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Definition
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Term
| The chemical term for vitamin B12 |
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Definition
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Term
| The accumulation of fat in the liver |
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Definition
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Term
| The monoglutamate form of folate, which is present in the diet in fortified foods and substances. |
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Definition
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Term
| A birth defect resulting from the incorrect develolpment of the spinal cord that can leave the spinal cord exposed |
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Definition
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Term
| A general term that refers to how well a nutrient can be absorbed and used by the body |
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Definition
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Term
| A vitamin D deficiency disease in children that is characterized by poor bone development because of inadequate calcium absorption |
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Definition
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Term
| The chemical name for vitamin D3. It can be formed in the skin of animals by the action of sunlight on a form of cholesterol called 7-dehydrocholesterol |
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Definition
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Term
| The vitamin C deficiency disease |
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Definition
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Term
| The chemical forms of preformed Vitamin A: retinol, retinal, retinoic acid |
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Definition
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Term
| Larger than normal, mature red blood cells that have a shortened life span |
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Definition
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Term
| Organic compounds needed in the diet in small amounts to promote and regulate the chemical reactions and processes needed for growth, reproduction, and maintenance of health. |
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Definition
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Term
| An enzyme found primarily in the liver and stomach that helps break down alcohol into acetaldehyde, which is then converted into acetyl-CoA |
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Definition
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Term
| Abnormalities in the brain or spinal cord that result from errors that occur during prenatal development |
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Definition
Neural tube defects
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Term
| A substance in food that significantly decreases the adverse effects of reactive species on normal physiological function in humans |
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Definition
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Term
| A condition in which cartenoids accumulate in the adapose tissue, causing the skin to appear yellow orange. |
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Definition
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Term
| A hormone released by the parathyroid gland that acts to increase blood calcium levels |
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Definition
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Term
| The chemical term for vitamin C |
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Definition
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Term
| A liver enzyme system located in microsomes that converts alcohol to acetaldehyde. Activity increases with increases in alcohol consumption |
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Definition
| Microsomal ethanol-oxiding system |
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Term
| Chronic liver disease characterized by the loss of functioning liver cells and the accumulation of fibrous connective tissue |
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Definition
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Term
| One type of highly reactive molecule that causes oxidative damage |
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Definition
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Term
| Vitamins that dissolve in fat |
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Definition
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Term
| A substance that promotes oxidative damage |
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Definition
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Term
| A form of thiamin deficiency associated with alcohol abuse that is characterized by mental confusion, disorientation, loss of memory, and a staggering gait |
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Definition
Wernicke-Kosakoff syndrome
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Term
| An inflammation of the stomach lining. It causes a reduction in stomach acid and allows bacterial overgrowth |
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Definition
Atrophic Gastritis
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Term
| An anemia resulting from vitamin B12 deficiency that occurs when dietary vitamin B12 cannot be absorbed due to a lack of intrinsic factor. If not treated with vitamin B12 injections or large oral doses, the condition will result in nerve damage. |
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Definition
Pernicious anemia
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Term
| Small non protein organic molecules that act as carriers of electrons or atoms in metabolic reactions and are necessary for the proper functioning of many enzymes |
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Definition
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Term
| Vitamins that dissolve in water |
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Definition
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Term
| A carotenoid that has more provitamin A activity than other cartenoids. It also acts as an antioxidant. |
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Definition
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Term
| Anemia that results when red blood cells break open |
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Definition
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Term
| The inability of the eye to adapt to reduced light causing poor vision in dim light |
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Definition
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Term
| The only form of tocopherol that provides vitamin E activity in humans |
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Definition
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Term
| A condition in which there are abnormally large immature and mature red blood cells in the bloodstream and a reduction in the total number of red blood cells and the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood |
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Definition
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Term
| The condition resulting from a deficiency in riboflavin |
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Definition
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Term
| Inflammation of the liver caused by alcohol consumption |
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Definition
Alcoholic Hepatitis
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Term
| A chronic disorder characterized by dependence on alcohol and development of withdrawal symptoms when alcohol intake is reduced |
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Definition
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Term
| A birth defect due to failure of the neural tube to close that results in the absence of a major portion of the brain skull or scalp |
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Definition
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Term
| A substance that is able to neutralize reactive oxygen molecules and thereby reduce oxidative damage. |
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Definition
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Term
| When five or more drinks are consumed in a row on a single occasion |
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Definition
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Term
| Natural pigments synthesized by plants and Many microorganisms. They give yellow and red-orange fruits and vegetables their color |
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Definition
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Term
| Structural and functional changes that cause cells to mature into specialized cells |
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Definition
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Term
| The process of blood clotting |
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Definition
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Term
| The major protein in connective tissue |
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Definition
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Term
| The unit used to express the amount of folate present in food. 1 DFE is equivalent to 1 microgram of synthetic folic acid from fortified food or supplements consumed with food, or 0.5 micrograms of synthetic folic acid consumed on an empty stomach |
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Definition
| Dietary folate equivalents |
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Term
| Refers to a food that has had nutrients added to restore those lost in processing to a level equal to or higher than originally present. It is a type of fortication that is typically used to refer to refined grain products. |
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Definition
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Term
| The type of alcohol in alcoholic beverages. It is produced by yeast fermentation of sugar. |
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Definition
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Term
| The active coenzyme forms of riboflavin. The structure of these molecules allows them to pick up and donate hydrogens and electrons in chemical reactions. |
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Definition
| Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide |
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Term
| A protein produced in the stomach that is needed for the absorption of adequate amounts of vitamin B12. |
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Definition
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Term
| Molecules with the same molecular formula but a different arrangement of atoms. |
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Definition
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Term
| Large, immature red blood cells that are formed when developing red blood cells are unable to divide normally. |
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Definition
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Term
| The measure used to express the amount of niacin present in food, including that which can be made from its precursor, tryptophan. One of them is equal to one mg of niacin or 60 mg of tryptophan. |
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Definition
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Term
| Damage caused by highly reactive oxygen molecules that steal electrons from other compounds, causing changes in structure and function |
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Definition
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Term
| A condition that occurs when there are more reactive oxygen molecules than can be neutralized by available antioxidant defenses. It occurs either because of excessive amounts of reactive oxygen molecules are generated or because antioxidant defenses are deficient. |
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Definition
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Term
| A hormone released by the parathyroid gland that acts to increase blood calcium levels |
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Definition
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Term
| Large cells in the stomach lining that produce and secrete intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid. |
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Definition
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Term
| A disease resulting from a deficiency of niacin |
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Definition
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Term
| The form of vitamin K found in plants |
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Definition
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Term
| A blood protein required for blood clotting |
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Definition
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Term
| A substance that promotes oxidative damage |
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Definition
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Term
| The major coenzyme form of B6 that functions in more than 100 enzymatic reactions, many of which involve amino acid metabolism |
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Definition
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Term
| The chemical term for vitamin B6 |
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Definition
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Term
| The amount of retinol, beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, or beta-cryptoxanthin that provides vitamin A activity equal to one micro gram of retinol. |
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Definition
| Retinol Activity Equivelants |
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Term
| A protein that is necessary to transport vitamin A from the liver to other tissues |
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Definition
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Term
| A light sensitive compound found in the retina of the eye that is composed of the protein opsin loosely bound to retinal. |
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Definition
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Term
| The chemical name for vitamin E |
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Definition
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Term
| A spectrum of eye conditions resulting from vitamin A deficiency that may lead to blindness. An early symptom is night blindness, and as deficiency worsens, lack of mucus leaves the eye dry and vulnerable to cracking and infection. |
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Definition
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