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FOIs
FOIs for CFI
111
Aviation
Advanced
07/20/2022

Additional Aviation Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Human Behavior
Definition
1) How and why humans act the way they do
2) Result of attempts to satisfy human needs
Term
Motivation
Definition
The reason one acts and behaves a certain way and what lies at the heart of their goals
Term
Examples of Student Flying Motivations
Definition
Financial gain, self-concept, personal gain, public recognition
Term
How can a CFI keep motivation high?
Definition
1) Practice positive feedback
2) Point out progress through ACS/syllabus
3) Remind student of their own motivation for flying
Term
Maslow's Hierarcy of Needs
Definition
(PS-BECAS)
Physiological - need food and water
Security - need to feel safe
Belonging - need to feel like they are part of a community
Esteem - need to feel confident in themselves and respect from others
Cognitive - need to understand what is going on around you
Aesthetic - positive emotions brought must be brought forth by flying
Self-Actualization - need to do what you're born to do
Term
What are defense mechanisms?
Definition
Subconscious ego-protecting reactions to unpleasant situations, which help an individual cope with reality and alleviate feelings of failure and guilt.
Term
Name the Defense Mechanisms
Definition
(DR FDR CPR)
Denial - refusal to accept external reality because it is too threatening (i.e. student denies leaving bottle under rudder pedal)

Repression - places uncomfortable thoughts in inaccessible areas of the unconscious mind (i.e. fear of flying)

Fantasy - daydreaming about how things could be and not how they are

Displacement - unconscious shift of emotion from original object to a more suitable substitute (i.e. anger toward boss taken out at home)

Rationalization - justifying actions that otherwise would be unacceptable (i.e. failed checkride because DPE schedule)

Compensation - counterbalancing weakness by emphasizing a strength

Projection - placing unacceptable impulses onto someone else (i.e. failed checkride because of unfair DPE)

Reaction Formation - fakes a belief opposite to what they really feel (i.e. student pretends to enjoy stalls but is really afraid of them, making the fear harder to overcome)
Term
Student Emotional Reactions to Learning
Definition
Impatience
Worry
Lack of Interest
Apathy due to inadequate instruction
physical discomfort, illness, fatigue, dehydration
Anxiety and Stress
Term
What can a CFI do if a learner is impatient?
Definition
Present learning sequentially, clearly stating goals
Tailor learning to pace of student learning
Term
What can a CFI do if a learner is worried?
Definition
Divert attention away from worries and focus on the task at hand
Term
What can a CFI do if a learner has a lack of interest?
Definition
Remind them of their flying goals
Term
What can a CFI do if a learner feels apathy toward instruction?
Definition
Develop well-planned, appropriate lesson plans
Dress presentable, be knowledgable, and be timely
Term
What is anxiety?
Definition
Feel of worry, unease, or nervousness that is typical of something that has an uncertain outcome.
Term
What can a CFI do if a learner is anxious?
Definition
Remind them of their flying goals, teach them to cope with these fears - treat it as a normal reaction and introduce maneuvers with care
Term
What is a normal reaction to stress?
Definition
Responding rapidly and exactly within limits of training. Many responses are automatic. Thinks rationally and is extremely sensitive to surroundings
Term
What is an abnormal reaction to stress?
Definition
Response is completely absent or incomplete, may be random or illogical
Term
Three elements of communication
Definition
Source - speaker, writer, instructor
Symbols - words, signs
Receiver - listener, reader, learner
Term
Three characteristics that an instructor should understand about their learner before effective communication can take place
Definition
Abilities
Attitudes
Experiences
Term
Barriers to Effective Communication
Definition
COIL
Confusion Between Symbol and Symbolized Object (i.e. when I explain the "aircraft" in FBO before discovery flight, learner should be thinking of a jet)

Overuse of Abstractions

Interference & External Factors (i.e. noise levels, learner physiological needs not met, etc.)


Lack of Common Experience
Term
How can instructors develop their instructional communication skills?
Definition
LIQIR
Listening

Instructional Communication (use past experiences to illustrate a point)

Questioning (focused, open-ended are encouraged)

Instructional Enhancement (more credibility and confidence for the CFI, a good pilot is always learning)

Role Playing
Term
Techniques for Listening
Definition
not interrupting or judging
thinking before answering
do not rehearse answers while
looking for non-verbal behavior
Term
Define Learning Theory
Definition
Body of principles to explain how people acquire skills, knowledge, and attitudes.
Term
How can you tell if a student has "learned" what you have taught?
Definition
Learning is a change in behavior as a result of experience. If behavior has not changed, the student has not learned.
Term
Two concepts for how people learn
Definition
Behaviorism: human behavior is conditioned by the events in the environment (stimuli) with the carrot-and-stick approach

Cognitive Theory: what is going on inside the mind, more focused on the process of thinking than the stimulus and response
Term
What is perception?
Definition
When people give meaning to sensations (from the 5 senses). When more than 1 sense is used, perception is stronger.

i.e. on landing, see sight picture, feel yoke, hear stall horn
Term
Factors affecting perception
Definition
G-STEP

Goals & Values - things that are more highly valued by the individual student are pursued

Self-Concept - favorable self-image makes the learner more receptive to experiences (if you don't think you can do it, you won't be able to)

Time & Opportunity - 1 landing in a lesson about landings isn't enough. 25 landings is too many.

Element of Threat - student will only focus on threat and not on learning perceptions (focused on altimeter during steep turns)

Physical Organism - ability to use 5 senses
Term
What is insight?
Definition
Grouping perceptions into meaningful wholes

First we see throttle increases RPM, and then we see speed increases RPM. Pointing out these related factors to foster insights in the CFI's responsbility
Term
How can an instructor foster insight?
Definition
-Point out relationships as to how each piece of training relates to another

-Provide secure, non-threatening environment

-Help student acquire and maintain favorable self-image
Term
How does a student acquire knowledge?
Definition
MUA

Memorization
Understanding
Application
Term
Laws of Learning
Definition
REEPIR

Readiness: students learn when they are prepared (chair-flying)

Exercise: connections are strengthened with practice (1 lesson every other week isn't enough)

Effect: behaviors that lead to satisfying outcomes will be repeated

Primacy: the first thing you learn is hard to undo, practice makes permanent

Intensity: a vivid, exciting, or dramatic learning experience is more impactful

Recency: things most recently taught are best remembered
Term
Three Domains of Learning
Definition
CAP

Cognitive: learning associated with mental activity, includes Bloom's Taxonomy

Affective: learning associated with a person's attitudes, beliefs, and values

Psychomotor: learning associated with skill-based, physical movement
Term
Four Levels of Learning
Definition
RUAC

Rote
Understanding
Application
Correlation
Term
Six Major Levels of Cognitive Domain
Definition
Knowledge
Comprehension
Application
Analysis - breaking down a whole into component parts
Synthesis - putting parts together to form a new, integrated whole
Evaluation - making judgments about the merits of ideas, phenomena
Term
Five Levels of Affective Domain
Definition
AR VOI

Awareness - open to learning, willing to listen
Response - active participation
Value - accepts the value of the training
Organizing - rearranges value system to bring in training
Integration - incorporates training into their life
Term
Four Instructional Levels of Psychomotor Domain
Definition
OIPH

Observation - student observes instructor
Imitation - student tries to imitate instructor action
Practice - multiple attempts
Habit - student can perform action in twice the time as an expert
Term
Four Characteristics of Learning
Definition
PEMA

Purposeful - each student is unique so CFI must relate training to the individual's goals

Result of Experience

Multi-faceted - cognitive, affective, and psychomotor are all taking place at once

Active - "babies are like sponges" adults are not. They must react and respond to learning for it to set in
Term
What are the three stages of acquiring skill knowledge?
Definition
Cognitive: factual knowledge of memorized steps
Associate: practicing stage, building insight
Automatic-Response: less attention is needed to do task
Term
Why might a student reach a learning plateau?
Definition
1) Reached capability of learning
2) Interest has waned
3) Insights aren't being formed
Term
How can a CFI help a student overcome a learning plateau?
Definition
Tell student it is normal
Change our teaching style or move to different place in curriculum
Do not over practice through a plateau
Term
Three different types of practice
Definition
Deliberate - aimed at a particular goal
Blocked - practicing same drill over and over
Random - mixing up the skills to be acquired through SBT
Term
What elements does a good SBT scenario have?
Definition
1) has clear objectives
2) tailed to needs of learner
3) capitalizes on nuances of local environment
Term
Characteristics of a good SBT scenario?
Definition
- Is not a test
- Not 1 single correct answer
- Not an obvious answer
- Interactive
- Provides opportunities for decision-making
Term
Describe the 2 kinds of errors
Definition
Slips: Person plans to do one thing but does something else (plans to land RW18 but gets downwind RW36)

Mistakes: Person plans to do the wrong thing and is successful, normally because of gaps of misconceptions
Term
What are some strategies for reducing errors?
Definition
LT CARR
Learning and Practice - learn from past errors
Taking your Time - be deliberate
Checking for Errors - periodically
Awareness - of situations where errors could be prevelant
Reminders - checklist, heading bug, timer
Routine - development of one
Term
Define memory
Definition
Ability for people to encode, store, and retrieve information
Term
What are the three types of memory
Definition
Sensory - unconsciously receive input from our 5 senses
STM - sensory information that we can recall for the next 30 seconds, where it either fades or is sent to LTM
LTM - where knowledge is stored for future use
Term
The ability to retrieve knowledge from memory depends on what two things?
Definition
Frequency & Recency
Term
What are the reasons people forget?
Definition
RIDS

Retrieval Failure - tip-of-the-tongue, information is jumbled or confused with other topics

Interference - new experience overshadows old

Disuse - "use it or lose it"

Suppression or Repression - memory is pushed out of reach because individual does not want to remember it
Term
What 5 principles facilitate the retention of learning or remembering?
Definition
PRASM

Praise stimulates learning
Recall is promoted by Association
Attitudes aid retention
Senses (using more of them)
Meaningful repetition
Term
What is the transfer of learning?
Definition
ability to apply knowledge or procedures in one context to a new context
Term
What is positive and negative transfer?
Definition
Positive transfer: past knowledge supports new learning (i.e. flying rectangular course aids traffic pattern)

Negative transfer: past knowledge confuses or distracts from new learning (i.e. learning to fly rotorcraft from airplane)
Term
What are the four teaching skills that are essential to being an effective instructor?
Definition
MAPS

Management Skills: plan, organize, lead, supervise
Assessment Skills: measure change in behavior of student
People Skills: relate well to people, good listener
SME: credentialed
Term
Describe the necessary steps for planning a lesson.
Definition
Determine objective
Research subject
Determine instruction method and learning format
Determine how to organize the lesson
Assembly training aids
Create outline
Term
What elements should every lesson plan contain?
Definition
OEEISC

Objectives
Elements
Equipment
Instructor Actions
Student Actions
Completion Standards
Term
Why do we use lesson plans?
Definition
Selection of material
Due consideration to each part of lesson
Suitable sequence
Provides an outline
Helps relate lesson to overall course
Helps inexperienced instructor
Promotes uniformity in instruction
Term
How is a lesson plan organized?
Definition
Introduction
Development
Conclusion
Term
What is contained in the introduction to a lesson?
Definition
AMO

Attention
Motivation
Overview
Term
What are some strategies for organizing the Development part of the lesson?
Definition
Past-to-Present: navigation systems
Simple-to-Complex: forces of flight --> effect of aft CG
Known-to-Unknown: iPhone GPS --> GTN650
Most Used to Least Used: Attitude indicator first, glide slope last
Term
What are two types of training objectives used in aviation training?
Definition
Performance-based: measurable (+/- 100 ft, +/- 10 kts)
Decision-based: SBT to emphasize ADM
Term
What are several common teaching methods an instructor can use to present instructional material?
Definition
Lecture
Discussion
Guided discussion
Problem-based learning
E-Learning
Cooperative or Group learning
Demonstration-performance
Drill and Practice
Term
Describe the lecture method of teaching.
Definition
CFI presents to group of students with the use of instructional aids. Good for presenting new ideas and promoting a general understanding, bad for individual feedback or higher levels of learning.
Term
Explain the guided discussion method of teaching.
Definition
Instructor maintains control of a discussion and builds on the knowledge that the student already has. CFI and student should be prepared ahead of time to make it beneficial.
Term
Explain the demonstration-performance method of teaching.
Definition
Students observe a skill and then try to reproduce it.
Term
Five essential phases of Demonstration-Performance method of teaching.
Definition
Explanation
Demonstration
Student Performance
Instructor Supervision (happening at the same time as student performance)
Evaluation
Term
Telling-and-Doing technique of flight instruction
Definition
Instructor Tells - Instruction Does
Student Tells - Instruction Does
Student Tells - Student Does
Instruction Evaluates - Student Does
Term
Describe the Drill-and-Practice method of teaching
Definition
Connections are strengthened with practiced - promotes learning through repetition.
Term
Describe the problem-based approach to teaching.
Definition
presents lessons that encounter real-world problems, which forces real world solutions
Term
Three types of problem-based instruction
Definition
SBT
Collaborative problem-solving
Case Study
Term
What is an instructional aid?
Definition
device that assists an instructor in the teaching process. Not self-supporting, they support or reinforce what is already being taught
Term
Why are instructional aids useful in helping students learn?
Definition
Gain and hold attention of students
Increase knowledge retention
Clarify relationships/build insights
Term
What is assessment in the CFI/student relationship?
Definition
Continual evaluation of a student's performance and offer of formal or informal guidance, suggestions, and positive reinforcement
Term
What is the purpose of an assessment?
Definition
Identify student deficiencies

Provide feedback to give CFI and student an understanding of progress

Provide customized/personalized instruction

Promote ADM by having a student self-reflect
Term
What are the general characteristics of an effective assessment?
Definition
COOL FACTS

Constructive - praise the positive, offer hope for the negative

Objective

Organized

Legible - said or spoken clearly

Flexible - accounting for all variables

Acceptable - students do not like negative feedback, so CFI must present such that the student accepts the feedback

Comprehensive - covers everything, emphasizes appropriately

Thoughtful - maintain learner self-esteem and approval

Specific - "2nd landing was better" is not specific enough
Term
What are the two broad categories of assessment?
Definition
Traditional - written testing (rote and understanding)
Authentic - real-world tasks and meaningful application of skills (application and correlation)
Term
What six qualities does a good written assessment have?
Definition
DR COVU

Discrimination - lets you discern between learners or understanding levels (not just scores of 0 or 100)

Reliable - consistent with repeated uses

Comprehensiveness - covers what it's supposed to

Objectivity - unlike an essay

Validity - measures what its supposed to measure

Usability - legible, time-reasonable
Term
What are the 4Rs of authentic assessment that a CFI can use to promote student insight?
Definition
Replay [the flight]
Reconstruct [what coulda, woulda, shoulda]
Reflect [How would you assess yourself today?]
Redirect [learning today to past learning]
Term
Characteristics of Effective Questions
Definition
AB CAP

Apply to the subject of instruction

Brief and concise

Center on one idea

Adapted to student ability

Present a challenge
Term
Types of questions to avoid in an oral assessment.
Definition
"Do you understand?"
"Do you have any questions?"

POTBIT

Puzzle (too many subparts)

Oversize (not brief and concise)

Toss-Up (should not confuse student)

Bewilderment (not clear and concise)

Irrelevant (not adapted to student)

Trick (brings out combativeness)
Term
Describe the characteristics of an effective critique
Definition
Considers good, bad and overall performance. Reinforces good, redirects bad, is provided IMMEDIATELY after student action.
Term
Name several useful methods for critique of a student's performance
Definition
Instructors/student critique
Student-lead critique
Small group critique
Individual student critique by another student
Self-critique
Written critique
Term
What are the five main responsibilities of the flight instructor with regards to the learning process?
Definition
HEMPS

Helping students learn - make it interesting and enjoyable

Emphasizing the positive

Minimizing student frustration - GMA BACK

Providing appropriate instruction - tailored to student

Standards of performance - train to ACS/PTS standards
Term
What can a flight instructor do to minimize student frustration?
Definition
GMA BACK

Give credit when due [and not just anytime]

Motivate learners [provide benefits and purpose of lesson]

Admit errors [you will lose respect if you bluff]

Be consistent [standards do not change]

Approach students as individuals [tailor lessons]

Criticize constructively [be specific so they know where improvement is needed]

Keep students informed [of progress]
Term
When should application of ACS standards be introduced in flight training?
Definition
Later in training as the checkride approaches - the ACS is a testing document not a teaching document
Term
Characteristics of Professionalism when teaching a student
Definition
DAPPS

Demeanor [be calm, thoughtful, and predictable]

Acceptance of Learner [of their faults and problems]

Personal Appearance

Proper Language

Sincerity [be humble, not pretentious]
Term
When evaluating a student's ability to perform a maneuver or procedure, an instructor should follow what general guidelines?
Definition
Establish standards of performance modified to the student

Consider student's mastery of individual elements, not just overall performance

Keep the student informed by identifying deficiencies and suggested corrective actions

Don't immediately correct errors, let students learn from them
Term
How can an instructor ensure that a student has developed the ability and required skills to conduct their first solo flight safely?
Definition
When the CFI observes the student from preflight to engine shutdown and the student performs consistently without the need for an instructor assistance. Endorsing before the student is ready is a breach of faith.
Term
How can CFIs improve their effectiveness and qualifications as teachers?
Definition
Continuing Education (FAAST, Gold Seal, FIRC, AOPA)
Sources of materials (familiar with ACS, FAR/AIM, PHAK)
Term
What are several common obstacles to learning during flight instruction?
Definition
AI Worries PA

Anxiety
Impatience
Worry or Lack of Interest
Physical Discomfort, Illness, etc.
Apathy to Inadequate Instruction
Term
Explain the demonstration-performance technique of flight instruction.
Definition
Explanation
Demonstration
Student Performance
Instructor Supervision [at the same time as above]
Evaluation
Term
What is the positive exchange of flight controls?
Definition
"I have the flight controls"
"You have the flight controls"
"I have the flight controls"
Term
What is the sterile cockpit rule?
Definition
Airline crews must refrain from nonessential activities when in critical stages of flight. We also teach this in GA.
Term
What is the purpose of using distractions during flight training?
Definition
When practicing stalls, it's hard for the student to imagine putting the aircraft in such an extreme configuration. In truth, stalls occur most often when the pilot's attention is elsewhere. We need to train students to maintain aircraft control while dealing with and prioritizing distractions.
Term
What are some ways a CFI can incorporate distractions into flight training?
Definition
Drop something and ask student to pick it up
Ask student to get something from back seat
Have learned chart a course on map or change GPS destination
Term
What is "integrated flight instruction"?
Definition
Students are taught to perform maneuvers both by visual references and instrument references the first time the maneuver is introduced.
Term
What are the benefits of integrated flight instruction?
Definition
Better habits - gauge monitoring, better landings, XC navigation

Operating Efficiency - hitting V speeds, leaning

See-and-Avoid - get students looking out the window at an early stage for traffic
Term
Why is the assessment of piloting ability so essential to the teaching process?
Definition
Determines how, what, and how well a student is learning. Provides the student direction and guidance to raise their level of performance.
Term
Define Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM)
Definition
Systematic approach used by pilots to determine best course of action in response to a given set of circumstances
Term
What are the basic steps to the decision-making process?
Definition
Define the problem
Choose a course of action
Implement the decision
Evaluate the outcome
Term
IMSAFE Checklist
Definition
Illness
Mediciation
Stress
Alcohol
Fatigue
Emotion
Term
PAVE Checklist
Definition
Pilot
Aircraft
EnVironment
External Pressure
Term
CARE Risk Assessment
Definition
Consequence [of the hazard]
Alternatives [available]
Reality [of the situation]
External Pressure
Term
TEAM Risk Management
Definition
Transfer [risk to someone else, can you consult someone?]
Eliminate [how can you eliminate the risk]
Accept [do the benefits outweigh the costs?]
Mitigate [how can risk be reduced?]
Term
3P Model
Definition
Perceive [the given circumstances] (PAVE)
Process [by evaluating circumstances effect on safety] (CARE)
Perform [by implementing the best course of action] (TEAM)

This is a continual loop.
Term
3 Types of Stressors that can affect pilot performance
Definition
Physical
Physiological
Psychological
Term
Hazardous Attitudes and Antidotes
Definition
Anti-Authority: Follow the rules, they're usually right
Impulsivity: Not so fast, think first
Invulnerability: It could happen to me
Macho: Taking chances is foolish
Resignation: I'm not helpless, I can make a difference
Term
Define risk management
Definition
Process to identify operational hazardous, assess the degree of risk, and take responsible measures to reduce risk
Term
Four principles of risk management
Definition
Accept No Unnecessary Risk
-first flight in new plane should be VFR

Make Risk Decisions at the Appropriate Level
-PIC, not ATC or Pax

Accept Risk when Benefits Outweigh Risks
-There are inherently risks to flying

Integrated Risk Management into Planning At All Levels
-Risks are more easily assessed earlier in planning
Term
Six steps in Risk Management Process
Definition
Identify the hazard
Assess the risk
Analyze risk control measures
Make control decisions
Implement risk controls
Supervise and review
Term
How is risk measured?
Definition
Likelihood: Improbable, Remote, Occasional, Probable
Severity: Negligible, Marginal, Critical, Catastrophic
Term
Explain the 5P Model
Definition
Plan (XC planning, fuel, weather, route)
Plane (engine monitoring, noise, performance)
Pilot (IMSAFE)
Passengers (airsickness, worry, impatience)
Programming (AP, GPS)
Term
How will you assess a student's SRM skills?
Definition
Explain: Student can identify and understand risks when prompted
Practice: Student is an active decision maker and applies risk management to flight situation
Manage/Decide: CFI intervention not required, student takes in all information and makes appropriate decisions
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