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FNU Exam 5 part 1
BBC lecture
156
Pathology
Graduate
12/10/2012

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Cards

Term
Primary dysmenorrhea is ___________ periods caused by an excessive release of _____________
Definition
painful and prostaglandins
Term
Secondary dysmenorrhea is ____________ pain which can be caused by _________, ____________,__________, or __________
Definition
pathological, enometriosis, pelvic adhesions,PID, or adenoyosis
Term
Primary Amenorrhea is _______________ by age__________ without secondary sex characteristics
Definition
failure of menarche, 14
Term
Primary Amenorrhea is also absence of menarche by age 16____________
Definition
regarless ofsex characteristics
Term
Secondary amenorrhea is when the periods have begun but __________.
Definition
have stopped
Term
Secondary amenorrhea may be normal and often occurs :
Definition
during the 1st yr after menarche, pregnancy, lactation, or perimenopause
Term
Abnormal uterine bleeding is commonly associated with
Definition
anovulation
Term
Things that may caused anovulation include __________,___________, or________
Definition
lactation, pregnancy, perimenopause
Term
The cause of PCOS is ___________
Definition
unknown
Term
In PCOS,_____________ causes an increase in __________ hormones.
Definition
hyperinsulinemia, androgen
Term
PCOS is also associated with ______, _________, and _________
Definition
HTN, dyslipidemia, and hyperinsulinemia
Term
Dx of PCOS requires ___ out of ____ criteria
Definition
2 and 3
Term
For dx of PCOS,________ may be present but not absolutely needed for dx.
Definition
ovarian cyst
Term
List the 3 criteria used for dx of PCOS
Definition
ovarian cyst, oligio-ovulation, hyperandrogenism
Term
PCOS is most related to an imbalance of __________ hormones which include:
Definition
female
includes:estrogen, progesterone,and androgen
Term
Hirsutism, infertility sequelae, DM, CVD and endometrial CA are conditions all seen in
Definition
PCOS
Term
In PCOS, 41% are ______ and 20% are asymptomatic.
Definition
obese
Term
In PCOS, 30% will develop_______ by age 30.
Definition
DMII

*may also develop GDM durng pregnancy
Term
Male patterned baldness, enlarged clitoris, acne, and dark markings in the groin, underneath the breast and armpits are clinical manifestations associated with:
Definition
PCOS
Term
_______ increasing the risk of infertility due to scarring caused by inflammation
Definition
PID
Term
PID increases the risk of what type of pregnancy?
Definition
ectopic
Term
Many cases of PID are initiated by_____
Definition
STIs
Term
The _________ and __________ are most often affected by PID.
Definition
uterus and falloian tubes

*it's an infection of the upper genital tract
Term
Symptomes of PID are most likely to occur after:
Definition
periods

*possble due to cervical os being more open
Term
Pelvic floor relaxation is r/t to ______, _______, and __________
Definition
genetics, poor muscle tone, and poor diet
Term
When the bladder goes into the anterior wall of the vagina, this is called
Definition
cystocele
Term
The sagging of the urethra, usu accompanied by cystocele is called
Definition
urethrocele
Term
bulging of the rectum and posterior vagin inot the vaginal canal
Definition
rectocele
Term
This is the herniation of the rectouterine pouch into the rectovaginal septum
Definition
enterocele
Term
Decent of the cervix or entire uterus into the vaginal canal is called
Definition
uterine prolapse
Term
When discussing benign ovarian cyst, _______ and _______ cause no harm other than occasional pain and are considered to be functional.
Definition
folliular and corpus luteum cyst
Term
These type of cyst are pre-cancerous and must be removed.
Definition
dermoid
Term
Often found in the smooth muscle and estrogen influences the size of these cyst
Definition
leiomyomas
Term
Leiomyomas may change in size and swell during_______
Definition
the menstrual cycle
Term
_______ are found in the endometrial tissue within the myometrium
Definition
Adenomyomas
Term
Leiomyomas are also a type of ___________ cyst
Definition
fibroid
Term
Presence of endometrial tissue outside of the uterus
Definition
endometriosis
Term
In severe cases of endometriosis, endometrial tissue may be found in the ______
Definition
lungs
Term
Endometriosis may be caused by a ________ of menstrual blood into the ________.
Definition
retrograde pelvis
Term
Suppression of _________, which allow growth in the wrong places may also cause endometriosis.
Definition
T-cells
Term
Because of the size of the fibers of the endometrial tissue, dx may be _____
Definition
difficult
Term
Infertility and painful periods which get progressively worse are CM associated with
Definition
endometriosis
Term
A collection of fluid with the tunica vaginalis is called
Definition
hydrocele
Term
16% of male nbn have this
Definition
hydorcele
Term
This is when both or one teste has not descended.
Definition
cryptorchidism
Term
Cryptorchidism causes decreased _______ and increases the risk of ______ even if its corrected
Definition
fertilty and Cancer
Term
Sudden painful rotation of the testicles on the vascular pedicle
Definition
testicular torsion
Term
If testicular torsion is not corrected within _____hrs, then total _______ of the affected tesicle will occur.
Definition
4-6 and ishcemia (which can lead to tissue death)
Term
Benign prostatic hypertrophy leads to compression of the _________ and causes lower _________ symptoms
Definition
urethra and urinary tract
Term
__________ of the bladder is r/t increased fluid pressure is associated with BPH
Definition
Diverticular out-pouching
Term
Over-flow incontinence is seen in ____
Definition
BPH
Term
Patients with BPH will have hydroureter,__________, and __________
Definition
hydronephrosis and bladder/kidney infections
Term
What percentage of men aged 80, will develop BPH?
Definition
80%
Term
What percentage of men will need corrective surgery of BPH by age 50?
Definition
25-30%
Term
It is important not to palpate the prostate during prostatis because
Definition
you may spread the infection if it is bacterial
Term
With prostatis, the prostate will be_______ and very ________
Definition
elarged ad painful
Term
Production of milk without a clinical reason is called
Definition
galctorrhea
Term
Medications, tumor of the pituitary gland, or hormonal stimulation may cause
Definition
milk production(galactorrhea)
Term
This is a benign condition where the breast feel like a bag of marbles
Definition
fibrocystic breast
Term
When cyst are found in the breast, it is typically _____ and _____ in nature
Definition
unilateral and singular
Term
_________ without atypia-papilomas or polyps are usually benign
Definition
Proliferative breast lesions
Term
The term “atypia” refers to ________ which are usually__________
Definition
cancerous cells and malignant
Term
Lesions are hard, immobile, and have irregular edges
Definition
Cancer
Term
Peau d’orange is skin change often seen in women who have
Definition
breast cancere
Term
Nipple __________ may occur in breast cancer
Definition
retraction
Term
Nipple discharge, palpable nodes in the axilla, or bone pain caused by metastasis are all CM of
Definition
Breast CA
Term
Approx 35% of adolescent males will develop this
Definition
gyncomastia
Term
Overdevelopment of breast tissue in a male is called
Definition
gynecomastia
Term
Gynecomastia is most often caused by an imbalance in the ____________ ratio.
Definition
estrogen to testosterone
Term
In gynecomastia estrogen levels may be either too________ or __________ with testosterone being _________ or too__________.
Definition
high or normal and normal or too low
Term
This type of fracture is a break at a 45 degree angle across the axes of the bone
Definition
oblique
Term
Oblique fractures are cause by
Definition
compression
Term
_____ fractures come from behind and may be caused by bone weakness
Definition
occult
Term
Bone breaks the skin surface
Definition
open
Term
This is a break at a site of preexisting abnormality, usu by force that would not break a normal bone.
Definition
pathologic fracture
Term
There is a break in one or more areas of the bone and is caused by indirect or direct moderate force
Definition
segemented fracture
Term
This type of break circles the bone and is caused by a twisting motion
Definition
spiral
Term
A horizontal break in the bone caused by direct or indirect energy towards the bone
Definition
transverse
Term
This is a break in only one cortex of the bone caused by direct or indirect energy towards the bone
Definition
greenstick fracture
Term
When the bones are pushed together, this may lead to _________ fracture
Definition
impacted
Term
This type of fracture occurs from overuse and is often seen in athletes
Definition
stress fracture
Term
Also known as “pourous bone”
Definition
osteoporosis
Term
In _________, the mass density of bone is _________, and structural integrity is impaired
Definition
osteoporosis, decreased
Term
The main risk factor for osteoporosis is
Definition
fractures
Term
Osteoporosis is most often seen in
Definition
whites

*but occurs in all races
Term
Excess _________ intake________ the risk for osteoporosis
Definition
phosphours and increases
Term
Iatrogenic causes of osteoporosis is r/t long term use of
Definition
steroid
Term
one deformity, decrease in height, fractures, and kyphosis are signs of
Definition
osteoporosis
Term
Though commonly considered a non-inflammatory joint disease, new research indicates that inflammation is an important aspect of this condition
Definition
osteoarthiritis
Term
Though men and women are equally affected in OA, women are
Definition
more severly affected
Term
OA is considered a disease of _____ persons and is seen in people older than ______
Definition
older and 40
Term
After age_____ more women are affected by OA
Definition
55
Term
What population of people develop OA sooner?
Definition
Athletes
Term
In OA, ossification and deformity of the joint leads to
Definition
erosion of cartilage
Term
Inflammation associated with OA is not systemic but
Definition
local
Term
In this condition, pain is not symmetrical and is commonly seen in weight bearing joints
Definition
osteoarthritis
Term
________ is a major risk factor for OA
Definition
obesity
Term
Loss of ROM, joint swelling or effusion, and enlargement and bulging of joints are s/s assoicatied with
Definition
OA
Term
What medications have been shown to decrease pain and progression of OA?
Definition
glucasomine and chondrotin
Term
How does Vit D work to decrease the risk of fracture in older adults?
Definition
improves balance

*decreases the risk of falls
Term
This is a systemic, inflammatory autoimmune disease which causes widespread connective tissue damage
Definition
RA
Term
RA is seen more often in
Definition
women
Term
Name one virus thought to play a role in RA?
Definition
EBV
Term
Ra is ALWAYS
Definition
symmetrical
Term
In RA, joints become painful and stiff due to
Definition
synovitis
Term
List the most commonly involved joints in RA
Definition
metacarpophlangeal and wrist
Term
RA causes _______ drift ,_______ hands, and ______ nodules
Definition
ulnar, swan, subcutaneous
Term
This condition is caused by deposit of uric acid into joints
Definition
gout
Term
In gout,hyperuricemia is caused by either __________uric acid or ___________ of uric acid
Definition
excessive or underexcretion
Term
When uric acid crystals deposit into the subcutaneous tissue little nodules called______ are formed
Definition
tophi
Term
Uric acid crystal can also cause
Definition
kidney stones
Term
Gout can occur in any small joint but is most commonly seen in
Definition
big toe
Term
In the 3rd and chronic stages of gout, it is common to see
Definition
deposits of tophi nodules in and around the joints
Term
What can trigger an episode of gouty attack?
Definition
truama
Term
Fibromyalgia is a chronic__________syndrome
Definition
multiple sclerosis
Term
80-90% of people affected are
Definition
women
Term
Though the cause of fibromyalgia is unknown, the following things are thought to precipitate events
Definition
infections, heavy antibiotic use, and overall illness
Term
How many tender points are associated with fibromyalgia?
Definition
18
Term
For reliable dx of fibromyalgia, how many tender points my must evoke a painful response?
Definition
11
Term
Chlamydia is caused by
Definition
chlamydia trachomatis
Term
What percentange of women are asymptomatic with Chlamydia?
Definition
75%
Term
Urethristis, epididymitis, proctitis, conjunctivitis, and reiter syndrome are s/s seen in ________ who have Chlamydia
Definition
men
Term
Acute urethral syndrome, bartholinits, cervicitis, cervical atypia, and salpingitis are a few s/s of Chlamydia often observed in _____
Definition
women
Term
Gonorrhea is caused by
Definition
gonococci
Term
Name the most common STI.
Definition
chlamydia
Term
CM of gonorrhea in men and women presents as
Definition
urethral infections in men and urogenital in women
Term
Untx, gonorrhea will
Definition
resolve on it own
Term
Rectal gonorrhea is most commonly seen in________ with a hx of rectal intercourse
Definition
homosexual
Term
Treponema palladium causes what STI?
Definition
syphlis
Term
Syphillis may manifest as a _________ or _________ disease
Definition
local or systemic
Term
List the four stages of syphilis
Definition
primary, secondary, laten, and tertiary
Term
During this stage of syphilis, a chancre is produced which drains into the lymph causing a cell mediated response
Definition
primary
Term
During the primary stage of syphilis, the chancre will
Definition
resolve spontaneously
Term
During secondary syphilis, the immune system is able to ____________
Definition
suppress infection
Term
Symptoms of secondary syphilis develop approx_____ after the appearance of a ________.
Definition
6wks and chancre
Term
Secondary syphilis presents with widespread lesion on the __________ .
Definition
palms of hand and soles of feet
Term
Though syphilis lesion clear spontaneously, it is common to ________ for several years
Definition
relapse
Term
Skin or mucous membrane lesions, contagious condylomata lata, CNS symptoms, and fever are just a few symptoms associated with
Definition
syphilis
Term
In this stage of syphilis, serologic studies show the presence of infection but no physical symptoms are apparent
Definition
latent
Term
Severe morbidity and mortality are present in this stage of syphilis
Definition
tertiary
Term
Tertiary syphilis is associated with a hypersensitivity reaction that leads to severe
Definition
skin, bone, and soft tissue lesions called gummas
Term
Tertiary sypilis may cause
Definition
aneurysms, heart failure, or neurosyphlis
Term
Latent phase syphilis may be short or last up to
Definition
year
Term
Trichomoniasis is caused by
Definition
parasite called T vaginalis
Term
Dyspareunia, dysuria, copious frothy malodorous gray-green secrestion are often common in which STI?
Definition
trich
Term
Men are typically _________ when infected with trich
Definition
asymptomatic
Term
HPV is caused by
Definition
papovavirus
Term
Condylomata acuminata may occur_______ or in __________.
Definition
alone or in clusters
Term
Condylomata are usu not painful but may become ____________ during intercourse
Definition
painful and bleed
Term
Urethral conydlomata may occur in ________ and can be_______
Definition
men and cancerous
Term
90% of HPV lesions are found on the
Definition
distal urethra
Term
HSV is caused by either
Definition
HSV-1 or HSV-2
Term
In HSV, the primary infection is __________ and lesions usu last _________days
Definition
the most severe and 10-20
Term
Recurrent infections of HSV produce__________ and the number of lesions are
Definition
mild local symptoms and less
Term
In recurrent HSV infections, crusting of lesions occurs within _______ and recovery and healing is usu complete in _____days.
Definition
4-5days and 10 days
Term
Asymptomatic viral shedding may occur in both types of
Definition
of HSV

*HSV-2 most likely to cause recurrent infections
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