Term
High altitudes may produce hypoxemia by
a.right to left shunts
b. atelectasis
c. decreased O2 inspiration
d. emphysema
e. All of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In ARDS, increased alveolocapillary membrane permeability mainly is due to
a. alveolar epithelial damage
b. decreased surfactant
c. vasocontriction
d. ventilation to perfusion mismatching
e. inflammatory mediators released |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Type II pneumocyte damage causes
a. increased alveolocapillary permeability
b. chemotaxis for neutrophils
c. exudation of fluid from capillaries into the interstitium
d. decreased surfactant production
e. all fo the the above |
|
Definition
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Term
Pulmonary edema may be cause dby
a. hypoventilation
b. CNS abnormalities
c. atelectasis
d. rupture of pleura
e. increased pulmonary hydrostatic pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cor pulmonale
a. occurs in response to long-standing pulmonary HTN
b. is right heart failure
c. is manifested by altered tricuspid and pulmonic valve sounds.
d. both B and C
e. A, B, and C are correct |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which statement is true about TB?
a. it is caused by an aerobic bacillus
b. it may affect other organs
c. it involves a type III hypersensitivity
d. antibodies to it may be detected with skin test |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
PE usu do which of the following?
a. obstruct blood supply to lung perenchyma
b. have origins from thrombi in the legs
c. occlude pulmonary vein branches
d. occlude pulmonary artery branches |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Chronic bronchitis
a. is caused by a lack of surfactant
b. impairs cilia
c. exhibits a nonproductive cough
d. causes collapsed alveoli |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Coughing up blood or bloody secretions is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Decreased artierial oxygenation causes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fibrous tissue or nodules in lungs is termed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fractrued ribs or sternum casues |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Air in the pleural spaced is termed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During times of respiratory distress, the infant's chest wall may flex inward and limit fx respiratory capacity because of chest wall____ and _______ |
|
Definition
| flexibility and compliance |
|
|
Term
| At birth, the infant has small, immarture alveoli that cause _____ to air flow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Surfactant production begins by ___ wks gestation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Failure to produce surfactant at birth results in severe _________ and RDS of the nbn |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ is a disease process primarily caused by hyperresponsive airways that are senstive to certain envrionmental triggers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Children have greater _______ and ________ than do adults |
|
Definition
| metabolic rates and oxygen consumption |
|
|
Term
Epiglottitis is characterized
a. gradual onset
b. severe stridor
c. harsh cough
d. nasal discharge |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The most common cause of bronchiolitis is
a. H. influenzae
b. exposure to allergens
c. parainfluenza virus
d. respiratory syncytial virus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Staph pneumonia results in
a. mild systemic symptoms
b. upper respiratory tract involvement
c. lobar involvement
d. a typical pneumonia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which is true about childhood pneumonia
a. all pneumonias are mostly lobar
b. systemic involvemnt is greater in viral than in bacterial pneumonias
c. viral pneumonias are often preceded by a "cold"
d. all of the above |
|
Definition
| C viral pneumonias are often preceded by a "cold" |
|
|
Term
Which statement is true about SIDS?
a. it commonly occurs during autumn
b. its etiology is known
c. it occurs between 3 and 4months
d. it may be effectively tx'd |
|
Definition
| c. it occurs between 3 and 4 onths |
|
|
Term
Asthma
a. triggers include allergens and viruses
b. of affected individuals may be assumed to be cured if they are asymptomatic for a number of years.
c. is characterized by hyperresonsive airways
d. A and C
e. A, B, and C |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
RDS of the nbn
a. exhibits vasodialtion of the pulmonary vascular bed
b. develops less capillary permeabiltiy, which causes fibrin deposits
c. can be tx with nitric oxide to alleviate pulmonary HTN
d. can be tx at birth by the administration of glucocorticoids |
|
Definition
| c. can be tx with nitric oxide to alleviate pulmonary HTN |
|
|
Term
| It is a chromic condition |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A genetic disposition exhsist for this condition |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| may result in persisten fetal circulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| May be a consequence of prematurity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acute, life threatening infection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inflammatory basis with hyperresponsive airways |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Renal functions test include
a. urinalysis
b. BUN and serum creatinine
c. SGOT/SGPT
d. A and B |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which substance is an abnormal constituent of urine?
a. urea
b. glucose
c. sodium chloride
d. creatinine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Upper urinary tract obstruction
a. can cause hydroureter
b. increase the force of detrusor ctx
c. predisposes an indiviudal to hypotension
d. increases postvoid resdual volume |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Renal calculi may be composed of
a. calcium oxalate
b. uric acid
c. cholesterol
d. all of the above
e. A and B are correct |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A common cause of both pyelonephritis and cystitis is
a. urinary calculi
b. invading microorfganisms, such as E coli
c. allery reactions
d. heavy metals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which renal condition usu involves a hx of recent infection with group A strept?
a. pyelonephritis
b. chronic renal failure
c. nephrosis
d. glomerulonephritis
e. calculi |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The most common pathogenesis of cystitis, an infection, is aquired through/from
a. an ascending or exogenous route
b. a hematogenous route
c. a bladder sotne obstruction
d. pyelitis |
|
Definition
| a. an ascending or exogenous route |
|
|
Term
Nephrotic syndrome is associated with_______ to plasma_______
a. increased glomerular permeability, urea
b. decreased glomerular permeability, proteins
c. decreased glomerular permeability, tubular filtrate
d. increased glomerular permeability, proteins |
|
Definition
| d. increased glomerular permeability, proteins |
|
|
Term
Causes of acute renal failure include
a. cholecystitis
b. stones and strictures in kidneys or ureters
c. heart failure leading to poor renal perfusion
d. B and C
e. A, B, C |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
HTN of nephortic syndrome occurs because
a. inflammation of glomeruli stimulates the secretion of renin, which elevates blood pressure
b. systemic hypoperfusion stimulates the secretion of renin, which elevates blood pressure
c. escessive angiotensis is secreted from the adrenal cortex during kidney disease
d. localized hypoperfusion of glomeruli stimulates renin secretion, which elevates blood pressure |
|
Definition
| d. localized hypoperfusion of glomeruli stimulates renin secretion, which elevates blood pressure |
|
|
Term
Chronic kidney disease
a. may result from HTN
b. is usu the result of chronic inflammation of the kidney
c. may be tx with dialysis or transplants
d. all of the above
e. A and B are correct only |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Nephrotoxins such as the antibiotics may be responsible for
a. acute tubular necrosis
b. acute glomerulonephritis
c. pyelonephritis
d. cystitis |
|
Definition
| a. acute tubular necrosis |
|
|
Term
Uremia, seen in chronic kidney failure, would manifest
a. metabolic acidosis
b. elevated BUN and creatinine
c. cardiovascular disturbances
d. all of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Hematuris in the absence of proteinuria indicates injury to the
a. glomerulus
b. renal tubule
c. ureter
d. renal medulla |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In chronic renal failure, tubulointerstitial disease leads to
a. sodium retention
b. sodium wasting
c. no significant changes in sodium levels
d. increased in phospate excretion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Bacterial infection of the kidney parenchyma is
a. pyelitis
b. cystitis
c. pyelonephritis
d. pyuris
e. pyelonephrosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which sign decribes a patient in acute renal failure?
a. elevated serum creatinine
b. leukocytosis
c. low BUN
d. fever |
|
Definition
| a. elevated serum creatinine |
|
|
Term
| Genetically, the _________ plays an important role at all stages of kidney development |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When a child has had and then losses bladder control, it is known as_______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A ___________ kidney is a small but normal fxing kidney |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ is blockage where the renal pelvis joins |
|
Definition
| Uteropelvic juction obstruction |
|
|
Term
| _______ exhibits a urethral meatus on the ventral surface of the penis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| urine seepage on the abd wall from the ureter can be observed in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Polycystic kidney disease is an autosomal ____ disorder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bilateral renal agenesis is usu |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Congenital malposition of a ureter or ureters into the bladder causes |
|
Definition
| primary vesicouretral reflux |
|
|
Term
| __________ is responsible for most school-age children who require dialysis and kidney transplantation |
|
Definition
| chronic glomerulonephritis |
|
|
Term
| Common childhood glomerular diseases include glomerulonephritis, hemolytic uremic syndrome, and |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis in children
a. is a postinfectious renal disease
b. causes hypotension
c. causes dehydration
d. B and C |
|
Definition
| a. is a postinfectious renal disease |
|
|
Term
Vesicoureteral reflux causes urine to ________ up the ureters and places the young child at risk for ___
a. retrograde, glomerulonephritis
b. regrade, nephrotic syndrome
c. retrograde, pyelonephritis
d. regrade, cystitis |
|
Definition
| c. retrograde, pyelonephritis |
|
|
Term
IgA nephropathy
a. occurs in the presence of other systemic immunologic disease
b. has no other immunoglobulin present
c. damages the glomerulus irreversibly
d. manifest as recurrent gross hematuria |
|
Definition
| d. manifest as recurrent gross hematuria |
|
|
Term
organic causes of enuresis may inlcude
a. congenital abnormalities of the urinary tract
b. a neurolgic origin
c. diabetes insipidus
d. all of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which clinical manifestations suggest hemolytic uremic syndrome?
a. polyuria
b. pallor and bruising
c. hypotension
d. all of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Childhood UTIs results from
a. bacteria ascending up the urter in cystits
b. bacteria ascendingup th eurthra in pyelonephritis
c. detrusor mucscle hypoactivity
d. manifest as recurrent gross hematuria |
|
Definition
| d. manifest as recurrent gross hematuria |
|
|
Term
Wilms tumore is characterized by
a. hypotension
b. dx in the early teens
c. loss or inactivation of both copies of the Wilms tumor supperssor gene
d. transmission in an autosmal recessive fashion for inherited cases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Childhood nephrotic syndrom is charecterized by
a. having peak incidence during the teen years
b. increased glomerular permeability to protein
c. hypolipidemia
d. injured renal interstitial tissue |
|
Definition
| a. having peak incidence during the teen years |
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