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FNU BBC Exam 4
pulmonary and renal
119
Pathology
Graduate
11/28/2012

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Term
Restrictive lung disease causes_______ compliance of the lung
Definition
decreased
Term
___________ is associated with dyspnea, increased respiratory rate , and decreased tidal volume
Definition
restrictive lung disease
Term
ARDS is one example of
Definition
restrictive lung disease
Term
________ is characterized by diffuse aveoli lung injury and inflammation
Definition
ARDS
Term
List some risk factors for ARDS
Definition
sepsis, truama, pneumonia, burns, aspirations, coronary artery surgery, DIC, pancreatitis, and aspiration of acidic fluids
Term
ARDS causes massive pulmonary inflammtion that injures the ___________ and produces _________
Definition
alveoli cappillary membrane and pulmonary edema shunting.
Term
Shunting is the _________ ratio
Definition
mix-match ventilation to perfusion
Term
ARDS is inadequate__________ of well __________
Definition
ventilation and areas of the lungs
Term
Inspiratory crackles, respiratory alkalosis, and decreased lung compliance that doesn't respond to O2 tx are a few of the clinical manifestations
Definition
ARDS
Term
Presence of air in the pleural space is known as
Definition
Pneumothorax
Term
List the 4 types of Pneumothorax
Definition
Spontaneous, secondary,open, and tension
Term
Spontaneous bleb pneumothorax occurs when the
Definition
bleb ruptures

keeps air trapped inside-leads to a tension pneumo
Term
Secondary pneuomothorax allows
Definition
air to escape, usu r/t trauma
Term
Open pneumothorax presents as an _________ in the chest wall to the lung
Definition
open area
Term
Tension pneuomothorax creates a ________ valve that allows entrance of air without __________
Definition
one-way and escape
Term
The consequence of untx tension pneumothorax may lead to _________ of the unaffected lung
Definition
collapsing or compromising
Term
In ___________, more force is used to expedl air from the lungs
Definition
Obstructive pulmonary disorders
Term
Examples of obstructvie pulmonary disorders include
Definition
asthma, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis
Term
The #1 cause of OPD is
Definition
smoking
Term
All forms of OPD cause the follwing symptoms
Definition
dyspnea, wheezing, increase WOB, ventilation/perfusion mismatch, and decreased forced expiratory volume
Term
__________ is an inflammatory disorder of the airways
Definition
Asthma
Term
There is a familial association with asthma and ___________ have been discovered to play a role in the condition
Definition
20 genes
Term
Possibly decreasing exposure to infectious agents my ________ the risk of developing __________
Definition
increase and asthma
Term
During asthma attacks, a hyper-responsiveness in the airway leads to ___________
Definition
mast cell degranulation
Term
In asthma, mast cell degranulation leads to an inflammatory mediated response which releases
Definition
histamine, interlukins, prostaglandins, luekotrienes, and nitric oxide
Term
The inflammation in asthma causes broncho smooth muscle to _______ and
Definition
spasm and vasculature congestion
Term
Asthma attacks also lead to _______,______, __________, and _______
Definition
edema, impaired ciliary fx,thicker mucous, and increased brochiohypersponsiveness
Term
Status asthmaticus is _____ bronchiospasm that is difficult to _______
Definition
severe and difficult
Term
Hypersection of mucous and productive cough that last for at least 3months per year for at least 2yrs is
Definition
chronic bronchitis
Term
Chronic bronchitis is directly caused by
Definition
smoking
Term
In chronic bronchitis, air trapping is due to
Definition
hypersecretion of mucous
Term
In chronic bronchitis, there is __________ and poor ______action.
Definition
thick tenasious mucous and cilliary
Term
Smoking __________the cell membrane of cillia which increases the risk of ____
Definition
denudes and infection
Term
Characterized as abnormal/permanant elargement of the gas exchange airways with destruciton of alveolar walls without fibrosis
Definition
Emphysema
Term
In emphysema, obstruction is due to the loss of
Definition
elastic recoil
Term
Primary emphysema is a _________trait
Definition
autosomal recessive
Term
A deficeincy of _________ causes primary emphysema
Definition
alpha 1 anti-tripson
Term
In emphysema, proteases attack the the alveolar wall which _______protein in the wall which causes them to loose____
Definition
decreases and their elastic recoil
Term
People with emphysema have an increased WOB b/c the person has to __________ out of the lungs
Definition
force air
Term
Cigarette smoking inhibits __________ and stimulates __________
Definition
anitproteases and inflammation
Term
Aspiration of acidic fluids is
Definition
pneumonitis
Term
In pneumonitis, brochial damage occurs that includes
Definition
inflammation, loss of ciliary action, and bronchospasm
Term
If acidic fluids enter the aveoli, damage to the membrane can occure which can result in
Definition
hemorrhagic pneumonitis
Term
With pneumonitis, the lungs become stiff and surfactant production is
Definition
decreased

this is life threatening
Term
An infection of the lower respiratory tract and 6th leading cause of death in the US
Definition
Pneumonia
Term
Most common caused of Pneumonia
Definition
Strept Pneumoniae
Term
Walking peumonia is caused by
Definition
micoplasma pneumoniae
Term
Walking pneumonia is most common in
Definition
young people
Term
Risk factors for pneumonia include
Definition
advanded age, co-morbidies, and being immunocompromised
Term
Inspiratory crackles and dull percussion onver the infected lobe can be assessed with
Definition
pneumonia
Term
There is also increased tactile fremitus in
Definition
pneumonia
Term
TB is caused by
Definition
mycobacterium TB
Term
TB usu resides in the __________ lobes due to __________,___________, and ________
Definition
upper, O2 content, lymph drainage, and blood perfusion
Term
In TB, bacilli migrate to the lymph nodes to facilitate a
Definition
cell mediated response
Term
During primary exposure, infected tissue is ___________ and the bacteria begin to die
Definition
encapsulated

-these are called turbecles
Term
If encapsulated bacteria remain alive during primary exposure of TB, when the person is re-exposed to TB
Definition
they can develop an active disease.
Term
With TB, people will experience a fever during the evenings called
Definition
diurnal fever
Term
With primary infection of TB, the person is
Definition
not considered to have the disease
Term
Known as acute laryngeotracheobronchitis
Definition
croup
Term
Croup is most commonly seen in __________ between the ages of _____
Definition
males and 6months to 5yrs
Term
Croup is caused by
Definition
para-influenza type B
Term
Acute epiglottis is caused by
Definition
influenza type B
Term
What is the name of the vaccine given prevent to epiglotitis
Definition
HIB vaccine
Term
Most commonly seen in children between the ages of
Definition
2-7yrs
Term
Acute epiglottis should be tx rapidly or it could lead to
Definition
death
Term
In acute epiglottis, it is important to remember to NEVER place a
Definition
tongue blade in their mouths
Term
A viral, lower respiratory tract infection in infants and young toddlers
Definition
brochiolitis
Term
Causes brochiolitis
Definition
RSV
Term
Bronchiolitis causes __________ of the bronchial epithelial and destruction of the ___________
Definition
necrosis and ciliated epithelial cells
Term
Bronchiolitis is associated with a ____________ response
Definition
cell mediated
Term
Most likely due to immature ventilatory and arousal response
Definition
SIDS
Term
SIDS is more common in _______ and occurs most often during _______
Definition
boys and 3-4months of age
Term
Risk factors for SIDS include
Definition
preterm birth, multiples, maternal smoking, family hx
Term
Another name for kidney stones is
Definition
Nephrolithiasis
Term
The most common type of kidney stone is
Definition
calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate
Term
The more alkaline your urine, the higher the
Definition
risk of stone formation
Term
Kidney stone formation is based on the
Definition
supersaturation of salts in the urine
Term
Colicky pain from ureter parastalsis is related to
Definition
Nephrolithiasis (kidney stones)
Term
Tamm-Horsfall proteins, located in the bladder, are protective against
Definition
UTI
Term
Causes of UTI's include
Definition
E.coli, klebsiella, proteus, and pseudomonas
Term
In UTIs, the elderly may present with
Definition
confusion and disorientation
Term
Interstitial cystitis is most common in
Definition
women ages 20-30
Term
Interstitial cystitis may __________
Definition
autoimmmune
Term
__________ulcers and ___________ scaring may be present on the bladder wall in interstitial cystitis
Definition
Humer and fibrosis
Term
With interstitial cystitis, __________ will be decreased
Definition
bladder volume
Term
In interstitial cystitis,___________ blocks normal growth of cells of the wall of the bladder and _________bladder sensation.
Definition
antiproliferative factor and increase
Term
This is an infection of the renal pelvis and interstitium (kidney itself)
Definition
Acute pyelonephritis
Term
Most common cause of pyleo is
Definition
E.coli
Term
Pyelo is commonly observed in
Definition
women
Term
Iatrogenic causes of pyelo include
Definition
proteus and pseudomonas
Term
Pyelo most often ascend from
Definition
bladder infections
Term
Pyelo causes inflammation that infects the ________ and the ________ of the kidney
Definition
calicis and medulla
Term
Pt with pyelo my have _____ urine and form ________ on the kidney with severe cases
Definition
purulent and abcess
Term
Inflammation of the glomerulus is called
Definition
acute glomerular nephritis
Term
Acute form of glomerular nephritis is often associated with a strept infection like
Definition
impetigo or pharyngitis
Term
Glomerular nephritis is a _________ hypersensitivity reaction
Definition
Types 2 and 3
Term
Chronic glomerular neprhritis is associated with
Definition
hypercholesteralemia and proteinuria
Term
Pt with lupus and diabetes are most commonly seen in what renal disorder
Definition
chronic glomerular nephritis
Term
this condition is associated with a SEVERE loss of protein
Definition
nephrotic syndrome

*3.5g or more of protein in the urine
Term
Peak age of nephrotic syndrome is _________ and is more commonly seen in ______
Definition
2-3 and boys
Term
S/s of nephrotic syndrome in kids includes
Definition
frothy foam urine, edema, decreaed appetite, diarrhea, and decreased protien
Term
Polycystic kidney disease is an
Definition
autosomal recessive trait
Term
In polycystic kidney disease, it is not uncommon to find _______ located in other organs in the body
Definition
cyst
Term
In the adult type of polycystic kidney disease, pt will present with
Definition
HTN, cardiac defects, and anuerysms
Term
Bilateral renal agenesis is known as
Definition
Potter's syndrome
*common in males
Term
potter syndrome may have facial anomalies such as
Definition
wide set eyes, low set ears, and receeding chin
Term
The most common form of glomerulonephritis is
Definition
IgA nephropathy
*most common in males
Term
Wilm's tumor is also known as
Definition
nephroblastoma
Term
Aniridia (lack of iris in the eye) is often seen in children with a
Definition
wilm's tumor
Term
Most common solid tumor seen in children
Definition
wilm's tumor
Term
Wilm's tumor will often present with
Definition
an enlarging asymptomatic abd mass

*may also have vague pain, HTN, fever, or hematuria
Term
Primary enuresis is associated with
Definition
developmental maturity
Term
secondary enuresis occurs after _______ of dryness after potty training
Definition
3-6months
Term
Secondary enuresis can be r/t
Definition
sibling rivarly, trauma, or disoders that cause increase UOP
Term
Involuntary loss of urine and strong urger to urinate is called
Definition
urge incontinence
*caused by detruser muscle instability
Term
involuntary loss of urine by coughing, sneezing, or laughing is called
Definition
stress incontinence
Term
bladder that becomes overdistended and is associated with benign prostatic hypertrophy is called
Definition
overflow incontinence
Term
combo of stress and urge incontinence
Definition
mixed incontinence
*seen in older women
Term
this type of incontinence is seen in dementia or immobility
Definition
functional incontinence
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