1. SUCROSE: glucose+fructose

• table sugar, made from sugar cane & sugar beets

2.LACTOSE:glucose+galactose

• milk sugar; in milk and dairy products

3. MALTOSE: glucose+glucose

• in germinating cereal grains;product of starch breakdown

• simple sugars that have 5 CARBONS
• components of nucleic acids
• Ribose found in ribonucleic acid, RNA
• Deoxyribose found in deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA
• Not used so much for sugar

1. GLUCOSE: "blood sugar" (for energy), found in fruits, veggies,honey
2. FRUCTOSE:"fruit sugar", in fruits, honey, corn syrup
3. GALACTOSE: glucose and lactose, part of lactose in milk

long chains of glucose units

found in grains, veggies,legumes

storage form of glucose in plants

highly branched chains of glucose units

body's storage form of carbs

made entirely out of glucose subunits

main component of plant cell walls

poorly fermented by colonic bacteria

in bran,legumes,nuts,peas,root veggeis,cabbage,outercovering of seeds and apples

dietary fiber

heterogenous goup of polysaccharide subst,

in bran, whole grains, nuts, legumes, some veggies and fruits

Some bacteria and protists have enzyme to degrade it

Indigestible by humans, even though entirely made of glucose

Neither cattle not termites have enzyme to digest it

major component of cell walls in plants

It's considered fiber, important to GI tract

these monosaccharides are converted by the liver to glucose

can be usd for energy or stored as glycogen or passed onto other cells

remainder of glucose passes from liver into blood and is distrib to other tissues

   enters muscle & adipose tissue by facilitaed transport, insulin dependent, liver entry is insulin INdependent

DEPENDENT:muscle and adipose tissue

INDEPENDENT:liver

brain use ketones if carbs not available, but can lower blood pH

Ketones are produced if no carbs available. Liver can't catabolize fat so they produce ketone bodies as a source of energy for tissues

causes muscle and adipose to uptake glucose, loweing blood sugar

increased blood sugar leads to this

anabolic hormone. Blocks breakdown. promotes storage

involved in glycogen,lipid, protein synthesis

inhibits activity of enzymes

released by adrenal glands in response to stress or danger

mobilizes glucose for energy use by cells

stimulates glycogen breakdown and glucogenesis

decreased blood sugar increases glucagon production

raises blood sugar by stimulating the liver to breakdown glycogen release to blood stream

stimulates glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis(synthesis of glucose from protein)

effect of a food on blood glucose levels

• High score: food will increase blood glucose rapidly
• rich in simple carbs/starch, low in fat/fiber are absorbed fast
• Low score: food will cause slower rise in blood glucose
• rich in fiber,resistant starch or fat..less dramatic rise in blood sugar and less insuling release

autoimmune diease

Beta cells of pancreas are targets of immune response and can no longer produce insulin

80%-90% cases of diabetes

insulin resistance in adipose and muscle cells

in adipose, glucose transporters not made

in muscle cellsmtransporters are made but fail to translocate to cell membrane to let glucose in