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mass per unit volume
[image] |
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force per unit area excerted by the molecules on a surface
[image] |
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| any change in the pressure applied to a completely enclosed, incompressible fluid is transmitted undiminished to all parts of the fluid and enclosing walls |
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| any fluid applies a buoyant force to an object that is partially or completely immersed in it; magnitude of the buoyant force is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object |
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-density does not change with pressure
-most liquids are nearly incompressible for common pressure changes |
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-density changes with pressure
-in most cases, gases must be treated as highly compressible fluids |
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| velocity of fluid particles at any point is constant over time |
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| velocity of fluid particles at any point changes as time passes |
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| unsteady flow at high speed around obstacles |
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-fluid moves readily
-neighboring layers of fluid slide freely past each other
-ex: water |
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Definition
-fluid does not move readily
-neighboring layers of fluid do not slide freely past each other
-ex. oil, honey |
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Definition
-same speed at all points
-paddle wheel won't turn
-ex. pipe with low friction walls |
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| incompressible and non-viscous |
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matter is made of of atoms that are in continual random motion
-atoms exert electromagnetic forces on each other
-forces are attractive at large distances, but repulsive at small distances |
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Term
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Definition
most substances expand when heated and contract when cooled
[image] |
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| transfers heat by the bulk movement of fluids |
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| atom/molecules are so far apart that they don't interact except for when they collide elastically |
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Definition
| measure of average KE of molecules |
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| number of molecules present |
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Definition
| amount of space occupied by the gas |
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| Maxwell distribution of speeds |
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| [image]KE = (³/₂)nRT = (³/₂)NkT |
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| quantity of matter surrounded by boundaries |
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| matter cannot cross boundary |
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| matter can cross boundary |
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| no heat, work, or matter crosses the boundary |
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| changes the state of a system |
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-system changes rapidly
-system cannot return along same path |
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-system changes slowly
-system can return along same oath |
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| series of processes that returns a system to its initial state |
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Term
| first law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
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-different speeds at different points
-paddle wheel test
-ex. river |
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[image]
[image]
[image]
[image]
[image] |
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Term
| isometric / isochoric heating |
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Definition
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Term
| isometric / isochoric cooling |
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Definition
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Term
| isometric / isochoric process |
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Definition
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| adiabatic compression / heating |
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Definition
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| adiabatic expansion / cooling |
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Definition
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| second law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
-heat flows spontaneously from high temps to low temps, but does not flow spontaneously in reverse
-"natural tendency" for heat to flow from hot to cold |
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Term
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Definition
ration of the net work done to the heat input
[image] |
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most efficient possible heat engine consisting of 2 adiabatic and 2 isothermal processes
[image]
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
-measurement of molecular diversity of a system
-able to measure energy no longer available to do work
isothermal: [image]
isobaric: [image]
units: J/K |
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