Term
| The two main functional fluid compartments of the body |
|
Definition
Intracellular fluid (ICF)
Extracellular fluid (ECF) |
|
|
Term
| Ways water moves between plasma and interstitial fluid. |
|
Definition
Capillary hydrostatic pressure (BP)
Capillary (plasma) oncotic pressure
Interstitial hydrostatic pressure
Interstitial oncotic pressure |
|
|
Term
| Capillary hydrostatic pressure (BP) |
|
Definition
| facilitates the outward movement of water from the capillary to the interstitial space |
|
|
Term
| Capillary (plasma) oncotic pressure |
|
Definition
| osmotically attracts water from the interstitial space back into the capillary |
|
|
Term
| Interstitial hydrostatic pressure |
|
Definition
| facilitates the inward movement of water from the interstitial into the capillary |
|
|
Term
| Interstitial oncotic pressure |
|
Definition
| osmotically attracts water from the capillary into the interstitial space |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the balance between hydrostatic and osmotic forces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| At the arterial end of the capillary, hydrostatic pressure exceeds capillary oncotic pressure and fluid moves into the interstitial space (filtration). At the venous end of the capillary, capillary oncotic pressure exceeds capillary hydrostatic pressure and fluids are attracted back into the circulation(reabsorption). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Excessive accumulation of fluid within the interstitial spaces. |
|
|
Term
| Common causes of venous obstruction |
|
Definition
| thrombophlebitis (inflammation of veins), hepatic obstruction, tight clothing around extremities, and prolonged standing |
|
|
Term
| Common causes of excessive salt and water retention |
|
Definition
| CHF(congestive heart failure), renal failure, and cirrhosis of the liver |
|
|
Term
| clinical manifestations of edema |
|
Definition
| may be localized or generalized and usually is associated with weight gain, swelling and puffiness, tighter-fitting clothes and shoes, and limited movement of the affected area |
|
|
Term
| Regulatory process for sodium and water balance |
|
Definition
| Sodium is regulated by renal effects of aldosterone. Water balance is regulated primarily by antidiuretic hormone also knows as vasopressin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are enzymes that promote secretion of aldosterone and thus regulate sodium and water balance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are involved in decreasing tubular reabsorption and promoting urinary excretion of sodium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is caused by arterial dilation, venous or lymphatic obstruction, increased vascular volume, loss of plasma proteins, or increased capillary permeability |
|
|
Term
| pathophysiologic process of edema |
|
Definition
| is related to an increase in forces favoring fluid filtration from the capillaries or lymphatic channels into the tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is regulated by the sensation of thirst and by antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which is secreted in response to an increase in plasma osmolality or a decrease in circulating blood volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is regulated by aldosterone, which increases reabsorption of sodium from the urine into the blood by the distal tubule of the kidney. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
occur when changes in TBW are accompanied by proportional changes in electrolytes.
*hemorrhage*severe wound drainage*excessive diaphoresis (sweating)*inadequate fluid intake. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
develop when the osmolality of the ECF is elevated above normal, usually because of an increased concentration of ECF sodium or a deficit of ECF water.
*vomiting *diarrhea *NG tube (suctioning of gastric secretions *and burns or renal losses from use of diuretics. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
occur when the osmolality of the ECF is less than normal
*water excess *water intoxication from compulsive disorders *Acute renal failure, severe CHF, and cirrhosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(sodium levels more than 145 mEq/L) may be caused by an acute increase in sodium level or a loss of water
can be isovolemic, hypovolemic, or hypervolemic depending on accompanying changes in the level of body water.
with marked water deficit is manifested by hypovolemia and dehydration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| caused by an excess of sodium or a deficit of bicarbonate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(serum sodium concentration less than 135 mEq/L) usually causes movement of water into cells.
may be caused by sodium loss, inadequate sodium intake, or dilution of the body’s sodium level with excess water.
can be isovolemic, hypervolemic or hypovolemic, or dilutional depending on accompanying changes in the amount of body water. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a usually is the result of hyponatremia or elevated bicarbonate concentrations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*both sodium and water loss.
*Most common cause is increased renal clearance of free water as a result of impaired tubular function or inability to concentrate urine, as occurs in diabetes insipidus.
*is manifested by symptoms of dehydration, such as headache, thirst, dry skin and mucous membranes, elevated temperature, weight loss, and decreceased concentration of urine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*almost impossible without psychogenic disorder (OCD)
*water intoxication, acute renal failure, severe CHF
*The overall effect is dilution of the ECF, with water moving to the intracellular space by osmosis. Can also be caused by inappropriate secretion of ADH (SIADH). |
|
|
Term
Inappropriate secretion of ADH
(SIADH) |
|
Definition
knows as vasopressin dysregulation, enhances water retention. Aldosterone maintains extracellular volume by acting on distal nephron epithelial cells to increase sodium reabsorption and potassium and hydrogen excretion.
Acute excess are cause cerebral edema with confusion and convulsions, as aldosterone increases the activity of the sodium pump of epithelial cells.
*tx is fluid restriction for 24 hours if no convulsions or small amounts of IV hypertonic sodium chloride can be given for neurologic manifestations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the predominant ICF ion; it regulates ICF osmolality, maintains the resting membrane potential, and is required for deposition of glycogen in liver and skeletal muscle cells |
|
|
Term
| Potassium balance is regulated |
|
Definition
| by the kidney, by aldosterone and insulin secretion, and by changes in pH. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allows the body to accommodate slowly to increased levels of potassium intake. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (serum potassium concentration less than 3.5 mEq/L) indicates loss of total body potassium, although it can develop without losses of total body potassium, and plasma potassium levels may be normal or elevated when total body potassium is depleted. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
by reduced potassium intake, a shift of potassium from the ECF to the ICF, increased aldosterone secretion, increased renal excretion, and alkalosis.
*poor nutrition (elderly) or alchoholism, or anorexia nervosa. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
may be by increased potassium intake, a shift of potassium from the ICF to the ECF, or decreased renal excretion
*cell trauma, burns, massive crushing injuries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Elevations of ECF potassium concentration above 5.5 mEq/L. Because of efficient renal excretion increases in total body potassium level are relatively rare. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| maintain membrane integrity and the speed of enzymatic reactions, must be concentrated within a narrow range if the body is to function normally |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
are substances that can absorb excessive acid or base without a significant change in pH.
*exist as acid-base pairs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are carbonic acid (H2CO3), bicarbonate (HCO3−), protein (hemoglobin), and phosphate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| act to compensate for primary changes in pH by increasing or decreasing ventilation and by producing more acidic or more alkaline urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is caused by an increase in the levels of non–carbonic acids or by the loss of bicarbonate from the extracellular fluid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs with an increase in bicarbonate concentration, which is usually caused by loss of metabolic acids from conditions such as vomiting or gastrointestinal suctioning or by excessive bicarbonate intake, hyperaldosteronism, and diuretic therapy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs with decreased alveolar ventilation, which in turn causes hypercapnia (an increase in carbon dioxide concentration) and increased carbonic acid concentration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs with alveolar hyperventilation and excessive reduction of carbon dioxide level, or hypocapnia with decreases in carbonic acid concentration. |
|
|
