Maintanance fluid

first 10kg

next 10 kg

next 10 kg

• 100 ml/Kg
• 50 ml/Kg
• 20 ml/Kg

Hyponatremia

• Symptoms

• Treatment

• HA, lethargy, seizures, brain damage,   
• NS.  3% NaCl + Furosemide temporary if severe. 

• Desmopressin
• Oxytocin
• Carbamazepine
• Cyclophosphamide
• NSAIDS
• SSRIs
• TCAs
• Phenothiazines
• Opiates
• Ecstacy

Hypernatremia

• Symptoms
• Treatment

• Lethargy, muscle weakness, coma, cerebral damage, 
• Decrease by 1mEq/L/H for acute, if IV, hypotonic only,

Hypocalcemia

• Symptoms
• Treatment

• Tetany, prolnged QT
• Replace vit D & MG. 
  
  

Hypercalcemia

• Symptoms
• Treatment

• Anorexia, N/V, AKI, Tetany, Arrhythmia
• Liquid intake, Diuretic. 

Hypophosphatemia

• Causes
• Symptoms
• Treatment

• Refeading syndrome, respiratory alkalosis, alcoholism
• Usually symptomless, Seizures, rhabdomyolysis, hemolysis

Hyperphosphatemia

• Symptoms

• Obstructive uropathy, osteodystrophy

Hypokalemia

• Causes
• symptoms

• Metabolic alkilosis, vomiting, diarrhea, 
• Cramping,

Respiratory alkilosis

(less CO₂)

Respiratory acidosis

(more CO₂)

• M
• U
• D
• P
• I
• L
• E
• R
• S

• Methanol
• Uremia
• Diabetes
• Paraldehyde/propylene glycol
• Isoniazid
• Lactic acid
• Ethylene glycol
• Rhabdomyolysis
• Salicylates/Sepsis/Starvation