Body fluid located outside the cells. 

What are the primary electrolytes found in this fluid?

What portion of body fluid is made up of this fluid?

extracellular

sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate

1/3 of body fluid

Body fluid located within the cells.

What are the primary electrolytes found in this fluid?

What portion of body fluid is made up of this fluid?

Intracellular fluid

potassium, phosphate, and sulfate

2/3 of adults total fluid is w/in the ICF

electrolyte

ions

Positively charged IONS

Negatively charged IONS

+  Cations

- Anions

there is no net movement of water across membranes, so cells retain their normal size

give an example of this type of solution

isotonic

normal saline 0.9%

Has a concentration of solute that is less than that of blood plasma. When this type of solution surrounds cells, water crosses memrane into cells, causing them to swell, which explains why pure water is never used as an IV fluid.

What is an example of this type of solution?

Hypotonic

Water

The effective concentration of solute is greater than that of the blood plasma. When this type of solution is infused, water leaves the cells, causing them to decrease in size.

Give an example of this type of solution.

Hypertonic

3% sodium chloride (hypertonic saline)

A solution with the same osmotic pressure or osmolarity as blood plasma is ______

A solution with a lower osmotic pressure or osmolality than blood plasma is _______

A solution with a higher osmotic pressure or osmolality than blood plasma is ______

Normal saline 0.9%

Half normal saline 0.45%

3% sodium chloride

How do the follow regulate body fluids?

1. Kidneys
2. cardiovascular system
3. lungs
4. skin

1. fluid balance by filtration and reabsorption
2. baroreceptors in major arteries and veins monitor fluid volume
3. water is excreted in water vapor (a/b 300mL/day)
4. water loss through perspiration (100-200mL) and insensible losses (300-400 mL/day)

How do hormones regulate body fluids?

1. ADH
2. Aldosterone
3. Glucocorticoids

1. anti-diuretic hormone: when ECF becomes concentrated the hypothalamus stimulates release of ADH, which stimulates kidneys to retain water
2. secreted by adrenal cortex; regulates fluid volume by stimulating kidneys to metabolize na+ and water
3. cortisol causes sodium and water to be retained

1. Water moves from an area of higher concentration (the body) to an area of lower concentration (the atmosphere). Lost fluid that cannot be seen or measured. Ex. through the skin or by expiration of air
2. Water loss that can be measured. Ex. GI tract and GU tract

1. Insensible water loss
2. Sensible water loss

What are the 4 major cations?

What are the 4 major anions?

Cations: sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium

Anions: chloride, phosphate, sulfate, and bicarbionate

1. What is the most abundant electrolyte in the body?

2. What is the primary intracellular cation?

3. What is the primary extracellular cation?

4. Which electrolyte primarily controls water distribution?

1. Sodium Na+
2. Potassium K+
3. Sodium Na+
4. Sodium Na+

1. The main electrolytes neccessary for nerve - impulse transmission:
2. The primary regulator of extracellular fluid volume is:

1. sodium and calcium
2. sodium

 Electrolyte   l  Value  l   Function  l  Regulatory Mechanism

1. sodium
2. calcium
3. magnesium
4. chloride
5. bicarbonate
6. phosphate

1. sodium, 135-145 mEq, body water balance, kidneys
2. Potassium, 3.5-5.0 mEq, cardiac neural and muscle, kidneys
3. Calcium, 9.9-10.1mg, cell membrane tests and bone, parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
4. Magnesium, 1.4-1.75 mEq, Neuromuscular and cardiac, kidneys
5. chloride, 95-108 mEq, maintain normal ECF osmolarity, kidneys/renin-angiotension-aldosterone system
6. Bicarbonate, 22-26 mEq, regulate acid-base balance, lungs, kidneys
7. Phosphate, 1.7-2.6meg, energy metabolism; kidneys, vit.D, and PTH

Loss of ECF in vascular or interstitial volume due to inadequate intake, abnormal losses or both

Too much ECF, an increase in interstitial or vascular volume, often occurs with cardiac failure, renal failure or liver failure

special types of ECF volume balance probably R/T fluid leaving the vascular volume and trapped in the interstitial space (ex: ascites)

Fluid Volume Deficit (FVD)

Fluid Volume excess (FVE)

Third space syndrome

IMBALANCE, LAB FINDINGS, AND SIGNS/SYMPTOMS

1. Hyponatremia
2. Hypernatremia
3. Hypokalemia
4. Hyperkalemia
5. Hypocalcemia
6. Hypercalcemia
7. Hypomagnesemia
8. Hypermagnesemia 

1. Hyponatremia: <135mEq; apprehension, postural hypotension, abd cramps, NVD, tachycardia
2. Hypernatremia: >145mEq; thirst and dry, flushed skin, dry tongue and mucus membranes, fever
3. Hypokalemia: <3.5mEq; weakness, fatigue, decreased muscle tone, decreased bowel sounds, heart block
4. Hyperkalemia: >5.0mEq; EKG abnormalities (Bradycardia)
5. Hypocalcemia: <4.3mEq; numbness and tingling of fingers and Trousseau's sign, tetany, muscle cramps
6. Hypercalcemia: >10.5 mEq; muscle weakness, constipation, anorexia, N/V polyuria, polydypsia
7. Hypomagnesemia <1.5mEq; anorexia, neuromuscular irritability, depression, disorientaiton
8. Hypermagnesemia: >2.5 mEq; flushing, hypotension, drowsiness, decreased respiration, bradycardia