Term
|
Definition
-Fluid contained within all of the cells of the body
comprises 40% body water |
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Term
| Major intracellular fluid |
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Definition
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Term
| Major Extracellular Fluid |
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Definition
Na+
-small amount of K, Ca, Mag
Cl-
HCO3 |
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Term
| Extracellular Compartment |
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Definition
-Contains all of the fluids outside the cell
-Consists of plasma and interstitial compartment |
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Term
| Potential sources of Na Loss |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Most abundant extracellular electrolyte
Normal range= 135-145 mEq/L
Holds fluid in ECF
Necessary for muscular contractions and nerve impulses |
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Term
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Definition
Low sodium level < 135
Caused by excessive water retention (dilutes the sodium)- losses may be caused by diuretic therapy, renal disease, adrenal insufficiency, loss of GI fluids, inadequate intake of sodium, inappropriate oral or IV fluids |
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Term
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Definition
| Anorexia, nausea, abdominal muscle cramps, neurologic dysfunctions including headaches, delirium, lethargy, seizures, coma, respiratory arrest, death, papilledema (swollen optic disc), sternal edema |
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Term
|
Definition
High sodium level > 145
Caused by water loss, excessive sodium intake, endocrine disorders that cause fluid loss or hyperventilation
Main symptom = THIRST |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Thirst, dry mucus membranes, flushed dry skin, hypotension, neurological changes (weakness, lethargy, irritability, twitching, spasticity, seizures, coma, death) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Major intracellular electrolyte
Normal range= 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
Influences cardiac and skeletal muscle function; cardiac rhythm
Depends on the kidneys to maintain homeostasis. Also passed in sweat, gastric juices,and bowel. |
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Term
|
Definition
Low potassium level < 3.5
Caused by: decreased intake of potassium, alcoholism, excessive excretion d/t diuretics, vomiting, diarrhea, renal disease, GI suctioning, sweating, endocrine disorders, alkalosis |
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Term
|
Definition
Malaise, muscle weakness, paresthesias, diminished tendon reflexes, hypotension, cardiac dysrhythmias, chest pain, palpitations, leg cramps, hyperglycemia
Food sources of potassium: bananas, oranges, baked potatoes with skin, beets, turnips, rutabagas, peaches, avocado, melons, tomatoes, squash, beans |
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Term
| Clinical drug therapy for potassium |
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Definition
K-dur, K-Clor, Micro-K
Very bitter tasting- dilute with 4 ounces of juice if giving liquid form
IV KCL burns the vein- infuse slowly-ice packs may help |
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Term
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Definition
99% located in bone and teeth
Major role in nerve impulse transmission and regulating muscle contraction and relaxation, blood coagulation, and enzyme stimulation, bone formation
Levels are controlled by the parathyroid and thyroid glands
Need Vitamin D to absorb calcium |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Level < 9.0
Caused from: dysfunction of parathyroid glands either from accidental surgical removal, hypothyroidism, or impaired vitamin D metabolism
S/S: dysrhythmias, hypotension, tetany (muscle spasms), paresthesias, altered mental status, confusion, seizures |
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Term
|
Definition
Level > 10.5
Caused by cancer, hyperparathryroidism, disorders that cause bone reabsorption such as immobility, endocrine disorders, medications, abnormal Vitamin D metabolism
S/S: dysrhythmias, hypertension, muscle weakness, depressed reflexes, altered states of consciousness > coma |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| hyperexcitability with muscle weakness, tremors, seizures, dysrhythmias |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by increased intake of antacids and laxatives: calcium gluconate is given as antidote: main S/S is hypotension with vasodilation (flushing) |
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Term
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Definition
Major role in carbohydrate and protein metabolism
Important in neuromuscular function
Effects vasodilatation of blood vessels
Effects cardiac contractility and irritability |
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Term
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Definition
| retain or excrete urine as well as metabolic waste products |
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Term
| fluid reg and heart/blood vessels |
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Definition
| circulate fluid to kidneys- osmoreceptors detect fluid levels |
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Term
|
Definition
| Remove water from body during exhalation |
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Term
| fluid reg and endocrine system |
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Definition
| produces hormones that reg. fluid volume and concentration (ADH & aldosterone) ADH reg. water retention; Aldosterone reg. retention of sodium |
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Term
|
Definition
Keep accurate I&O
Normally I&O is almost equal-urine will be 1/3-1/2 of intake due to losses through respiration, sweating, etc
Urine specific gravity: 1.01-1.25, the higher the number, the more concentrated the urine
Skin turgor- gently pinch up a fold (sternum or forehead): should snap back into place when released
Skin turgor-tenting- the fold stays up when released-a sign of dehydration- count the number of seconds it stays tented
Check extremities for edema- Pitting edema- push finger into tissue over a bone and count number of seconds it stays pitted
Check for pulmonary edema- listen with stethoscope over all lung fields- crackles or rhonchi indicates fluid excess
Monitor IV fluids for circulatory overload- bounding pulse, distended neck veins, shortness of breath, wet cough of pink frothy sputum, peripheral edema
Monitor for usual drainage –seepage from skin (weeping)
Note any watery stools
Note diaphoresis-heavy sweating
Daily weight to detect rapid weight gain or loss |
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Term
|
Definition
Retention of water and sodium
Caused by: excess intake of sodium, increased fluid intake, IVF’s infusing too quickly, tube feeding infusing too quickly, decreased urine output d/t kidney/liver problems, heart failure, stress from surgery or trauma
S/S: edema, shortness of breath, bounding pulse, anxiety, wet cough, hypertension |
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Term
|
Definition
| shows up in feet and lower legs |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| localized to abdomen d/t liver failure |
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Term
|
Definition
| pulls on sacrum from lying on back |
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Term
|
Definition
| lungs (crackles or rhonchi) pink frothy sputum, SOB |
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Term
|
Definition
| rated +1(mild) to +4 (severe) |
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Term
|
Definition
| does not indent with slight pressure |
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Term
|
Definition
| occurs when part hangs down as in hanging legs down or sitting lone periods |
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Term
| Treatment of Fld. Volume Excess |
|
Definition
Put patient in semi-Fowlers or Fowlers position to facilitate easier breathing
Elevate feet and legs above the level of the heart to edema
Decrease IVF rate (MD order)
Administer O2 (MD order)
Reduce sodium in diet (MD order)
Administer diuretics (Clinical Drug Therapy text pp 857-859) with MD order |
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Term
|
Definition
Lasix (furosemide)
Bumex (Bumetanide)
Demadex (Toresemide)
Microzide or Diuril (Chlorothiazide)
Hydrodiuril (hydrochlorothiazide) HCTZ
Aldactone (spironlactone) |
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Term
| Fluid Volume Deficit (Dehydration) |
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Definition
Inadequate fluid intake or starvation
Loss of body fluids through sweating, diarrhea, vomiting, excessive urine output (diuresis), excessive drainage from wounds or burns, GI suctioning
Fever
Endocrine disorders/renal problems |
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Term
|
Definition
Dry mucus membranes
Dry skin
Poor skin turgor-tenting
Decreased urine output < 30 cc/hr
Rapid weak pulse
Hypotension- ↓BP |
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Term
|
Definition
Restore the fluids- IV, push fluids, TPN
Good skin care- moisturizers, gentle handling of skin- dry skin is prone to breakdown, cracking, ulcerations, and infections
Reposition at least every 2 hours
Strict I&O and daily weight |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Respiratory Acidosis causes |
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Definition
| Caused by: Respiratory center depression (sedative overdose, head trauma), lung disorders (pneumonia, emphysema, asthma, pulmonary edema, respiratory distress syndrome, airway obstruction, airway injury, injury to thorax), extreme obesity, respiratory muscle paralysis, kyphoscoliosis |
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Term
| Respiratory Acidosis S/S: |
|
Definition
↓pH, ↑PCO2, hypoventilation, shallow respirations, headache, weakness, altered mental status, behavioral changes (disorientation, confusion, depression, paranoia, hallucinations), tremors, paralysis, stupor, coma, warm dry skin, drowsiness, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, fruity smelling breath, acidic blood, acidic urine
Treatment: treat the cause, may need Narcan to reverse sedation |
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Term
| Respiratory Alkalosis Causes |
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Definition
| hysteria, hyperventilation, high fever, salicylic poisoning (aspirin), elevated ammonia, encephalitis, and mechanical ventilation |
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Term
| Respiratory Alkalosis S/S: |
|
Definition
↑pH, ↓ PCO2, deep respirations, rapid breathing, panic, irritability, light-headedness, dizziness, paresthesias, + Chvostek’s sign and + Trousseau’s sign, seizures, nausea & vomiting, diarrhea, muscle twitching, tetany, alkaline urine, ECG changes
Treatment: Slow down breathing
Get patient to concentrate on breathing slowly and deeply
Have them breathe into a paper bag- re-breathing CO2 will increase CO2 in blood and decrease pH to more normal levels |
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Term
| Metabolic acidosis Causes |
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Definition
| d by diabetes mellitus, fasting and starvation (anorexia & bulimia), lactic acidosis, salicylate poisoning (aspirin overdose), alcohol poisoning, kidney dysfunction and failure, loss of intestinal secretions (diarrhea & GI suctioning) |
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Term
|
Definition
| ↓ pH, ↓HCO3, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, weakness, lethargy, malaise, altered mental status, coma, peripheral vasodilation, shock, bradycardia, cardiac dysrhythmias, warm flushed skin, Kussmaul’s respirations |
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Term
| Treatment of Met. Acidosis |
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Definition
| Administer bicarbonate (HCO3) via IV or PO |
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Term
| Metabolic alkalosis Causes |
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Definition
| excess ingestion or administration of sodium bicarbonate (baking soda), TPN solutions, blood transfusions, GI loss of HCl via vomiting, GI suctioning, bulimia, diuretic therapy, loss of chloride and body fluids |
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Term
|
Definition
↑ pH, ↑ HCO3, confusion, hyperactive reflexes, tetany, convulsions, hypotension, dysrhythmias.
Treatment: Restore KCL or NaCL, watch for S/S of hypocalcemia or hypophosphatemia |
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Term
|
Definition
40% of medications administered in inpatient settings are via IV route.
Produce rapid results
Accurate dosing is imperative!!!!!!! Once it enters the bloodstream, it is almost impossible to stop the absorption of the medication.
Usually less painful route than IM or sub-q injections |
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Term
|
Definition
| itching, rash, shortness of breath, increased temperature, increased BP, chills |
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Term
| min catheter size for blood |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Blood must be hung within 30 minutes of pick-up from lab |
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Term
|
Definition
Permits infusion of fluids or medications into a large vein usually the superior vena cava or right atrium
EX: Subclavian, Hickman, Broviac
Can be single lumen or multi-lumen
Useful for long-term therapy, infusion of large volumes of fluids, infusion of irritating medications, multiple infusions, or to measure central venous pressure
Chest x-ray is taken to determine if CVL is in correct position before using |
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Term
|
Definition
Peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) – uses a large vein in the arm and catheter line is threaded into the superior vena cava or right atrium
Can be inserted by radiologist or nurse trained in insertion
Can be left in place for weeks or months
Considered as a central line
X-ray is taken after insertion to determine position before use |
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Term
|
Definition
Port-a-cath, Mediport, Infusaport
Inserted in surgery by MD
Small reservoir is implanted under skin of chest, tubing is threaded to superior vena cava or right atrium
Can be used for long-term use as in chemotherapy
Reservoir must be accessed by a trained RN using a special needle called a huber needle
Treated as a central line |
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Term
| Types of IV Solutions - Isotonic |
|
Definition
Have the same osmolarity as serum and other body fluids such as blood.
Remain in the ECF space and are used to expand the ECF
Have no effect on fluid volume in the cells |
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Term
| Types of IV Solutions - IsotonicUses |
|
Definition
Hydration when the patient is dehydrated
Replacement of extracellular fluid loss, such as blood loss
Treatment of hypernatremia (excess serum sodium)
Cautions
Watch for fluid overload
Isotonic solutions do not provide adequate calories
They may lead to protein loss
Common isotonic solutions
D5W
Normal saline (NS)
Lactated Ringer’s (RL) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Have a higher osmolarity than serum
Pull fluid from the ECF space into the intravascular space
Increase circulating volume
Fluid then moves from the cells to replace that lost from the interstitial space
Cells shrink |
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Term
| Types of IV Solutions - Hypertonic Uses |
|
Definition
Uses
Treat patients with low serum electrolyte levels
Stabilize blood pressure
Assist in regulating urine output
Reverse gastric fluid loss from diarrhea, vomiting, NG suctioning
Reverse the effects of dehydration caused by overuse of hypotonic solutions
Cautions
Observe for circulatory overload
Do not use if patient has cardiac or renal disease
Examples
D10W
D51/2NS
D5NS |
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Term
| Types of IV Solutions - Hypotonic |
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Definition
Have a lower osmolarity than serum
Cause a shift of fluids out of the intravascular space
Decrease circulating volume
Fluid goes into the cells |
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|
Term
Types of IV Solutions - Hypotonic
uses |
|
Definition
Uses
Reverse dehydration caused by overuse of diuretics
Treat patients with high serum electrolyte levels
Cautions – Should not be used for patient with
Cerebral edema
Increased intracranial pressure
Burns
Trauma
Low protein levels from malnutrition or liver disease
Example: 0.45 NS |
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Term
| Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Solutions |
|
Definition
Variety of concentrations
0.9% NaCl – isotonic
0.45% NaCl – hypotonic
Supplies normal daily amounts of salt and water
3% or 5% NaCl – hypertonic
Used to correct severe sodium loss and water overload |
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Term
| Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Solution uses |
|
Definition
Uses
Treatment of shock
Treatment of hyponatremia (low serum sodium)
Fluid challenges
Replacement in diabetic ketoacidosis
Resuscitation in trauma emergencies
Infused with blood transfusions
Cautions
Can lead to fluid overload
Observe patients carefully – especially with
Congestive heart failure (CHF)
Edema
Hypernatremia |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Provide calories as carbohydrates to help meet body’s metabolic needs
Higher concentrations of dextrose are needed for adequate caloric intake
20% to 70% dextrose solutions - hypertonic
Require central lines to prevent irritation of the vessels
Must be decreased slowly, never stopped abruptly
D5W - isotonic - only 17 calories per 100 mL
D10W – hypertonic - 34 calories per 100 mL |
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Term
|
Definition
Uses
Provide free water
Treat hyperkalemia (high serum potassium)
Treat dehydration
Cautions - high concentrations of dextrose
can cause cellular dehydration by pulling fluid from the cells into the ECF space
Must be decreased slowly over 48 hours to prevent an excess of insulin production by the pancreas |
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Term
| NaCl and Dextrose Combination Solutions |
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Definition
Prevent some of the adverse effects that occur when each is administered separately
Uses
Fluid replacement of losses due to
Sweating
Vomiting
Gastric suction
Observe for fluid overload in patients with heart, kidney, or liver disease |
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Term
|
Definition
Potassium – 3.5 to 5 mEq/L
Sodium – 136 to 145 mEq/L
Chloride – 98 to106 mEq/L
Calcium – 8.4 to 10.2 |
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Term
| “The LPN certified in IV therapy may NOT administer or add the following to a peripheral line: |
|
Definition
a. IV push or bolus medication
b. IV meds other than those listed above
c. Parenteral nutritional agents other than vitamins
d. Blood, blood components, plasma, plasma expanders
e. Chemotherapeutic agents” |
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Term
|
Definition
Treats shock due to
Trauma
Burns
Hemorrhage
Complications
Anaphylaxis
Fluid overload
Dilution of electrolytes |
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Term
|
Definition
Sugar alcohol substitute
Uses
Diuresis – remove excess body fluids
Excretion of toxic substances
Treatment of increased intracranial pressure and cerebral edema
Complications
Fluid and electrolyte imbalances
Cellular dehydration
Fluid overload
Nervous system toxicity |
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Term
|
Definition
Similar to albumin
Causes fluid to be pulled into the intravascular space
Used to treat shock due to decreased circulating volume
Complications
Anaphylaxis
Altered platelet function
Volume overload
Fluid and electrolyte imbalances |
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Term
|
Definition
Natural plasma protein obtained from blood
Expands circulating volume and increases plasma protein volume
Uses
Treatment of shock due to circulating volume deficit
Provide protein
Bind bilirubin
Complications
Fluid overload
Anemia
Bleeding
Dilution or depletion of electrolytes
Allergic reactions |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cellular components of blood |
|
Definition
Erythrocytes (red blood cells or RBCs)
Leukocytes (white blood cells or WBCs)
Thrombocytes (platelets) |
|
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Term
| symptoms of hemolytic reaction |
|
Definition
Rash/Hives
Headache
Chest pain
Chills and fever
Back pain/flank pain
Shortness of breath |
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|
Term
| your role in the transfusion process |
|
Definition
Verification
Patient identification
Hanging/starting transfusions of blood or blood products
Monitoring for reaction |
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Term
| 3 categories of iv solution and relation to serum |
|
Definition
Isotonic – same osmolarity or concentration as serum
Hypertonic – higher osmolarity or concentration than serum
Hypotonic – lower osmolarity or concentration than seru |
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Term
| Infusing blood or blood products will do the following: |
|
Definition
Restore circulating volume
Improve the ability of the blood to carry oxygen
Replace blood components such as clotting factors |
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Term
| Parenteral nutrition is the IV infusion of |
|
Definition
Amino acids
Dextrose
Fat
Electrolytes
Vitamins
Trace elements |
|
|
Term
| calcium forms a precip if given with what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Required for growth, maintenance, and metabolic processes
Requirement may be altered by disease processes
Preparations – both fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins
Vitamin K is not part of commercial preparations
Can be used alone or additional amounts can be added to meet patient requirements
Uses
Vitamin C – promotes healing
Folic acid – macrocytic (large RBCs) anemia
Folic acid and thiamine – vitamin deficiencies associated with alcoholism
B vitamins – needed for metabolism of carbohydrates and maintenance of GI function |
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Term
|
Definition
Direct access to circulation
Available if patient is unable to take oral meds
Less painful
Rapid onset of action and therapeutic response
Control over infusion rate
Can discontinue immediately if adverse reaction occurs |
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Term
|
Definition
Possibility of incompatibilities
Possibility of absorption by the IV bag or administration set
Possibility of errors in mixing
Speed shock
Phlebitis
Extravasation by vesicant drugs |
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|
Term
| site for emergency care iv |
|
Definition
Forearms
Median cubital vein in the antecubital fossa |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Median cubital vein in the antecubital fossa
Accommodates large-bore needles
Easy to access in an emergency |
|
|
Term
| site for children and infant iv |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| umbilical vessel- MD or NP must place |
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Term
| Complications of IV Therapy |
|
Definition
Localized complications: infiltration, phlebitis, extravasation of vesicants
Systemic complications: Air emboli, fluid overload, sepsis, hypersensitivity reaction |
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Term
|
Definition
A localized complication that occurs when the IV catheter is improperly placed or secured or becomes dislodged or because the veins are too thin and fragile. Fluids leak into surrounding tissues.
S/S: swelling, discomfort, burning, tightness, cool skin, and blanching, the IV stops running or slows down. Can lead to nerve and muscle damage if severe. |
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Term
| Treatment for Infiltration |
|
Definition
Stop the IV from infusing and remove the catheter. Elevate the arm and apply cool compresses for the first 24 hours.
Determine the level of infiltration using the INS Infiltration Scale
Some healthcare institutions require that an occurrence form (incident report) be filed.
A new IV should be started in the patient’s other arm if possible. |
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Term
|
Definition
Occurs when vesicant drugs infiltrate into the patient’s IV site and surrounding tissue.
Vesicant drugs can lead to major tissue damage and requires immediate treatment.
Extravasation is always graded as a Grade 4 on the Infiltration Scale.
Treatment: Stop the infusion immediately, do not remove the catheter because it may be needed to administer antidote into the tissues. |
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Term
|
Definition
Inflammation of the vein due to mechanical or chemical causes.
Mechanical causes: using a large catheter in a small vein, improper securing of the IV, over-manipulation of the IV catheter, prolonged use of the same IV site
Chemical causes: irritating or vesicant medications that are acidic or alkaline or that have high osmolarity. (Erythromycin, Nafcillin, Vancomycin, Amphotericin B, Potassium) |
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Term
|
Definition
Slow down the infusion rate
Dilute the medication
Start with smallest catheter that will be appropriate for the solution.
Replace IV catheters every 72-96 hours.
S/S: erythema (redness), tenderness at the site, warm to touch, elevated temperature, can go into local infection and/or sepsis
Treatment: stop the infusion and remove the device, elevate, apply cool compresses |
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Term
|
Definition
IV infuses too rapidly or patient cannot tolerate increased amounts of fluids
S/S: respiratory distress, neck vein distention, increased BP
Treatment: slow the IV rate to KVO and notify physician, place patient in Semi-Fowler’s position, MD may order diuretics to pull off excess fluid and order O2 to improve respiratory status |
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Term
| Hypersensitivity Reaction |
|
Definition
Allergic reaction
Check with patient and medical record for information about allergies or family history of allergies.
S/S: rash, itching, tearing eyes, runny nose, bronchospasm (constriction of the airways), wheezing, anaphylaxis
Treatment: Stop the infusion, notify the MD, Maintain the IV device by hanging a continuous IV of saline or saline lock, maintain a patent airway, support respirations, May need epinephrine, antihistamines, steroids |
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Term
|
Definition
Localized infection-can lead to sepsis (bloodstream infection)
S/S: extremely red and/or purulent drainage
Treatment: stop infusion, remove the catheter, notify the physician, elevate, apply cool compresses |
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Term
|
Definition
Air enters the heart and causes it to work harder
Air can enter anytime the IV system when the tubing or catheter become separated.
More common in central lines than peripheral lines
Can lead to decreased cardiac output, shock, and death.
S/S: respiratory distress, mid-chest and shoulder pain, nausea, lightheadedness
Treatment: Close off the catheter immediately by closing the clamp or kinking the tubing, place the patient on their left side, head down, start oxygen and notify MD |
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Term
| Factors that Affect Slowing of Infusion |
|
Definition
The solution bag is lower than 36 inches above the IV site
The IV site is taped too tightly
The clamp on the tubing is closed
The tubing is kinked
The gauge of the catheter is too small to accommodate the fluid being infused
Blood has backed up in the tubing
The line contains air bubbles
The patient has bent the elbow or wrist
The IV is infiltrated |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Most adults should take in 1500-2000 ml/24 hours
Fluid intake and output will not be equal, since fluids are lost in sweat, respirations, defecation etc. Urine output should be 1/3 to ½ of fluid intake.
Intake: Oral fluids, IV fluids, enteral feedings
Output: urine, wound drainage, tube drainage, diarrhea, vomiting
All patients on IV’s need to be on I&O |
|
|
Term
| • Approved IV Medications for |
|
Definition
Mississippi LPN’s
o IV Fluids
o IV fluids with vitamins and/or electrolytes (potassium)
o Antibiotics (commercially prepared or prepared by an RN or pharmacy)
o H2 blockers
o Erythropoietin and Vitamin D IV in hemodialysis units only |
|
|
Term
| • LPN’s May NOT administer |
|
Definition
IV push medications or bolus medications
Parenteral nutritional agents (TPN)
Blood, blood components, plasma, plasma expanders
Chemotherapy
No IV’s to pediatric patients under the age of 2 unless you work on a pediatric area, have experience with pediatric patients, and a RN is present on the unit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Provide water, electrolytes, and nutrients to meet daily requirements.
To replace water and correct electrolyte imbalances
To administer medications and blood products |
|
|
Term
| Maintaining Fluid and Electrolyte Balance |
|
Definition
Homeostasis: the body’s attempt to maintain a steady state.
60% of adult body is fluid
80% of an infant’s body is fluid
Body fluid is made up of water and solutes (electrolytes, proteins)
Body fluids: regulate body temperature, transport nutrients throughout body, transport wastes to excretion sites, preserve cell shape |
|
|
Term
| • Maintaining F&E Balance |
|
Definition
o Intracellular fluid: inside cell (55%)
o Extracellular fluid: outside the cell (interstitial fluid and intravascular)
o Fluid balance is regulated by hormones (ADH, kidneys, adrenal
o glands)
o Intake: orally through liquids and food
o Output: respiration, perspiration, urine, feces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Electrically charged particles that conduct electricity necessary for normal cell function
Cations- positively charged ions
Anions- negatively charged ions
Major electrolytes in body fluids: sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca++), chloride(Cl-), phosphate (PO4-3), magnesium (Mg++) |
|
|
Term
| Non-peripheral IV sites- LPN |
|
Definition
LPN’s cannot administer (hang) medications to a Central Venous Line, Mid-clavicular, or midline (PICC’s)- they can only check the IV flow rate and change the dressing at the site.
LPN’s may not discontinue central or midline venous lines |
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