Term
| Signs and Symptoms of Hyponatremia: (7) |
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Definition
1. headache
2. muscle weakness
3. fatigue
4. apathy
5. confusion
6. abdominal cramps
7. orthostatic hypotension (drop in systolic BP more than 20 mm Hg)--Take BP with pt. lying or sitting and then standing to determine if there is significant drop |
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Term
| Causes of Hyponatremia: (7) |
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Definition
1. excessive intake of water without Sodium
2. Excessive loss of Sodium (vomiting, diarrhea, diaphoresis)
3.use of distilled water to irrigate body cavities
4. excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
5. congestive heart failure
6. liver cirrhosis
7. nephrotic syndrome |
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Term
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Definition
1. restriction of fluids while kidneys excrete excess water
2. IV normal saline or Ringer's lactate may be ordered.
3. if sodium falls below 115 mEq/L, hypertonic sodium may be ordered
4. diuretic furosemide (Lasix) may be ordered b/c of its ability to promote water loss that exceeds sodium loss
5. patient has SIADH, drugs such as demeclocycline and lithium that antagonize antidiuretic hormone may be ordered. |
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Term
| Causes of Hypernatremia: (4) |
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Definition
1. vomiting
2. diarrhea
3. diaphoresis (profuse sweating)
4. insufficient antidiuretic hormone |
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Term
| Signs and Symptoms of Hypernatremia: (8) |
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Definition
1. thirst
2. flushed skin
3. dry mucous membrane
4. low urine outout
5. restlessness
6. increase HR
7. convulsions
8. postural hypotension |
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Term
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Definition
1. restore the fluid balance slowly to prevent cerebral edema resulting from excessive dilution of ECF
2. if pt. has an ECF volume deficit, IV fluids with decreasing amts. of sodium may be ordered.--) low sodium diet is prescribed |
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Term
| Causes of Hypokalemia: (7) |
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Definition
1. vomiting
2. diarrhea
3. nasogastric sunction
4. inadequate dietary intake of potassium
5. diabetic acidosis
6. excessive aldosterone secretion
7. drugs such as potassium-wasting diuretics and corticosteroids |
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Term
| Signs and Symptoms of Hypokalemia: (14) |
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Definition
1. aneroxia
2. abdominal distention
3. vomiting
4. diarrhea
5. muscle cramps
6. weakness
7. dysrhythimas (abnormal cardiac rhythms
8. postural hypotension
9. dyspnea
10. shallow respirations
11. confusion
12. depression
13. polyuria(excessive urine)
14. nocturia |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. potassium replacement by the intravenous or oral route may be prescribed |
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Term
| Causes of Hyperkalemia: (3) |
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Definition
1. Decreased renal function
2. people in metabolic acidosis
people taking K+ supplement
3. Pts. with secere traumatic injuries b/c of loss of potassium from damaged cells into ECF. |
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Term
| Signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia: (7) |
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Definition
1. Bradycardia, then tachycardia --> risk of cardiac arrest
2.gastrointestinal systems, it can cause explosice diarrhea & vomiting
3. neuromuscular effects are muscle cramps and weakness and paresthesia (tingling sensation)
4. irratability
5. anxiety
6. abdominal cramps
7. decreased urine outout |
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Term
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Definition
1. correcting the underlying causes & restrictimng potassium intake
2. Polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate), drug given orally or rectally, promotes excretion of excess potassium through intestinal tract
3. IV calcium gluconate may be given to decrease the effects of potassium on the myocardium |
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Term
| Results of Hypocalcemia: (3) |
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Definition
1.diarrhea
2. inadequate dietary intake of calcium or vit. D
3. multiple blood transfusions |
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Term
| Causes of hypercalcemia?(4) |
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Definition
1. high calcium or vit. D intake
2. hyperparathyroidism
3. immobility that causes stores of calcium in the bones to enter bloodstream
4. complications of certain types of cancer |
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