water

electrolytes

nonelectrolytes

blood cells

fluid that is within the cells,

greatest proportion of water in the body

fluid that is outside the cells,

further divided into:

interstitial fluid

intravascular fluid

are chemical compounds such as sodium and chloride that are dissolved, and absorbed and distributed in body fluids and posses and electrical charge

-collectively called ions, cations, anions

ions 

cations

anions

-substances that have either positive and negative charge

-electrolyte with a positive charge

-electrolyte with a negative charge

nonelectrolytes

-Na

-cation

-normal serum level 135-148mEq/L 

compartment- ECF

replaced by any salty food or just plain table salt

-K

-cation

-3.5-5.0 mEq/L 

compartment: ICF

foods that replace potassium are potatoes, and bananas

abnormal, extracellular fluid is trapped somewhere in the body (that normally don't have fluid in them)

- dehydration, no weight loss

associated with disorders where albumin levels are low

Calcium

-Ca

-Cation

-2.1-2.6mEq/L 

compartment:

ICF

Fluids and solutes move across membranes by four processes: 

osmosis;

diffusion;

filtration;

active transport. 

-movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from an area of lesser concentration to an area of greater concentration 

-osmosis continues until equilibrium

same osmolarity as blood plasma

Transport of water that is dictated by pressure only 

-thirst control center is in the hypothalamus in the brain

-average adult intake is 2200-2700mL per day. 

the sum of all liquid eliminated from the body. 

-lose fluid from kidneys, skin, lungs, Gi tract

CO2 is acid, HC03 is base

poor skin turgor

dry mucous membranes

low urine output

low blood pressure

feeling thirsty

weight loss

increased specific gravity

signs of excess fluid

edema

crackles in lungs

increased heart rate and repirations

excessive weight gain fast

decreased urine specific gravity 

-increased arterial CO2 and decreased pH

-respiratory depression 

decreased arterial CO2 and increased pH

-hyperventilation 

-HCO3 is decreased 

diarrhea, starvation,renal failure, heavy exercise.

HCO3 is increased 

vomiting, gastric suctioning, diuretics, hypokalemia

-low volume in extracellular fluid compartments may result in hypovolemia.

if untreated it may result in dehydration

means a higher than normal volume of water in the intravascular fluid compartments. 

edema develops with excess fluid

fever

chills

headache

lumbar pain

rash

tachycardia

bp drop

what do do when patient shows blood transfusion reaction 

stop transfusion immediately

call of help

give normal saline wide open

fowlers position 

monitor vs 

send bag and tubing to lab

whole blood

packed red blood cells (PRBC)

fresh frozen plasma (FFP)

oxygen

carbon dioxide

bicarbonate

exlpanation

An arterial blood gas (ABG) test measures the acidity (pH) and the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood from an artery. This test is used to check how well your lungs are able to move oxygen into the blood and remove carbon dioxide from the blood

iv solution

hypotonic

-osmolarity less than blood plasma 

-fluid shifts into cells

-0.45% sodium chloride also called half strength saline

-5% dextrose in 0.45% saline

iv solution 

hypertonic

osmolarity greater than blood plasma 

-fluid shifts out of cells

- 10% dextrose in water also called D10W

-3% saline

- 20% dextrose in water 

iv solution 

isotonic

same osmolarity as blood plasma

- no redistribution of body fluids

-normal saline

-5% dextrose in water D5W

Ringer's Solution