Term
| HOw do you combat bacteria? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 shapes of bacteria? |
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Definition
| Spherical, rod shaped, spiral |
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Term
| What is the official name of a spherical shaped bacteria? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the official name of a rod shaped bacteria? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the official name of a spiral shaped bacteria? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 types of colonies? |
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Definition
| Diplo, Staphylo, and Strepto |
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Term
| What shape does a strep(to) colony form? |
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Definition
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Term
| What shape does a staph(ylo) colony form? |
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Definition
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Term
| What can bacteria do very easily? |
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Definition
| adapt to their environment |
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Term
| What are obligate anaerobes? |
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Definition
| bacteria that only grow in the absence of oxygen |
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Term
| What are obligate aerobes? |
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Definition
| bacteria that only grow in the presence of oxygen |
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Term
| What are facultative anaerobes? |
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Definition
| bacteria that grow with or without oxygen |
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Term
| How do bacteria reproduce? |
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Definition
| they make copies of DNA and divide |
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Term
| What are 3 ways bacteria can exchange DNA? |
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Definition
| Conjugation, Transformation, Transduction |
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Term
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Definition
| the bacteria grows a tube between two cells in order to exchange DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| it is where bacterial DNA is taken from the air |
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Term
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Definition
| the transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another by a virus |
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Term
| What does it mean if a bacteria is an obligate parasite? |
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Definition
| It means that it can only survive with a living host |
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Term
| Some bacteria are_________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the complete unit of a virus? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| structures that have DNA or RNA with a protein covering, but are not considered to be alive |
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Term
| How do viruses affect cells? |
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Definition
| the virus attaches to a cell, and tells the cell what to do. |
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Term
| What are some characteristics of viruses? |
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Definition
| they have no cell membrane, cytoplasm, or organelles of their own, they cannot move on their own, they reproduce using the organieeles and enzymes of the host |
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Term
| What's the difference between archaebacteria and eubacteria? |
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Definition
| archaebacteria doesn't have petidoglycans in their cell walls, and they live in extreme conditions, while eubacteria are more comman, have petidoglycans in their cell walls and live in moderate conditions |
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Term
| What color does gram negative bacteria turn? |
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Definition
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Term
| What color does gram positive bacteria turn? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do all bacteria have cell walls? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 2 colors used in Gram stain? |
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Definition
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Term
| HOw can you identify the bacteria by the cell walls? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is gram stain used for? |
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Definition
| to determine the kind of cell wall in order to determine what type of antibiotic to use |
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Term
| What structures do bacteria have? don't have? |
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Definition
they have DNA, flagella, and a cell wall
they don't have a nucleus or membrane bound organelles |
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Term
| What are some uses for bacteria? |
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Definition
| food processing and bioremediation |
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Term
| What is an example of bioremediation? |
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Definition
| when the mining company used bacteria to clean the creek in which they were dumping the contaminated water from their gold sifting into a creek. everything in the creek died, and then within a year of the bacteria being introduced, trout returned to the cleaned creek. |
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Term
| What is bacterial reproduction called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why don't bacteria take over the world? |
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Definition
| bacteria must have optimal conditions in order to continue to reproduce at this same rate. Eventully the cells in the middle of the colony die because the conditions don't support their continued growth |
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Term
| What are some optimal growth conditons? |
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Definition
| Moisture, Temperature, pH, Nutrition, and Endospores that are produced |
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Term
| What are some ways to control bacteria? |
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Definition
| canning, preserves/jellies, salt-curing, refrigeration, quick freezing, dehydration, radiation, pickling, chemical preservation, pasteurization |
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Term
| How does canning control bacteria? |
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Definition
| the canned food is heated to kill bacteria and then sealed to prevent the growth and entrance of new bacteria |
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Term
| How does preserves/jellies control bacteria? |
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Definition
| by using a strong sugar concentration that prevents bacteria from growing and keeps them tightly covere that prevents aerobic molds from growing |
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Term
| How does salt-curing control bacteria? |
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Definition
| the salt causes dehydration of active cells |
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Term
| How does refrigeration control bacteria? |
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Definition
| low temperatures do not support rapid growth of bacteria or mold, but doesnt completely stop |
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Term
| How does quick freezing control bacteria? |
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Definition
| doesn't kill all the bacteria present, but greatly retards their growth |
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Term
| How does dehydration control bacteria? |
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Definition
| removes the moisture from the food and keeping the food dry revents bacterial and fungal growth |
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Term
| How does radiation control bacteria? |
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Definition
| placing food in a plastic container and exposing it to radiation will kill all living things in the container |
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Term
| How does pickling control bacteria? |
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Definition
| acids are used to preserve foods to stop growth of bacteria |
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Term
| How does chemical preservation control bacteria? |
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Definition
| chemicals are added to foods to retard bacterial/fungal growth |
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Term
| How does pasteurization control bacteria? |
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Definition
| raises the temperature to kill bacteria then lowers the temperature to cool. This is used in the milk we purchase today |
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Term
| How can bacteria adapt so easily? |
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Definition
| by frequently exchanging their DNA with other bacteria |
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Term
| What bacteria makes water taste bad? |
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Definition
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Term
| Whta things make up a virus? |
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Definition
| core, capsid, some have a membrane envelope made up of lipids |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Viruses are _____________. |
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Definition
| Obligatory intracellular parasites |
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Term
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Definition
| a virus that only effects a specific type of bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability of a pathogen to affect a cell |
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Term
| What does it mean if a virus is nonvirulent to a cell? |
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Definition
| it means that the virus cannot affect a certain type of cell |
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Term
| What are the 2 techniques that a virus uses to affect cells/ that they use to reproduce? |
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Definition
| Lytic cycle, and lysogenic cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| virus enters cell, uses cellular materials to make multiple copies of viral nucleic acid, kills the cell, and releases thousands of new virions into the environment |
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Term
| Explain the lysogenic cycle. |
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Definition
| the virus enters the cell, remains inactive but doesn't affect the cell. the virus embeds itself into the DNA and is reproduced with the DNA each time the cell reproduces. then a certain stimulus in the environment triggers the virus which then kills all of the cells that have the virus in the DNA |
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Term
| What is the difference between the lytic cycle and the lysogenic cycle? |
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Definition
| the lytic cycle kills the cell in order to reproduce the virus, and the lysogenic cycle repruduces the virus through the DNA of the cell, and doesn't kill the cell until a stimulus starts teh lytic cycle |
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Term
| What are persistent viral infections? |
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Definition
| a virus that doesn't kill the cell, and the cell continues to release virus particles. the virus effects the cell's metabolism |
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Term
| What are transforming viruses? |
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Definition
| viruses that add new genetic info to cell, prevents cell from being productive |
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Term
| What is an example of a transforming virus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 2 types of vaccinations? |
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Definition
| inactivated vaccine, and atenuated vaccine |
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Term
| Why can't you kill a virus once its inside a cell? |
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Definition
| because it is impossible to destroy the virus without destroying the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| a shot that activates the immune system so that it readily recognies and responds to prevent disease |
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Term
| HOw do you fight a virus? |
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Definition
| by giving the person a vaccination |
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Term
| What is an inactivated vaccine? |
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Definition
| an altered virus that cannot replicate itself in a host cell |
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Term
| Waht is an attenuated vaccine? |
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Definition
| a vaccine made from altered viruses so that they are nonvirulent but can still reproduce; it is possible that it will cause a disease |
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Term
| What is ineffective against viruses? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an emerging virus? |
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Definition
| a virus that has moved from one type of species to another type of species |
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