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Ch 1-3+5 Essentials of Contemporary Management
Management
104
Management
Undergraduate 3
02/06/2014

Additional Management Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Organizations
Definition
collections of people who work together and coordinate their actions to achieve a wide variety of goals or desired future outcomes
Term
Management
Definition
the planning, organizing, leading, and controlling of human and other resources to achieve organizational goals efficiently and effectively
Term
Organizational Performance
Definition
a measure of how efficiently and effectively a manager uses resources to satisfy customers and achieve organizational goals
Term
Efficiency
Definition
a measure of how well or how productively resources are used to achieve a goal
Term
Effectiveness
Definition
a measure of the appropriateness of the goals an organization is pursuing and the degree to which the organization achieves those goals
Term
Planning
Definition
identifying and selecting appropriate goals: one of the four principal tasks of management
Term
Strategy
Definition
a cluster of decisions about what goals to pursue, what actions to take, and how to use resources to achieve goals
Term
Organizing
Definition
structuring working relationships so organizational members work together to achieve organizational goals; one of the four principal tasks of management
Term
Organizational Structure
Definition
a formal system of task and reporting relationships that coordinates and motivates organizational members so they work together to achieve organizational goals
Term
Leading
Definition
Articulating a clear vision and energizing and enabling organizational members so they understand the part they play in achieving organizational goals, one of the four principal tasks of management
Term
Controlling
Definition
Evaluating how well an organization is achieving its goals and taking action to maintain or improve performance; one of the four principal tasks of management
Term
Department
Definition
a group of people who work together and possess similar skills or use the same knowledge, tools, or techniques to perform their jobs
Term
First-Line Manager
Definition
a manager who is responsible for the daily supervision of nonmanagerial employees
Term
Middle Manager
Definition
a manager who supervises first line managers and is responsible for finding the best way to use resources to achieve organizational goals
Term
Top Manager
Definition
a manager who establishes organizational goals, decides how departments should interact, and monitors the performance of middle managers
Term
Top Management Team
Definition
a group composed of the CEO, the COO, and the VPs of the most important departments of a company
Term
Conceptual Skills
Definition
the ability to analyze and diagnose a situation and to distinguish between cause and effect
Term
Human Skills
Definition
the ability to understand, alter, lead, and control the behavior of other individuals and groups
Term
Technical Skills
Definition
the job-specific knowledge and techniques required to perform an organizational role
Term
Core Competency
Definition
the specific set of departmental skills, knowledge, and experience that allows one organization to outperform another
Term
Restructuring
Definition
downsizing an organization by eliminating the jobs of large numbers of top, middle, and first-line managers and nonmanagerial employees
Term
Outsourcing
Definition
contracting with another company, usually abroad, to have it perform an actiivity the organization previously performed itself
Term
Empowerment
Definition
the expansion of employees' knowledge, tasks, and decision-making responsibilities
Term
Self-Managed Team
Definition
a group of employees who assume responsibility for organizing, controlling, and supervising their own activities and monitoring the quality of the goods and services that they provide
Term
Global Organization
Definition
organizations that operate and compete in more than one country
Term
Competitive Advantage
Definition
the ability of one organization to outperform other organizations because it produces desired goods or services more efficiently and effectively than they do
Term
Turnaround Management
Definition
the creation of a new vision for a struggling company based on a new approach to planning and organizing to make better use of a company's resources and allow it to survive and prosper
Term
Innovation
Definition
the process of creating new or improved goods and services or developing better ways to produce or provide them
Term
Scientific Management
Definition
the systematic study of relationships between people and tasks for the purpose of redesigning the work process to increase efficiency
Term
Bureaucracy
Definition
a formal system of organization and administration designed to ensure efficiency and effectiveness
Term
Authority
Definition
the power to hold people accountable for their actions and to make decisions concerning the use of organizational resources
Term
Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)
Definition
specific sets of written instructions about how to perform a certain aspect of a task
Term
Norms
Definition
unwritten, informal codes of conduct that prescribe how people should act in specific situations
Term
Hawthorne Effect
Definition
suggests that the attitudes of workers toward their managers affect the level of workers performances
Term
Human Relations Movement
Definition
advocates that supervisors be behaviorally trained to manage subordinates in ways that elicit their cooperation and increase their productivity
Term
Informal Organization
Definition
the system of behavioral rules and norms that emerge in a group, when they try to manage or change behavior in organizations
Term
Organizational Behavior
Definition
the study of factors that have an impact on how individuals and groups respond to and act in organizations
Term
Theory X
Definition
Theory X: the average worker is lazy, dislikes work, and will try to do as little as possible thus managers must supervise closely and control their behavior with rewards and punishment (carrot and a stick)
Term
Theory Y
Definition
assumes that workers are not inherently lazy do not dislike work and, if given the opportunity, will do what is good for the organization
Term
Personality Traits
Definition
particular tendencies to feel, think, and act in certain ways that can be used to describe the personality of an individual
Term
Extraversion
Definition
the tendency to experience positive emotions and moods and feel good about oneself and the rest of the world. Managers like this tend to be sociable, affectionate, outgoing, and friendly
Term
Negative Affectivity
Definition
the tendency to experience negative emotions and moods, feel distressed, and be critical of oneself and others
Term
Agreeableness
Definition
the tendency to get along well with others
Term
Openness to Experience
Definition
the tendency to be original, have broad interests, be open to a wide range of stimuli, be daring, and take risks
Term
Internal Locus of Control
Definition
the tendency to locate responsibility for one's fate within oneself
Term
External Locus of Control
Definition
the tendency to locate responsibility for one's fate in outside forces and to believe one's own behavior has little impact on outcomes
Term
Self-Esteem
Definition
the degree to which individuals feel good about themselves and their capabilities
Term
Conscientiousness
Definition
the tendency to be careful, scrupulous, and persevering
Term
Need for Achievement
Definition
the extent to which an individual has a strong desire to perform challenging tasks well and to meet personal standards for excellence
Term
Need for Affiliation
Definition
the extent to which an individual is concerned about establishing and maintaining good interpersonal relations, behing liked, and having other people get along
Term
Need for Power
Definition
the extent to which an individual desires to control or influence others
Term
Terminal Value
Definition
a lifelong goal or objective that an individual seeks to achieve
Term
Instrumental Value
Definition
a mode of conduct that an individual seeks to follow
Term
Value Systems
Definition
the terminal and instrumental values that are guiding principles in an individual's life
Term
Attitude
Definition
a collection of feelings and beliefs
Term
Job Satisfaction
Definition
the collection of feelings and beliefs that managers have about their current jobs
Term
Organizational Citizenship Behaviors
Definition
behaviors that are not required of organizational members but that contribute to and are necessary for organizational efficiency, effectiveness, and competitive advantage
Term
Organizational Commitment
Definition
the collection of feelings and beliefs that managers have about their organization as a whole
Term

Mood

 

VS

 

Emotions

Definition

a feeling or state of mind

 

VS

 

intense, relatively short-lived feelings

Term
Emotional Intelligence
Definition
the ability to understand and manage one's own moods and emotions and the moods and emotions of other people
Term
Organizational Culture
Definition
the shared set of beliefs, expectations, values, norms, and work routines that influence how individuals, groups, and teams interact with one another and cooperate to achieve organizational goals
Term
Attraction-Selection-Attrition Framework (ASA)
Definition
a model that explains how personality may influence organizational culture

(managers tend to be attracted to and choose employees whose personalities are similar to their own)
Term
Organizational Socialization
Definition
the process by which newcomers learn an organization's values and norms and acquire the work behaviors necessary to perform jobs effectively
Term
Ethical Dilemma
Definition
the quandary people find themselves in when they have to decide if they should act in a way that might help another person or group even though doing so might go against their own self-interest
Term
Ethics
Definition
the inner guiding moral principles, values, and beliefs that people use to analyze or interpret a situation and then decide what is the right or appropriate way to behave
Term
Stakeholders
Definition
the people and groups that supply a company with the productive resources and so have a claim on and stake in the company
Term
Utilitarian Rule
Definition
an ethical decision is a decision that produces the greatest good for the greatest number of people
Term
Moral Rights Rule
Definition
an ethical decision is one that best maintains and protects the fundamental or inalienable rights and privileges of the people affected by it
Term
Justice Rule
Definition
an ethical decision distributes benefits and harms among people and groups in a fair, equitable, or impartial way
Term
Practical Rule
Definition
an ethical decision is one that a manager has no reluctance about communicating to people outside the company because the typical person in a society would think it is acceptable
Term
Trust
Definition
the willingness of one person or group to have faith or confidence in the goodwill of another person, even though this puts them at risk
Term
Reputation
Definition
the esteem of high repute that individuals or organizations gain when they behave ethically
Term
Societal Ethics
Definition
standards that govern how members of a society are to deal with each other on issues such as fairness, justice, poverty, and the rights of the individual
Term
Professional Ethics
Definition
standards that govern how members of a profession are to make decisions when the way they should behave is not clear cut
Term
Individual Ethics
Definition
personal values and attitudes that govern how individuals interact with other people
Term
Ethics Ombudsman
Definition
an ethics officer who monitors an organization's practices and procedures to be sure that they are ethical
Term
Decision Making
Definition
the process by which managers respond to opportunities and threats by analyzing options and making determinations about specific organizational goals and courses of action
Term
Programmed Decision Making
Definition
Routine, virtually automatic decision making that follows established rules or guidelines
Term
Non-Programmed Decision Making
Definition
nonroutine decision making that occurs in response to unusual, unpredictable opportunities and threats.
Term
Intuition
Definition
feelings, beliefs, and hunches that come readily to mind, require little effort and information gathering and result in on-the-spot decisions
Term
Reasoned Judgement
Definition
a decision that takes time and effort to make and results from careful information gathering, generation of alternatives, and evaluation of alternatives
Term
Classical Decision-Making Model
Definition
a prescriptive approach to decision making based on the assumption that the decision maker can identify and evaluate all possible alternatives and their consequences and rationally choose the most appropriate course of action
Term
Optimum Decision
Definition
the most appropriate decision in light of what managers believe to be the most desirable future consequences for the organization
Term
Administrative Model
Definition
an approach to decision making that explains why decision making is inherently uncertain and risky and why managers usually make satisfactory rather than optimum decisions
Term
Bounded Rationality
Definition
cognitive limitations that constrain one's ability to interpret, process, and act on information
Term
Risk
Definition
the degree of probability that the possible outcomes of a particular course of action will occur
Term
Uncertainty
Definition
unpredictability
Term
Ambiguous Information
Definition
information that can be interpreted in multiple and often conflicting ways
Term
Satisficing
Definition
searching for and choosing an acceptable, or satisfactory, response to problems and opportunities, rather than trying to make the best decision
Term
Groupthink
Definition
a pattern of faulty and biased decision making that occurs in groups whose members strive for agreement among themselves at the expense of accurately assessing information relevant to a decision
Term
Devil's Advocacy
Definition
critical analysis of a preferred alternative, made in response to challenges raised by a group member who, playing the role of devil's advocate, defends unpopular or opposing alternatives for the sake of argument
Term
Organizational Learning
Definition
the process through which managers seek to improve employees' desire and ability to understand and manage the organization and its task environment
Term
Learning Organization
Definition
an organization in which managers try to maximize the ability of individuals and groups to think and behave creatively and thus maximize the potential for organizational learning to take place
Term
Creativity
Definition
a decision maker's ability to discover original and novel ideas that lead to feasible alternative courses of action
Term
Innovation
Definition
the implementation of creative ideas in an organization
Term
Production Blocking
Definition
a loss of productivity in brainstorming sessions due to the unstructured nature of brainstorming
Term
Nominal Group Technique
Definition
a decision-making technique in which group members write down ideas and solutions, read their suggestions to the whole group, and discuss and then rank the alternatives.
Term
Delphi Technique
Definition
a decision-making technique in which group members do not meet face-to-face but respond in writing to questions posed by the group leader.
Term
Entrepreneur
Definition
an individual who notices opportunities and decides how to mobilize the resources necessary to produce new and improved goods and services
Term
Social Entrepreneur
Definition
an individual who pursues initiatives and opportunities and mobilizes resources to address social problems and needs in order to improve society and well-being through creative solutions
Term
Intrapreneur
Definition
a manager, scientist, or researcher who works inside an organization and notices opportunities to develop new or improved products and better ways to make them
Term
Entrepreneurship
Definition
the mobilization of resources to take advantage of an opportunity to provide customers with new or improved goods and services
Term
Product Champion
Definition
a manager who takes "ownership" of a project and provides the leadership and vision that take a product from the idea stage to the final customer
Term
Skunkworks
Definition
a group of entrepreneurs who are deliberately separated from the normal operation of an organization to encourage them to devote all their attention to developing new products
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