Term
Define the following:
Saturated Fatty Acids |
|
Definition
Solid animal fats
Harder to excrete and easier to store
NO Double Bonds |
|
|
Term
Define the following:
Mono- or Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids |
|
Definition
Primary fat in plants and fish
Oils
More easily excreted
One or More Double Bonds |
|
|
Term
Define the following:
Prostaglandins |
|
Definition
| Polyunsaturated fatty acids that regulate renin release, uterine contraction, and platelet aggregation |
|
|
Term
Define the following:
Trans fatty acids |
|
Definition
Man-made chemically-induced fats from the conversion of oils to solids.
Structurally more closely related to saturated fats.
NOT Natural |
|
|
Term
| What does Prostaglandins regulate? |
|
Definition
| renin release, uterine contraction, and platelet aggregation |
|
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Term
| What type of fatty acid is Margarine an example of? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Are lipids soluble in water? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Are Lipids organic or inorganic? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are most lipids transported in plasma by? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Lipids are what type of precursors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 2 locations of Lipids? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Provide cellular energy via production of acetyl CoA
Building blocks of other lipids |
|
|
Term
3 Fatty Acids + Glycerol
Water Insoluble
Insulator/Cushion |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main source of Triglycerides? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of specimen is required for Triglycerides? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What hydrolyzes Tg into FFA and glycerol so it can be taken up by cells for energy? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Excess FFA are re-formed into what as storage fat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Tg can be mobilized when needed for energy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 3 times when Tg can be mobilized when needed for energy |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Unsaturated Steroid Alcohol
'Esterified' |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Exogenous Cholesterol accounts for what % of total cholesterol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Endogenous Cholesterol accounts for what % of total cholesterol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Vitamin D and Steroid Hormone Precursor? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Where is Cholesterol converted to bile acids to aid in fat absorption? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What organ is the main route of cholesterol removal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can you find Cholesterol in cell membranes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is Cholesterol a GOOD source of energy fuel? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What contains both hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Name 3 phospholipid lung surfactants |
|
Definition
Lecithin
Sphingomyelin
Phosphatidylglyercol |
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|
Term
| What contains sugar + lipid (ceramide) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What makes up the cell membranes of the brain and CNS |
|
Definition
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|
Term
True or False:
Glycolipids serve a role in blood typing |
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Definition
|
|
Term
What does the following stand for:
VLDL |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What does the following stand for:
LDL |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What does the following stand for:
HDL |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does VLDL transport to cells for energy or storage? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| VLDL is stimulated by what? |
|
Definition
| Intake of carbohydrates, saturated fatty acids, and trans fatty acids |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| VLDL remnant after Tg has been deposited |
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|
Term
| What does LDL transport to tissues for cell membranes and hormone synthesis? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Excess cholesterol is absorbed by macrophages in vessels, this leads to what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What can/do plaques lead to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are HDLs mostly made? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HDL contains a higher percentage of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does HDL transport from tissues to liver for disposal as bile acids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
High levels of Lp(a) may be genetically controlled |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Lp(a) interfere with? |
|
Definition
| Normal plasminogen function |
|
|
Term
| The presence of Lipoprotein a may promote what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Lipoprotein a have a Strong correlation with? |
|
Definition
| Family history of heart disease/stroke at an Early Age |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protein/Phospholipid sphere with lipid in teh core |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of Lipoproteins? |
|
Definition
| Transport lipids through the bloodstream |
|
|
Term
| What are 4 types of Lipoproteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chylomicrons are made where in response to fatty foods? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chylomicrons carry what to adipose tissue for storage? |
|
Definition
Exogenous lipids
Mainly Tg |
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|
Term
| Chylomicrons carry exogenous lipids to where organs for energy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| It takes how many hours after a meal to clear the bloodstream of Chylomicrons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main cause of lipemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What will a non-fasting specimen of Chylomicrons show? |
|
Definition
| Creamy layer on the top of the serum after refrigeration |
|
|
Term
| Desirable range of Tg (fasting) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Desirable range of Total Cholesterol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Desirable range of HDL Cholesterol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Desirable range of LDL Cholesterol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 Causes of Dyslipidemias |
|
Definition
Genetic/familial
Lifestyle
Secondary to other diseases |
|
|
Term
| What is the formula used to calculate VLDL? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the formula used to calculate LDL? |
|
Definition
| Total cholesterol - HDL - VLDL |
|
|
Term
| What amount of Triglycerides will make the Friedewald calculation invalid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of method is used to measure HDL? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For measuring HDL what type of enzymes block non-HDL lipoproteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A second reagent is used in the homogeneous method for measuring HDL to do what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thickening or hardening of vessels; loss of elasticity |
|
|
Term
| What is the leading cause of death and disability in the United States of America? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Increased Cholesterol lead to? |
|
Definition
| Foam cells --> Fatty streaks --> Plaques -->Thrombosis / Blockage |
|
|
Term
| Arteriosclerosis - Brain = CVD = ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Arteriosclerosis - Arms, legs = |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Arteriosclerosis - Heart = CAD or _______ = angina and MI |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Arteriosclerosis - Cholesterol Increases, what happens to LDL and HDL? |
|
Definition
LDL Increases
HDL Decreases |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for Arteriosclerosis? |
|
Definition
| Statins and bile acid sequestrants |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 Consequences of Chronically High Lipids? |
|
Definition
Arteriosclerosis
Gallstones |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common type of gallstone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are gallstones formed? |
|
Definition
| Bile contains more cholesterol than can be kept in solution. It then precipitates. |
|
|
Term
| Which sex tends to have more gallstones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 2 factors that can increase the risk of gallstones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 7 conditions that are associated with Dyslipidemia? |
|
Definition
Type 2 Diabetes
Nephrotic syndrome
Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Familial Hypertriglyceridemia
Alcoholism
Tangier's Disease
Metabolic Syndrome / Syndrome X |
|
|
Term
| What is deficient in Type 2 Diabetes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is increased in Type 2 Diabetes? |
|
Definition
Triglycerides
Total Cholesterol |
|
|
Term
| What does the LDL Deficiency in Type 2 Diabetes cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does hyperglycemia cause? |
|
Definition
| Increased fat production in liver = Increased Tg in blood |
|
|
Term
| What does insulin resistance cause? |
|
Definition
| Increased mobilized FFA = Increased Acetyl CoA = Increased Cholesterol |
|
|
Term
| What is Nephrotic Syndrome caused by? |
|
Definition
| Loss of glomerular function |
|
|
Term
| What decreases in Nephrotic Syndrome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 substances increase in Nephrotic Syndrome? |
|
Definition
| Serum Triglycerides and Cholesterol |
|
|
Term
| What can typically be seen with Nephrotic Syndrome? |
|
Definition
Proteinuria
OFB
Free fat globules
Fatty casts
Cholesterol Crystals |
|
|
Term
| With Familial Hypercholesterolemia which type is rare? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia what does the Cholesterol get up to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia what does the Cholesterol get up to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia one can see heart attacks as early as what age? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia one can see heart disease in what age range? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Familial Hypercholesterolemia lack? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does LDL accumulate in the blood in Familial Hypercholesterolemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What increases in Familial Hypercholesterolemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is Familial Hypercholesterolemia associated with obesity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Xanthomas and Arcus are associated with which condition? |
|
Definition
| Familial Hypercholesterolemia |
|
|
Term
| What causes (Familial) Hypertriglyceridemia? |
|
Definition
| Imbalance between synthesis and clearance of VLDL |
|
|
Term
| (Familial) Hypertriglyceridemia is an Imbalance between synthesis and clearance of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is (Familial) Hypertriglyceridemia deficient in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What will patients with (Familial) Hypertriglyceridemia have even after fasting? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can (Familial) Hypertriglyceridemia cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can poor diet habits lead to? |
|
Definition
| Increased Fatty acid synthesis for cellular energy |
|
|
Term
| Alcohol interferes with with LPL, so what 2 substances accumulate in blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___% of cases of pancreatitis are caused by alcoholism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| GGT, AST/ALT are associated with which condtion associated with dyslipidemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cirrhosis and beta-gama briding are associated with which condition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is absent in Tangier's Disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tangier's Disease puts its patients at what type of risk? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Enlarged discolored tonsils and spleen are associated with which condition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 3 other causes associated with dyslipidemia? |
|
Definition
Smoking
Hypertension
Menopause |
|
|
Term
| Patients are at risk for Metabolic Syndrome / Syndrome X if they have 3 or more of what? |
|
Definition
Large waistline
Higher triglyceride
Lower HDL
Higher BP
Higher Fasting Glucose
Sedentary lifestyle |
|
|
Term
| What 3 things could be higher for Patients of Metabolic Syndrome / Syndrome X |
|
Definition
BP
Fasting Glucose
Triglyceride |
|
|
Term
| Most cholesterol exists as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Enzymatic methods separate cholesterol from what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What interferes with the lab analysis for Total Cholesterol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When analyzing Triglycerides in the lab which enzyme starts the reaction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of specimens are preferred to avoid false elevations from dietary Triglycerides? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What will cause a false elevation of Triglycerides? |
|
Definition
| Free glycerol (endogenous) |
|
|
Term
| When testing Triglycerides what type of "blank" should you use to overcome a potential false elevation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Presence of excess fat in feces |
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|
