Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The death penalty (page 176) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A violation of a norm that has been codified into law (page 172) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A collection of social institutions, such as legislatures, police, courts, and prisons, that create and enforce laws (page 176) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The use of electronic media (web pages, social networking sites, e-mail, instant messengers, and cell phones) to tease, harass, threaten, or humiliate someone (page 169) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The tendency of individuals to age out of crime over the life course (page 174) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An approach to punishment that relies on the threat of harsh penalties to discourage people from committing crimes (page 174) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A behavior, trait, belief, or other characteristic that violates a norm and causes a negative reaction (page 154) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Process by which an individual self-identifies as deviant and initiates her own labeling process (page 166) |
|
|
Term
| Differential association theory |
|
Definition
| Edwin Sutherland's hypothesis that we learn to be deviant through our associations with deviant peers (page 160) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An approach to punishment that seeks to protect society from criminals by imprisoning or executing them (page 176) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Among stigmatized individuals, the rejection of prevailing judgments or prejudice and the development of new standards that value their group identity (page 165) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Individuals who accept society's approved goals but not society's approved means to achieve them (page 159) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Howard Becker's idea that deviance is a consequence of external judgments, or labels, that modify the individual's self-concept and change the way others respond to the labeled person (page 161) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| According to Howard Becker, those labeled deviant and subsequently segregated from "normal" society (page 165) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Presenting yourself as a member of a different group than the stigmatized group you belong to (page 165) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stealing minor items in small amounts, often again and again (page 174) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Actions considered deviant within a given context but are later reinterpreted as appropriate or even heroic (page 176) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In labeling theory, the initial act or attitude that causes one to be labeled deviant (page 161) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Crimes that did not involve violence, including burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson (page 172) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Individuals who reject society's approved goals and means and instead create and work toward their own (sometimes revolutionary) goals using new means (page 159) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An approach to punishment that attempts to reform criminals as part of their penalty (page 176) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Individuals who reject both society's approved goals and the means by which to achieve them (page 159) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An approach to punishment that emphasizes retaliation or revenge for the crime as the appropriate goal (page 176) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Individuals who have given up hope of achieving society's approved goals but still operate according to society's approved means (page 159) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Iin labeling theory, the subsequent deviant identity or career that develops as a result of being labeled deviant (page 161) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An inaccurate statement or belief that, by altering the situation, becomes accurate; a prediction that causes itself to come true (page 164) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The formal and informal mechanisms used to increase conformity to values and norms and thus promote social cohesion (page 159) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Erving Goffman's term for any physical or social attribute that devalues a person or group's identity and that may exclude those who are devalued from normal social interaction (page 164) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Robert Merton's argument that in an unequal society the tension or strain between socially approved goals and an individual's ability to achieve those goals through socially approved means will lead to deviance as individuals reject either the goals or the means or both (page 159) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| redefining the stigma associated with a deviant label as a positive phenomenon (page 161) |
|
|
Term
| Uniform Crime Report (UCR) |
|
Definition
| An official measure of crime in the United States, produced by the FBI's official tabulation of every crime reported by more than 17,000 law enforcement agencies (page 172) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Crimes in which violence is either the objective or the means to an end, including murder, rape, aggravated assault, and robbery (page 172) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Crime crime committed by a high-status individual in the course of his occupation (page 172) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A collection of people who share a physical location but do not have lasting social relations (page 124) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "Normlessness"; term used to describe the alienation and loss of purpose that result from weaker social bonds and an increased pace of change (page 128) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The legitimate right to wield power (page 141) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of secondary group designed to perform tasks efficiently, characterized by specialization, technical competence, hierarchy, rules and regulations, impersonality, and formal written communication (page 144) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| People who share one or more attributes but who lack a sense of common identity or belonging (page 124) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Authority based in the perception of remarkable personal qualities in a leader (page 142) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Power that is backed by the threat of force (page 141) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The mildest type of conformity, undertaken to gain rewards or avoid punishments (page 137) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A temporary gathering of people in a public place; members might interact but do not identify with each other and will not remain in contact (page 124) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A two-person social group (page 132) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Leadership concerned with maintaining emotional and relational harmony within the group (page 143) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A collection of people who share some attribute, identify with one another, and interact with each other (page 124) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The patterns of interaction between groups and individuals (page 132) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The sense of solidarity or loyalty that individuals feel toward a group to which they belong (page 135) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In very cohesive groups, the tendency to enforce a high degree of conformity among members, creating a demand for unanimous agreement (page 137) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The murder of a family member -- usually female -- who is believed to have brought dishonor to her family (page 136) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of conformity stronger than compliance and weaker than internalization, caused by a desire to establish or maintain a relationship with a person or a group (page 138) |
|
|
Term
| Ilegal- rational authority |
|
Definition
| Authority based in laws, rules, and procedures, not in the heredity or personality of any individual leader (page 142) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Power that is supported by persuasion (page 141) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group that one identifies with and feels loyalty toward (page 132) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Leadership that is task or goal oriented (page 143) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The strongest type of conformity, occurring when an individual adopts the beliefs or actions of a group and makes them her own (page 138) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| George Ritzer's term describing the spread of bureaucratic rationalization and the accompanying increases in efficiency and dehumanization (page 145) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any group an individual feels opposition, rivalry, or hostility toward (page 133) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ability to control the actions of others (page 141) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Behaviors approved of by a particular social group (page 137) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The people who are most important to our sense of self; members' relationships are typically characterized by face-to-face interaction, high levels of cooperation, and intense feelings of belonging (page 124) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Behaviors a particular social group wants its members to avoid (page 137) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The application of economic logic to human activity; the use of formal rules and regulations in order to maximize efficiency without consideration of subjective or individual concerns (page 145) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group that provides a standard of comparison against which we evaluate ourselves (page 133) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Larger and less intimate than primary groups; members' relationships are usually organized around a specific goal and are often temporary (page 124) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A theory of group formation and maintenance that stresses the need of individual members to feel a sense of belonging (page 141) |
|
|
Term
| Social influence (peer pressure) |
|
Definition
| The influence of one's fellow group members on individual attitudes and behaviors (page 137) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The phenomenon in which as more individuals are added to a task, each individual contributes a little less; a source of inefficiency when working in teams (page 141) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The web of direct and indirect ties connecting an individual to other people who may also affect the individual (page 125) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Connections between individuals (page 125) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Authority based in custom, birthright, or divine right (page 141) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A three-person social group (page 132) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Social groups whose interactions are mediated through information technologies, particularly the internet (page 129) |
|
|
