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Definition
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Definition
| Decreasing importance of social ties and community and the corresponding increase in impersonal associations and instrumental logic (page 460) |
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Definition
| Unselfish concern for the wellbeing of others and helping behaviors performed without self-interested motivation (page 462) |
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Definition
| Literally "human centered"; the idea that needs and desires of human beings should take priority over concerns about other species or the natural environment (page 472) |
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| Contemporary researchers who believe the population boom Malthus witnessed was a temporary, historically specific phenomenon and worry instead that the worldwide population may shrink in the future (page 449) |
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Definition
| The variety of species of plants and animals existing at any given time (page 467) |
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| The parts of the earth that can support life (page 466) |
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| Bystander effect or diffusion of responsibility |
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Definition
| The social dynamic wherein the more people there are present in a moment of crisis, the less likely any one of them is to take action (page 462) |
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Definition
| An unspoken rule governing interactions in public places, whereby individuals briefly notice others before ignoring them (page 460) |
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| A group of people living in the same local area who share a sense of participation and fellowship (page 462) |
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Definition
| Earliest stage of the environmental movement, which focused on the preservation of "wilderness" areas (page 473) |
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| Decrease in fertility rates among populations that have industrialized their economies as children become an economic liability rather than an asset (page 449) |
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| A theory suggesting the possible transition over time from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates, resulting in a stabilized population (page 449) |
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Definition
| Study of the size, composition, distribution, and changes in human population (page 444) |
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| Opposite of a utopia; a world where social problems are magnified and the quality of life is extremely low (page 457) |
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| A holiday conceived of by environmental activist and former senator Gaylord Nelson to encourage support for and increase awareness of environmental concerns; first celebrated on March 22, 1970 (page 474) |
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Definition
| An estimation of the land and water area required to produce all the goods an individual consumes and to assimilate all the wastes she generates (page 478) |
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Definition
| Use of violence or criminal methods to protect the environment, often in high-profile, publicitygenerating ways (page 476) |
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Definition
| Centers of employment and commerce that began as suburban commuter communities (page 455) |
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| Leaving one country to live permanently in another (page 446) |
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Definition
| In sociology, the natural world, the human-made environment, and the interaction between the two (page 466) |
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| A movement that aims to remedy environmental inequities such as threats to public health and the unequal treatment of certain communities with regard to ecological concerns (page 477) |
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Definition
| A social movement organized around concerns about the relationship between humans and the environment (page 472) |
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| Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) |
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Definition
| A government agency organized in 1969 to protect public health and the environment through policies and enforcement (page 468) |
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Definition
| Any environmental policy or practice that negatively affects individuals, groups, or communities because of their race or ethnicity (page 477) |
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| The study of the interaction between society and the natural environment, including the social causes and consequences of environmental problems (page 466) |
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| Contraception, or any method of controlling family size and the birth of children (page 449) |
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Definition
| A measure of population growth through reproduction; often expressed as the average number of births per 1,000 people in the total population or the average number of children a woman would be expected to have (page 444) |
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Definition
| Transformation of the physical, social, economic, and cultural life of formerly working-class or poor inner-city neighborhoods into more affluent middle-class communities (page 455) |
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| Global (or solar) dimming |
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Definition
| A decline in the amount of light reaching the earth's surface because of increased air pollution, which reflects more light back into space (page 470) |
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Definition
| A term for megacities that emphasizes their global impact as centers of economic, political, and social power (page 451) |
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Definition
| Gradual increase in the earth's temperature, driven recently by an increase in greenhouse gases and other human activity (page 470) |
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| Grassroots environmentalism |
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Definition
| Fourth major stage of the environmental movement; distinguished by the diversity of its members and belief in citizen participation in environmental decision making (page 475) |
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Definition
| A U.S. political party established in 1984 to bring political attention to environmentalism, social justice, diversity, and related principles (page 476) |
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Definition
| The process in which increased production of greenhouse gases, especially those arising from human activity (e.g., carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane) cause the earth's temperature to rise (page 469) |
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Definition
| Any gases in the earth's atmosphere that allow sunlight to pass through but trap heat, thus affecting temperature (page 469) |
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Definition
| Expression of changes in population size over time figured by subtracting the number of deaths from the number of births, then adding the net migration (page 449) |
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Definition
| The attitude that humans are exempt from natural ecological limit (page 472) |
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Definition
| Entering one country from another to take up permanent residence (page 446) |
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Definition
| Average number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births in a particular population (page 444) |
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Definition
| Movement of a population within a country (page 446) |
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Definition
| Average age to which people in a particular population live (page 444) |
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Definition
| The uppermost age to which a person can potentially live (page 446) |
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Term
| Mainstream environmentalism |
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Definition
| Beginning in the 1980s, the third major stage of the environmental movement; characterized by increasing organization, well-crafted promotional campaigns, sophisticated political tactics, and an increasing reliance on economic and scientific expertise (page 473) |
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Term
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Definition
| The theory that exponential population growth will outpace arithmetic growth in food production and other resources (page 447) |
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Term
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Definition
| Malthus's prediction that a rapidly increasing population will overuse natural resources, leading inevitably to a major public health disaster (page 447) |
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Definition
| A group of densely populated metropolises that grow dependent on each other and eventually combine to form a huge urban complex (page 450) |
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Definition
| An urban area with a large population, usually 500,000 to 1 million people (page 450) |
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| Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) or agglomeration |
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Definition
| One or more adjacent counties with at least one major city of at least 50,000 inhabitants that is surrounded by an adjacent area that is socially and economically integrated with the city (page 450) |
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Definition
| Movement of people from one geographic area to another for the purpose of resettling (page 446) |
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Term
| Modern environmental movement |
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Definition
| Beginning in the 1960s, the second major stage of the environmental movement; focused on the environmental consequences of new technologies, oil exploration, chemical production, and nuclear power plants (page 473) |
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Definition
| A measure of the decrease in population due to deaths; often expressed as the number of deaths expected per 1,000 people per year in a particular population (page 444) |
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Definition
| In population size that results from births and deaths; linked to a country's progress toward demographic transition (page 449) |
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Definition
| Contemporary researchers who worry about the rapid pace of population growth and believe that Malthus's basic prediction could be true (page 448) |
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Definition
| Net effect of immigration and emigration on an area's population in a given time period; expressed as an increase or decrease (page 446) |
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Definition
| A way of understanding human life as just one part of an ecosystem that includes many species' interactions with the environment; suggests that there should be ecological limits on human activity (page 472) |
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Definition
| short for "Not In My Back Yard"; originally referred to protests that aimed at shifting undesirable activities onto those with less power; now sometimes used without negative connotations to describe local environmental activists (page 476) |
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Definition
| Finite resources, including those that take so long to replenish as to be effectively finite (page 467) |
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| A process in which members of a group individually conclude that there is no need to take action because of the observation that other group members have not done so (page 462) |
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| Any environmental contaminant that harms living beings (page 468) |
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Definition
| Resources that replenish at a rate comparable to the rate at which they are consumed (page 467) |
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| Relating to sparsely settled areas; in the United States, any county with a population density between 10 and 59.9 people per square mile (page 450) |
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| Population increase in rural counties that adjoin urban centers or possess rich scenic or amenity values (page 456) |
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Definition
| Term for economic and urban planning policies that emphasize responsible development and renewal (page 455) |
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| A social situation that emphasizes individualism over collective or group identities (page 459) |
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Definition
| The study of human populations and their impact on the natural world (page 466) |
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Definition
| Beginning after World War II, the shift of large segments of population away from the urban core and toward the edges of cities (page 451) |
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Definition
| Economic development that aims to reconcile global economic growth with environmental protection (page 478) |
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Definition
| Term describing the operation of modern economic systems that require constant growth, which causes increased exploitation of resources and environmental degradation (page 471) |
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Definition
| Relating to cities; typically describes densely populated areas (page 450) |
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| Concentration of people in a city, measured by the total number of people per square mile (page 451) |
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| Modern folklore; a story that is believed (incorrectly) to be true and is widely spread because it expresses concerns, fears, and anxieties about the social world (page 463) |
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Definition
| Efforts to rejuvenate decaying inner cities, including renovation, selective demolition, commercial development, and tax incentives (page 455) |
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Definition
| A derogatory term applied to the expansion of urban or suburban boundaries, associated with irresponsible or poorly planned development (page 453) |
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Term
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| People who live in cities (page 450) |
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| Literally "no place"; an ideal society in which all social ills have been overcome (page 457) |
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Definition
| Movement of upper- and middle-class whites who could afford to leave the cities for the suburbs, especially in the 1950s and 60s (page 455) |
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