• Feldspar based - Vitablock Mark II, CEREC Block
• Leucite based - ProCAD, Paradigm C
• Lithium Disilicate - EMAX CAD

• BisGMA Silica - Paradigm MZ100

• metal coping = 0.4-0.5mm
• opaque porcelain = 0.2mm
• body porcelain = 0.7-0.8mm

- the metal will be too thin, so it is subject to deformation by the contraction of the porcelain after firing

- OPEN MARGIN

1. many times they will be eliminated by prepping
2. fill them on the tooth with glass ionomer before taking impression
3. fill them on the die with compound material (before crown is fabricated)

• enamel only - defect will be removed by prep
• shallow dentinal - remove caries, slight under cut will remain which can be filled in on tooth or on die
• deep dentinal - remove caries and place restoration, then prep tooth

• shallow - remove caries and make an inlay prep as part of your crown prep
• extensive MOD - remove caries and place amalgam restoration, then prep
• extensive caries w/ loss of lingual - remove caries and place amalgam with retentive pins, then prep

- line is cut on wax pattern where porcelain-metal junction should be

- area to be covered by porcelain is cut back 1-1.5mm (must leave 0.5mm of wax)

optimal = 2/3

minimum = 1/1

- root surface area of abutment tooth must equal or surpass that of tooth/teeth being replaced by pontic(s)

- helps determine prognosis of FPD

• more biocompatible
• lower strength, hardness, and modulus of elasticity
• form lighter oxides (in color)
• easier to cast (due to higher density)
• easy to polish/finish
• more expensive
• E.g., Au, Pt, Pd

• more corrosive
• higher strength, hardness, and modulus of elasticity
• form darker oxides (harder to mask)
• harder to cast (due to higher melting range, reactivity, and lower density)
• difficult to finish/polish
• cheap
• e.g., nickel, cobalt, chromium

- removal of surface oxidation and contamination by warming in suitable solution

- for noble metal alloys, 50% sulfuric acid and water

- it should be parallel to the plane of the opposing cusp

- about 45˚ (from occlusal plane)

- Variolink dual cure composite (a resin cement)

- requires etching of porcelain w/ HF and silane coupling agent

• if the incisal edge is <1mm thick
• if you want to change the incisal length
• if you want to change the incisal angle
• if the incisal edge is worn (exposing dentin)

• thinner enamel plate
• flatter gingival emergence profile
• less esthetic emphasis in cervical 1/3

- seat provisional restorations with new incisal edge, then take an impression and make a cast

- use the cast to fabricate the anterior guide table

- ask your pt to count from 50-59

- if the "f" sound feels natural, the incisal edge is OK

• most apical pt = gingival zenith
• centrals and canines - distal to the long axis
• laterals - coincides with long axis

• brazing = joining of 2 metals using 3rd metal @ >450˚C
• soldering = same thing @ <450˚C

• high melting temp
• high strength
• high corrosion resistance

- lower strength

- higher biocompatibility

- tell pt to count in sixties

- if "s" is natural, then thickness OK

• strength
• adhesion
• biocompatibility
• technique sensitivity
• ease of cleanup
• shade variety
• cheap

• dissolve oxide layer of metal
• reduce oxidation of metal
• increases wetting of solder on metal

noble - borax

base - KF (or another fluoride)

• pre-ceramic - before firing of porcelain (must have melting temp of at least 1000˚C so it won't melt when procelain is fired)
• post-ceramic - after firing of porcelain (must have melting temp of below 743˚C so it won't melt the porcelain)

• centrals = 1.618
• laterals = 1
• canines = 0.618

- when difference is 2 shades or less

- when prepped tooth is shade 3 or lighter according to Vita guide

- when difference is 3 or more shades

- when tooth is darker than shade 3 on Vita guide (EXCEPT C4)

- when tooth shade is C4 or darker according to Vita

- severe tetracyclene staining

• wax pattern
• pour investment around pattern
• burn out wax
• place investment in pressable furnace
• press ceramics
• remove investment
• finish

• they can be milled in pre-sintered state (before achieving final strength) - easier to mill
• after milling, core is sintered at 1350˚C for 6 hours
• achieves final strength and density, shrinking 25-30%

- primer

- wetting agent that forms bond b/t resin cement and ceramic

- cannot be used for alumina/zirconia ceramics (LAVA, Bruxir, In-ceram)

- for feldspathic porcelain (Ceramco 3) and glass ceramics (empress, empress II, EMAX)

- with shoulder OR chamfer

- with metal ceramics (LAVA, Bruxir), glass infuse ceramics (In-ceram), or PFM

- shoulder ONLY

• inlay/casting wax - for casting crowns, bridges or refractory models (RPD)
• baseplate wax - for dentures

• paraffin (60%) - bulk
• carnauba (25%) - increased melting temp, modulus, and strength
• ceresin (10%) - hardness
• bees (5%) - improved mechanical properties

- because flow will cause deformation

- dependent on time, temp and composition

- due to slippage of molecules over each other

- blend of different waxes

- varying molecular weights of components of individual wax

- thermal expansion

- variable thickness (some areas under compression, others under tension)

• manipulative
• no residue
• rigid and dimensionally stable
• contrasting color to die

• large failed restoration
• weakened/fractured cusps (internal cracks)
• to alter occlusal load/function
• non-vital tooth
• full coverage not required

• proper isolation impossible
• cracked tooth syndrome
• high caries risk (poor OH)
• compromised retention
• bruxism

• feldspar (glass matrix) + refractory materials (quartz and kaolinite)
• veneering porcelain
• Ceramco3

• feldspathic porcelain w/ increased refractory materials (crack stoppers)

• glass ceramic with leucite crystals
• Empress

• glass ceramic with lithium disilicate crystals
• strong enough for 3 unit bridge
• Empress II, EMAX

• alumina or zirconia framework with glass added to fill spaces
• In-ceram

• strongest, but does not wear enamel as much as glassy ceramics
• used for cores or full contour crowns
• fabricated by milling
• LAVA, Bruxir

- glass (leucite or lithium disilicate)

- e.g., empress, empress II, EMAX

• bonding is chemical, cementing is micromechanical
• bonding requires glass component, cementing doesn't
• bonding requires silanation, cementing doesn't

• ZnO powder + H3PO4 liquid
• mechanical retention by flowing into nooks
• holds via friction

• long history of success
• forgiving
• cheap

• difficult to mix
• non-adhesive
• low pH
• soluble

• polyacrylic acid less harmful to pulp than phosphoric acid
• has adhesive properties - bonds to dentin via chelation of Ca by carboxylate

• strongest bond possible
• dimensionally stable
• insoluble

• intermediate bonding step
• technique sensitive
• difficult cleanup

• polyacrylic acid + calcium fluoro alumina silicate glass
• forms chemical bond with tooth

• strong
• translucent
• more biocompatible than zinc phosphate
• easy to use
• low sensitivity
• low solubility
• fluoride release
• self conditioning (low pH that rises)

• not as strong as resin
• dimensionally unstable (absorbs water)

• pulp capping or lining
• Dycal, Cavit

• advantages - promotes 2˚ dentin, antibacterial
• disadvantages - high pH, inferior mechanical properties