The 3 types of muscle (____, ____, ____) account for about 50% of body mass.

Which 2 muscles are striated?

The 3 types of muscle (SKELETAL, CARDIAC, SMOOTH) account for about 50% of body mass.

Which 2 muscles are striated?

Skeletal and cardiac

The entire muscle is surrounded by the ___mysium.

Individual muscle fibers in the fasciculi are surrounded by the ___mysium.

The ___mysium separates skeletal muscles into bundles called fasciculi.

The entire muscle is surrounded by the EPIMYSIUM.

Individual muscle fibers in the fasciculi are surrounded by the ENDOMYSIUM.

The PERIMYSEUM separates skeletal muscles into bundles called fasciculi.

The 5 types of skeletal muscle are:

f____

p____

co____

p____

ci____

FUSIFORM

PARALLEL

CONVERGENT

PENNATE

CIRCULAR

Biceps brachii and gastrocnemius are 2 examples of the FUSIFORM muscle.

(Bulging middle and tapering ends)

Parallel muscles (are capable/incapable) of lots of shortening.

They are (stronger/weaker) than fusiform muscles.

Example of a parallel muscle:

Parallel muscles CAPABLE of lots of shortening.

They are WEAKER than fusiform muscles.

Example of a parallel muscle:

RECTUS ABDOMINUS

Convergent muscles have a wide (insertion/origin) and a narrow (insertion/origin).

Example of a convergent muscle:

Convergent muscles have a wide ORIGIN and a narrow INSERTION.

(Very strong because of concentrated insertion point)

Example of a convergent muscle:

PECTORALIS MAJOR

Pennate muscles are feather-shaped muscles running at an oblique angle.

Considered to be very strong in force production.

Can be __pennate or __pennate.

Example:

Pennate muscles are feather-shaped muscles running at an oblique angle.

Considered to be very strong in force production.

Can be UNIPENNATE or BIPENNATE.

Example: Extensor digitorum (unipennate) and deltoid (bipennate)

Circular muscles circle around op___ of the body.

Examples:

Circular muscles circle around OPENINGS of the body.

Examples:

Orbicularis Oris and Orbicularis Oculi

Prime mover = a____

A muscle/group of muscles primarily responsible for movement

(e.g, the ____ is the primer mover during leg extension)

Prime mover = AGONIST

A muscle/group of muscles primarily responsible for movement

(e.g, the QUADRICEPS is the primer mover during leg extension)

____ are muscles that oppose the action of the prime mover

(E.g, the ____ is the antagonist to the quadriceps during leg extensions)

ANTAGONISTS are muscles that oppose the action of the prime mover

(E.g, the HAMSTRINGS is the antagonist to the quadriceps during leg extensions)

A ____ assists the primer mover in contracting or stabilizing the point of origin to make movement more efficient.

E.g, in biceps curl, synergistic muscles are:

A SYNGERGIST assists the primer mover in contracting or stabilizing the point of origin to make movement more efficient.

E.g, in biceps curl, synergistic muscles are: PEC MAJOR, DELTOID

Shortening of muscle = ____ contraction

Lengthening of muscle = ____ contraction

Isokinetic contraction is an ____ contraction where force is developed and the muscle shortening takes place at a ____ rate

Shortening of muscle = CONCENTRIC contraction

Lengthening of muscle = ECCENTRIC contraction

Isokinetic contraction is an ISOTONIC contraction where force is developed and the muscle shortening takes place at a CONSTANT rate

Concentric and eccentric muscle contractions are types of ____ contractions.

____ contractions are where muscles develop tension but doesn't change length (sarcomeres unable to slide, but form cross-bridge and produce force)

Concentric and eccentric muscle contractions are types of ISOTONIC contractions

ISOMETRIC contractions are where muscles develop tension but doesn't change length (sarcomeres unable to slide, but form cross-bridge and produce force)

A plank is an example of a ____ contraction because the working muscle doesn't change ____.

Prime movers of a plank:

A plank is an example of a ISOMETRIC contraction because the working muscle doesn't change LENGTH.

Prime movers of a plank:

Rectus and transverse abdominus, internal/external obliques, erector spinae

The f___ and e___ capability of skeletal muscles depend of the TYPE of fiber within the muscle.

Most common way to classify fibers is s___ of contraction and meth___ used by the muscle to produce ___

The FORCE and ENDURANCE capability of skeletal muscles depend of the TYPE of fiber within the muscle.

Most common way to classify fibers is SPEED of contraction and METHOD used by the muscle to produce ATP

Fast-twitch (fast-glycolytic) fibers respond very quickly to stimulus.

(High/low) endurance, fatigues (quickly/slowly), lactic acid level increases (quickly/slowly)

Fast-twitch (fast-glycolytic) fibers respond very quickly to stimulus.

LOW endurance, fatigues QUICKLY, lactic acid level increases QUICKLY

Fast-twitch (fast-glycolytic fibers) are coloured ____.

They have a (high/low) force of contraction, has a (high/low) capacity for hypertrophy.

Fuel source is:

Fast-twitch (fast-glycolytic fibers) are coloured WHITE.

They have a HIGH force of contraction, has a HIGH capacity for hypertrophy.

Fuel source is: ATP/CP (readily available in muscles, good for explosive events)

Intermediate muscle fibers (fast-oxidative glycolytic) are coloured ____.

Moderate speed of contraction, endurance capabilities, stores of energy.

Greater cap___ density than fast-twitch fibers

Intermediate muscle fibers (fast-oxidative glycolytic) are coloured RED/PINK.

Moderate speed of contraction, endurance capabilities, stores of energy.

Greater CAPILLARY density than fast-twitch fibers

Intermediate muscle fibers (fast-oxidative glycolytic) have medium force of contraction.

Fuel source:

Intermediate muscle fibers (fast-oxidative glycolytic) have medium force of contraction.

Fuel source: AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC methods of ATP production.

Good for events relying on mixes of power and endurance

Slow twitch (slow-oxidative) have a (fast/slow) contraction rate, (high/low) endurance, and (resists/doesn't resist) fatigue due to a large number of ____.

Fuel source: 

Slow twitch (slow-oxidative) have a SLOW contraction rate, HIGH endurance, and RESISTS fatigue due to a large number of CAPILLARIES.

Fuel source: AEROBIC production of ATP. Needs continual supply of oxygen for low-moderate intensity as in continuous events.

We can alter the force produced within a whole muscle by:

Varying the...

Increase the...

Synchronize...

We can alter the force produced within a whole muscle by:

Varying the NUMBER OF FIBERS RECRUITED

Increase the RATE OF STIMULATION

Synchronize FIBER CONTRACTIONS

As intensive exercise begins, a small amount of ___ and ____ stored in muscles is rapidly depleted.

__ is a molecule found inside the muscle cells that is used to make ATP directly

As intensive exercise begins, a small amount of ATP and CP stored in muscles is rapidly depleted.

CP is a molecule found inside the muscle cells that is used to make ATP directly

The anaerobic glycolysis/Lactic Acid System breaks down ____ without the use of oxygen and produces lactic acid as a by-product

ATP production is limited compared to aerobic system, but this is most efficient for intense exercise

The anaerobic glycolysis/Lactic Acid System breaks down GLUCOSE without the use of oxygen and produces lactic acid as a by-product

ATP production is limited compared to aerobic system, but this is most efficient for intense exercise

In low and moderate intensity exercises, most ATP is supplied by the ____ system.

Requires oxygen and can use carbs, fats, and proteins (if necessary) to supply raw materials for ATP.

Byproduct is ____

In low and moderate intensity exercises, most ATP is supplied by the AEROBIC system.

Requires oxygen and can use carbs, fats, and proteins (if necessary) to supply raw materials for ATP.

Byproduct is WATER

Endurance training can show the following:

Increased number of cap___

More efficient ___ production

Increased muscle durance capacity (takes longer to ____)

Increased skeletal system strength (bone density __creases)

Endurance training can show the following:

Increased number of CAPILLARIES

More efficient ATP production

Increased muscle durance capacity (takes longer to FATIGUE)

Increased skeletal system strength (bone density INCREASES)

Muscles challenged with resistance training (weight training) can show:

Increased size (__trophy) and strength

Increased c___ tissue between muscle cells, ligaments, and tendons

Increased bone density

Muscles challenged with resistance training (weight training) can show:

Increased size (HYPERTROPHY) and strength

Increased CONNECTIVE tissue between muscle cells, ligaments, and tendons

Increased bone density

Closes eyes, blink and wink

[image]

Closes mouth (kissing)

[image]

Flattens cheek (whistling), also a chewing muscle

[image]

Raises corner of mouth (smiling)

[image]

Assists in chewing by closing lower jawbone

[image]

Assists in chewing by closing mandible

[image]

Both contract: HEAD FLEXION

One contracts: LATERAL HEAD FLEXION

[image]

Trunk muscles are responsible for:

- Spinal column movement and ____-bearing

- Movement of r___, h___, and a___

- Spinal support

Trunk muscles are responsible for:

- Spinal column movement and WEIGHT-bearing

- Movement of RIBS, HEAD, and ARMS

- Spinal support

Function of external intercostals and interchondral part of internal intercostals

Raises ribs during inhalation

[image]

Depresses ribs during exhalation

[image]

Diaphragm separates the ____ from the ____ cavity.

Function?

Diaphragm separates the THORACIC from the ABDOMINAL cavity.

It contracts and flattens to increase volume of thoracic cavity during inhalation.

[image]

Abdominal muscles work together in s___ movement and t___ spinal.

They consist of the:

r___ a___

e___ o___

i___ o___

t___ a____

Abdominal muscles work together in s___ movement and t___ spinal.

They consist of the:

RECTUS ABDOMINUS

EXTERNAL OBLIQUES

INTERNAL OBLIQUES

TRANSVERSE ABDOMINUS

External oblique function 

Internal oblique function

When one contracts:

TRUNK ROTATION (prime mover)

LATERAL FLEXION (synergist)

When both contract:

SPINAL FLEXION

ABDOMINAL COMPRESSION

PRIME MOVER for TRUNK FLEXION

SPINALIS (most medial)

LONGISSIMUS

ILIOCOSTALIS (most lateral)

PRIME MOVERS FOR:

SPINE EXTENSION

LATERAL SPINE FLEXION

Quadratus laborum function

[image]

By itself:

Lateral spine flexion

Together:

Lumbar spine extension

(maintains erect posture)

Latissimus Dorsi function

[image]

PRIME MOVER OF

SHOULDER JOINT ADDUCTION

HUMERUS EXTENION

  (arm is going down and backwards)

Trapezius function

[image]

ANTERIOR FIBERS:

PRIME MOVER FOR SHOULDER/SCAPULA ELEVATION

MIDDLE FIBERS: 

PRIME MOVER FOR SCAPULA RETRACTION

LOWER FIBERS:

PRIME MOVER FOR SHOULDER/SCAPULA DEPRESSION

Function of Levator Scapula?

[image]

Function of rhomboids?

[image]

Major and minor rhomboids work with MIDDLE trapezius to RETRACT scapula

Serratus Anterior function?

[image]

PRIME MOVER of

SCAPULA PROTRACTION

Also UPWARDLY ROTATES SCAPULA

Depresses and protracts scapula when ribs are fixed

Elevates ribs when scapula is fixed

HORINZONTAL ADDUCTION

MEDIAL ROTATION (2ndary prime mover)

HUMERUS FLEXION

Deltoid function (all fibers)

All fibers:

PRIME MOVERS OF ABDUCTION

Anterior fibers:

PRIME MOVERS OF:

1) HUMERUS FLEXION

2) HORIZONTAL ADDUCTION

**Assists in medial rotation**

Posterior fibers:

PRIME MOVERS OF:

1) HUMERUS EXTENSION

2) HORIZONTAL ABDUCTION

**Assists in lateral rotation**

Teres Major function

[image]

Assists pecs and lats in adduction

Assists subscapularis in medial rotation

Assists posterior delts and lats in humerus extension

Coracobrachailis function

[image]

Assists lats and pecs in ADDUCTION

Assists delts and pecs in 

HUMERUS FLEXION

Supraspinatus function

[image]

Infraspinatus function

[image]

PRIME MOVER of

LATERAL ROTATION of the humerus

Teres minor function

[image]

Assists infraspinatus in 

lateral rotation of humerus

Subscapularis function

[image]

PRIME MOVER of

MEDIAL ROTATION of humerus

(works with pectoralis major)

Biceps brachii:

PRIME MOVER IN ELBOW JOINT FLEXION

Triceps brachii:

PRIME MOVER IN ELBOW JOINT EXTENSION

Biceps brachii has 2 heads: ___ and ___

Triceps brachii has 3 heads: ___, ___, and ___

BICEPS BRACHII: 

Long and short head

TRICEPS BRACHII:

Long, lateral, and medial head

Brachialis function

[image]

Anconeus function

[image]

Brachioradialis function

[image]

Pronator teres and pronator quadratus function

Which one is distal?

Which one is proximal?

Pronation of the forearm

Pronator quadratus is more distal, pronator teres is more proximal

[image]

PRIME MOVER OF

WRIST FLEXION

Assists in WRIST ABDUCTION

PRIME MOVER IN 

WRIST FLEXION

Assists in WRIST ADDUCTION

Assists the extensor digitorum in WRIST EXTENSION 

Also performs WRIST ABDUCTION

Assists the extensor digitorum in WRIST EXTENSION 

Also performs WRIST ADDUCTION

Supinator function

[image]

Works with biceps brachii in strong supination of forearm

When working alone, can also supinate forearm but only if speed is slow

PRIME MOVER OF THIGH EXTENSION

Assists gluteus medius in leg abduction

Assists in medial rotation of thigh

PRIME MOVER of THIGH ABDUCTION

Assists in medial rotation of thigh

Assists gluetus medius in THIGH ABDUCTION

Assists in medial rotation of thigh

Assists iliopsoas in flexion

Assists in abduction and

medial rotation

Hamstrings (biceps femoris) has 2 heads: ____ and ____

Function?

LONG and SHORT head

PRIME MOVER of THIGH EXTENSION and KNEE FLEXION 

Also laterally rotates leg

PRIME MOVERS of KNEE FLEXION

Assists biceps femoris and gluteus maximus during thigh extension

Assists in medial rotation of thighs

(THINK CROSS-LEGGED!)

HIP:

FLEXION

ABDUCTION

EXTERNAL ROTATION

KNEE: FLEXION

Assists gluteus maximus and biceps femoris during THIGH EXTENSION

Also assists in adduction and medial rotation of thigh

Assists the iliopsoas during THIGH FLEXION

Also assists in adduction and medial rotation of thigh

Assits in ADDUCTION and MEDIAL ROTATION of thighs 

Also FLEXES knee

PRIME MOVER DURING

KNEE EXTENSION

Assists iliopsoas during thigh flexion

PRIME MOVER in DORSIFLEXION of ankle

Also assists in inversion

Assists gastrocnemius in plantarflexion 

Assists in eversion of foot

PRIME MOVER in INVERSION of ankle

Assists gastrocnemius and soleus in plantarflexion of ankle

When muscles age, they decrease in size (__trophy) and the fibers become (more/less) fibrous. 

When muscles age, they decrease in size (ATROPHY) and the fibers become MORE fibrous. 

This means decreased muscle flexibility and blood flow to the muscle, taking longer to recover from exercise and injuries, and fatigue faster.

Prime mover in medial rotation?

Prime mover in lateral rotation?

MEDIAL ROTATION:

Subscapularis

LATERAL ROTATION: 

Infraspinatus and Teres minor

Prime mover of elbow flexion?

Prime mover of elbow extension?

ELBOW FLEXION: 

Biceps brachii

ELBOW EXTENSION: 

Triceps brachii

Prime mover of hip flexion?

Prime mover of hip extension?

HIP FLEXION:

Iliapsoas (Iliacus and Psoas Major)

HIP EXTENSION:

Gluteus maximus

Prime mover of knee extension?

Prime mover of knee flexion?

KNEE EXTENSION:

Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis/medialis/intermedius (the quads)

KNEE FLEXION:

Biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus (the hamstrings)

Prime mover of leg abduction?

Prime mover of leg adduction?

LEG ABDUCTION:

Gluteus medius

LEG ADDUCTION:

Adductor magnus, longus, brevis

Prime mover of ankle dorsiflexion?

Prime mover of ankle plantarflexion?

DORSIFLEXION:

Tibialis anterior

PLANTARFLEXION:

Gastrocnemius and Soleus