Term
| U.S. Food and Drug Administration |
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Definition
| Established and issues reuglations for reagents, testing kits, medical devices, laboratory instruments and equipment |
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Term
| Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |
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Definition
| To promote health and quality of life, to decrease the occupational risk of blood-borne pathogens to health workers |
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Term
| Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) |
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Definition
| Save lives, prevent injuries and protect the health of America's workers |
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Term
| U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) |
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Definition
| Protect human health and safeguard the environment |
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Term
| The Joint Commission (TJC) |
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Definition
| To continuously improve the safety and quality of care provided to the public |
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Term
| College of American Pathologists |
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Definition
| Serves and represents the interests of patient, pathologists and the public by fostering excellence in the practice of pathology and laboratory medicine |
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Term
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Definition
| Sets standards to protect the safety of both donors and the recipients of their donations |
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Term
| What is listed on OSHA's materials safety data sheet? |
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Definition
| Chemical name and composition, hazards and exposure, storage, personal protective equipment and spill clean-up detail |
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Term
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Definition
| Testing to determine the precision and accuracy of the equipment, reagents and procedures |
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Term
| What is the clinical significance of a quality control |
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Definition
1. Minimize clerical or technical errors
2. Prevent transfusion reactions
3. Eliminate false positive and false negative reactions |
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Term
| Guide for Proper Documentation |
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Definition
| Use blue or black ink only and cross out error with a single line and initial. |
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Term
| What is the proper storage temperature for quality control reagents? |
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Definition
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Term
| When do you perform a quality control? |
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Definition
| Daily and every time a new lot number is in use |
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Term
| What is Antisera for ABO Typing used for? |
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Definition
| It is used to determine whether an individual's red blood cells possess the A or B antigens of the ABO system |
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Term
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Definition
| Protein that protect the body against foreign substances |
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Term
| What happens when antibodies and antigens bind together? |
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Definition
| They deactivate foreign material |
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Term
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Definition
| Red blood cells clump together |
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Term
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Definition
| Transfer of blood or other solutions into the blood of a patient |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused by interactions between antigens on donor RBC surface and antibodies in patient's blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| Antibodies A and B used to determine whether patient's RBC's possess the A or B antigens of the ABO system. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Who founded the ABO Blood System and when? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A group of antigens on the surface of red cell membranes that are defined serologically by an antivody |
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Term
| How many blood group systems are there? |
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Definition
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Term
| Each blood group system represents |
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Definition
| A single gene or 2 or 3 closely linked genes |
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Term
| Where does genetic control of genetic antigens occur? |
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Definition
| On the long arm of chromosome 0. |
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Term
| What are the three major alleles of the ABO blood type system? |
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Definition
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Term
| When do antigens become present? |
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Definition
| During the 5th week of gestation |
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Term
| Where are antigens present? |
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Definition
| RBC's, lymphocytes, platelets, tissue cells, kidneys and bone marrow. |
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Term
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Definition
| Alternative form of a gene (A,B,O) |
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Term
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Definition
| The allelic combinations in an indivudal that cause a particular trait. |
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Term
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Definition
| The expression of a gene or the observable trait. RBC antigens are the phenotype that makes up an individual's blood group type. |
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Term
| How many ABO genes does an individual inherit? |
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Definition
| Two; one from each parent |
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Term
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Definition
| Several phenotypes associated with allels of one gene, occuring in less than 1% of the population |
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Term
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Definition
| Greater than 2 alleles for a single gene, increases genetic variation |
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Term
| Which alleles are co-dominant? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which allele is amorphic? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| No expression of a detectable gene product (blood type O) |
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Term
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Definition
| Gene product expressed over another gene |
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Term
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Definition
| Equal expression of two inherited alleles |
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Term
| If an individual inherits and A and an O gene what is their phenotype? |
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Definition
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Term
| If an individual inherits a B and an O gene what is their phenotype? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is an individual's blood type determined? |
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Definition
| By the presence of antigens on the surface of their RBC's. |
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Term
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Definition
| Substance that elicits an immune response and binds to a specific T-cell receptor or antibody |
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Term
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Definition
| Immunoglobulin that recognizes and binds to specific a epitope on an antigen |
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Term
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Definition
| Detects antigens on the RBC's. Uses patient red blood cells and commerically prepared reagent antisera (Anti-A and Anti-B) |
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Term
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Definition
| Non-red blood cell stimulated, (naturally occurring) immunological response to exposure to environmental stimuli |
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Term
| At what age are antibodies detectable? |
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Definition
| Antibodies are detectable in the body between 3 and 6 months of age. Not detectable in a neonate |
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Term
| What is Landsteiner's rule? |
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Definition
| Individuals produce ABO antibodies to the ABO antigens they lack |
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Term
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Definition
| Patient's plasma or serum is tested for antibodies using commercially made red blood cells (A1 and B cells) |
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Term
| What is the order of most common blood types? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Second most significant blood group system after ABO. Related to immunogenicity of D antigen. |
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Term
| When was the RH Blood Group System discovered and how many antigens does it contain? |
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Definition
| It was discovered in 1939-1940 and it contains 49 antigens |
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Term
| Where is the gene for the RH Blood Group System located? |
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Definition
| On chromosome 1, two closely linked genes RHD and RHCE |
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Term
| Which alleles of the RH Blood Group System are codominant? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Indicates the presence of the D antigen |
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Term
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Definition
| Indicates the absence of the D antigen (d is amorphic) |
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Term
| How is the D antigen structured? |
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Definition
| It is an embedded protein surrounded by plasma membrane lipids. The proteins cross the RBC membrane 12 times. Appears as only small loops on the exterior of RBC membranes. |
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Term
| What percent of the population is D positive or RH positive? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to stimulate an immune response |
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Term
| Approximately how many D negative people make Anti-D when exposed to D positive cells? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| CDE Terminology. Each gene produces a single product D,C,c,E,e. Inherited as a halotype. |
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Term
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Definition
| RH-HR Terminology. Single gene at each Rh locus, each gene produces an agglutinogen. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of antigens that are detected using antisera |
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Term
| What codes for one or more Rh antigens? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is responsible for the expression of the Rh system antigens on the RBC |
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Definition
| Alleles at one gene locus |
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Term
| What are the eight alleles that exist at the Rh locus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the uppercase R indicate? |
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Definition
| The presence of the D antigen or D allele |
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Term
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Definition
| A weaker expression of the D antigen |
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Term
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Definition
| Results primarily from single nucleotide mutations in RHD gene |
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Term
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Definition
| Weak D may result when the C allele is inherited trans to D |
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Term
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Definition
| Weal D may result when D positive RBC's are missing parts of the D antigen complex. When a partial D is exposed to a complete D antigen, it can make an antibody to the portion of the D antigen it lacks. |
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Term
| Rh Blood Group System Antibodies are created in response to |
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Definition
| Pregnancy and transfusion |
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Term
| When is Weak D testing performed? |
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Definition
| When a donor doesn't agglutinate with Anti-D reagents |
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Term
| Indirect Antiglobulin Test (IAT) |
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Definition
| Used to detect in vitro sensitization of RBC's by IgG antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
| Antibodies combine with antigens (requires incubation at 37 degrees Celsius) |
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Term
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Definition
| Washing of RBC's followed by addition of AHG reagent |
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Term
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Definition
| Reagent containing antibodies directed against human IgG and/or complement proteins. |
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Term
| What is the reagent in IAT used for? |
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Definition
| It is used to detect IgG (and complement) that has attached to RBC's but not visible at immediate spin phase |
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Term
| What are the types of IAT? |
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Definition
| Monospecific which contains anti-IgG and polyspecific which contains anti-IgG and anti-C3d (complement) |
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Term
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Definition
| Check cells that are used as control for negative IAT tests. Required by AABB |
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Term
| When do you use IgG cells in the Weak D procedure? |
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Definition
| If IAT test is negative, add IgG cells and hemagglutination is expected. If IAT test is positive do not ad IgG cells. |
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Term
| What does a positive IAT mean? |
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Definition
| Positive IAT, agglutination after addition of AHG indicates the presence of a Weak D antigen on the RBC's. |
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Term
| What does a negative IAT mean? |
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Definition
| Negative IAT, no agglutination after addition of AHG, means that the patient is D negative |
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Term
| What can cause false positives of an IAT? |
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Definition
| Positive DAT, dirty glassware, over-centrifugation and over-reading. |
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Term
| What can cause false negatives of an IAT? |
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Definition
| Failure to add AHG, improper washing, under-centrifugation, loss of reagent reactivity and under-reading, weak red cell suspension. |
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Term
| Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn (HDFN) |
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Definition
| Results from the excessive destruction of fetal red cells by maternal antibodies. Also results in the production of antibodies in the mother that have been stimulated by foreign antigens |
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Term
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Definition
| Release of immature RBC's into fetal circulation |
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Term
| How may HDFN be detected in a newborn? |
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Definition
| Through anemia and jaundice |
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Term
| Manifestations of HDN are not usually seen |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is one method of preventing HDFN? |
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Definition
| Using RhIG which protects D negative mothers from becoming immunized by exposure to D positive fetal cells |
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Term
| Who is a candidate to receive RhIG? |
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Definition
| D negative pregnant females who are carrying D positive, weak D positive or a fetus in which the RhD type is unknown. |
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Term
| When is RhIG administered? |
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Definition
| RhIG is administered at 28 weeks of gestation, after a delivery of a D positive infant, and after aminocentesis, miscarriage, ectopic pregancy or any FMH event. |
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