Term
|
Definition
| ability of many organisms including humans to alter themselves behaviorally or biologically in response to changes in enviroment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fild of anthropology concerned with cultural history; includes the systematic retrieval, identification and study of the physical and cultural remains deposited in the earth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gradual geographic variations in the distribution of specific traits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| assumption that ones group lifestyle, values and patterns of adaptation are superior to all others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| study of disease patterns in extinct populations, primarily through the examination of skeletal remains |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| burial sites of Native Americans that showed diet that evolved from agriculture and the decline in health form foriging culture. Revision interpretation of Neo-revolution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transfer of alleles genes from one population to another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| grasping, oppsible thumbs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large hole opening from occipital bone of cranium through which madulla oblongata enters and exits the skull. Further under the head in humans than other apes means easier to walk upright |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| co-op breeding is popular in apes, contributing fathers that would provide food and help care for child. Mother puts out |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| studies on the context of primates on the developement of human species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| social classification of masculine vs feminine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| viewing the whole society as an integrated and interdependent system. an important characteristic of the anthropological apporach to understanding humans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| principle that all cultural systems are inherently equal in value and therfore, that each cultural item must be understood on its own terms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| primary force of evolution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| theory proposes that most sexually reproducing species will experience little net evolution change for most history, extended period called stasis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| subfield of applied anthropology that uses techniques from biological anthro and archeology to help resolve legal matters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first stone tools; core, hammer stone and vlakes. group that emerged from austrian apithosenes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| differentiates primates from mammals, pin in eye that allows for upclose sight while seeing things in the background as well |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attempt to jolt people to turn the tables. difference between behaviorial material and normative approches to anthropology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 12% of food is wasted. overlaps with archeology becuase leave behind trash from past civilizations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the hominid anscester of humans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| very early hominin genus. Two species are described in the literature. 4.4 mill years ago. Bipedalism, arboreal grasping lullus or big toe reduced teeth and smaller brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| serve to prevent breeding between species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to rely mainly on domesticated animals for their existence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| evolutionary factor that acccounts for random shifts of gene frequencies as a consequence of small population size |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a condition of having two sexes dissimiliar in appearence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| jared diamonds article 3500 years ago explosion in art and tool use he attributes to language |
|
|
Term
| sahelanthropus tchandensis |
|
Definition
| a hominid that lived in sahel region of africa (contemporary chad) between 6 and 7 million years ago and which may be humans oldest hominid relative discovered |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. cultural (social)
2. archaelogy
3. linguistic
4. physical (biological)
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "scientists" -archeaology, liguistic, physicalism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"non-scientists"
shift in 70s-80s
question the idea that logic and methods of natural science can be imported into study of socieites. Interpretist becuase data is gathered then interpreted |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| makes falsifiable or testible preditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. large brains
2. stereo-scopic vision
3. three color vision
4. opposable thumbs (and prehinsile tails)
5. sexually dimorphic
6. slower development. reach maturaty later but have longer life span |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
social relationships between animals
"sex & friendship in baboons"
friendship is crucial predictor of sexual activity between male and femal baboons. females preferred males that had previously had friendly interactions with them and offspring.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. raises head for greater sight distance, drink deeper water and reach higher food
2. non locomotive limbs beocme free for other uses; carrying, fighting, climbing, and beating off. |
|
|
Term
| Bipedalism (disadvantage) |
|
Definition
1. child birth- children come out much earlier than other species, much more risky and difficult because of skeletal structure.
2. less speed, agility, and balance. |
|
|
Term
| Ardipithecus to archaic homo sapiens |
|
Definition
1. australopithecus afarensis
2. australopithecus africanus
3. homo habilis
4. homo erectus
5. homo neanderthalensis |
|
|
Term
australopithecus afarensis
|
|
Definition
ardipithecus ramidus ca. 4.4 million.
cc. 300-350
shorter 3'6''
bipedalism
curved fingers, longer arms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
more human appearence, larger brain, smaller jaws, shorter arms, hands, curved fingers for powerful grip. feet like modern form but fossil lacked toes.
Hunted and used tools. Rise of tools.
cc. avg 680
Tool-making (hammer stone, core, flake)
Oldowan - 2.5 million years |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tool tradition - acheulean 1.9 million B.P.
Handaxe - demanding task 25-75 blows |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lareger cranium then humans (france)
scrapers, pointers, handaxes. Flake tools to blades |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
greater use of imported tools which suggests trade. more elaborate burials with grave goods
apperence of elaborate use of symbols and works of art
blades begin 40,000 B.P. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
18,000-74,000 B.P.
rounded skull, chinless manible found in indoesia in 2004
same species as human. absense of thyroid essential to growth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| theoretical line demonstrate difference in early prehistoric tool technologies of east and west in old world. notherne india never had handaxes. Convient to distint two traditions. maybe left africa before hand axes were made so knowledge was never passed on. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture and sttlement 10,000-7,000 B.P.
Possitivist view- lives got bettter when started agriculture. Began art and building
Revisionist View - becasue prue hunter gather disappeeared not long after colonial contact began, nothing meaningful can be learned about prehistoric hunter gathers from studes of modern ones. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
chronic diseases like diabetes and cardiovascular brough ton by mismatch between human genetic heritage and current cultural milieu
Mabye traced to transition to agriculture 10,000 years ago
The late paleolithic preiod 35-20 bp may have been last time genes interacted with enviroment orginally selected for |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Proximate causes - larger armies, technology, germs
Ultimate causes - more immunities from enviroment accident. easily domesticated plantes and animals made them immune |
|
|
