Term
| 3 values of philosophy - Bertram Russell |
|
Definition
1. frees us from tyranny of custom
2. frees us from realm of private interest
3. is essential to cultivating a just society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| only by entertaining not only what is but also whats possible allows us to assume responsibility for what we think. have to toss aside pre-conceived notions . |
|
|
Term
| frees us from realm of private interest |
|
Definition
| contemplating philosophy allows you to care about more than just your private interests, things that surround you in your life. constantly in a hostile world and freeing yourself from interests allows you to understand the outside world |
|
|
Term
| cultivating a just society |
|
Definition
| makes us better citizens, you realize beyond your baser instincts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| says philosophy does not contribute to our lives in a tangible way. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| claims philosophy is destined to uncertainty |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| philosophy cannot provide concrete answers, if it does it becomes science |
|
|
Term
| valuability of philosophy |
|
Definition
| if it is to be valuable, one cannot study it in the hope of deriving value from it. it has to be studied for its own sake |
|
|
Term
| if we study philosophy for our own growth... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in order to derive value from philosophy... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| man is the measure of all things, truth is manmade, everything is created of the mind and if it is not, then it is unknowable to us |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| philosopher has to figure out what the world is like, even if we aren't here. to reject idealism, must reject the not-self |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| must look at universe as a whole and not your view or perception |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| natural philosophers, predicted eclipse accurately for first time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
attempted to explain the natural world w/o appealing to cosmologies and cosmoganies
cosmologies-study of whole universe
cosmogany-study of the origin of the universe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
origin of gods
motivation: does anything persist through change?
what is the cosmos made of? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a group of teachers who said they could teach Arête (virtue) of a human being, thought reality was a human convention
protagoras said: "man is the measure of all things" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| value. in greek, everything has an arete. it is the purpose, the intent, the worth of that object or thing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no objective standards of right or wrong, meaning not by standards of man, it is all dependent on something |
|
|
Term
| unofficial charges against socrates |
|
Definition
studies natural philosophy
doesnt believe in the gods (bcuz he is a natural philosopher)
corrupting the youth via the sophist method |
|
|
Term
| how is socrates different from the rest of the philosophers? |
|
Definition
oracle of delphi said he was wisest in athens
-socrates questions what is meant by wisdom
-comes to believe that his wisdom is knowing that he knows nothing, " I do not think i know, what it is i do not know"
-"human wisdom" vs. "the most blameworthy ignorance"
wisdom does not equal knowledge |
|
|
Term
| why didnt socrates try to acquit himself? |
|
Definition
better man cannot be harmed by lessers
good cant be harmed by bad
-harm: can injure body but cant injure soul
-"wealth does not bring about excellence, but excellence brings wealth and everything else"
--human virtue is a condition of every other kind of goodness
--soul is improved by acting justly, and damaged by acting injustly
---he believed his defense was the right thing to do |
|
|
Term
| what else was he defending? |
|
Definition
philosophy
- I will obey the god rather than you
--if faced with test of soul vs. body, will do right thing(soul) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
idea that it is impossible to do wrong on purpose
--impossible to know what the right thing to do is, and do the opposite. whenever someone does the wrong thing, it is only out of ignorance.
--all wrong-doing is out of faulty reasoning, all good-doing is out of clarity and leads to knowledge |
|
|
Term
| socratic paradox and death |
|
Definition
since you dont know, fear of death is unjustified
--how do you act on the basis of something you know nothing about |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| we are reading a dialogue of what he said, not actually what he said. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
self-proclaimed expert of piety
claims to be expert in narrative issues
other crap |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
to have knowledge of a concept, is to able to give an adequate definition of what it is
--not the meaning of the word, but what the thing itself
(use-mention distinction)
--must fulfill the model of necessary and sufficient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"piety is doing what the gods love"
--if doing what the gods love, some gods may love different things
---"do what all gods love"
---applies to all and only, but doesnt define what piety is! |
|
|
Term
| all and only and essence of the thing |
|
Definition
is something pious because all the gods love it, or do all the gods love it because it is pious?
1.) all the gods love x because it is pious
-off-topic, fact about the gods doesnt tell us what piety is
2.) something is pious because all the gods love it
- says that what is pious is chosen by the gods. what makes them love one thing but not another? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
god decides the difference b/w right and wrong
-euthyphro dilemma: god says something is wrong because it is wrong, or is something wrong because god says so?
1.) god is superflous, god only reports whats wrong, doesnt decide it. CONTRADICTION
2.) why does god say it is wrong? makes it arbitrary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| considers "what is justice" |
|
|
Term
| eironea -> ironia -> irony |
|
Definition
saying the opposite of what you mean in order to be understood
-socrates is accused of dissembling as he never voices his own opinion |
|
|
Term
| Elenchus: Socratic Method |
|
Definition
Cross Examination
1.) someone asserts a belief "justice is benefitting friends"
2.) socrates elicits statements which follow from 1.
3.)Socrates then finds an inconsistency/contradiction in statement (euthyphro dilemma)
4.) encourages interlocular to abandon first belief
ends in aporia=deadlock, impasse |
|
|
Term
| difference b/w socrates and plato |
|
Definition
| plato is willing to hypothesize |
|
|
Term
| book 1 of republic: what is virtue |
|
Definition
if virtue=knowledge, then it can be taught
if virtue/=knowledge, then it is not teachable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
how are you supposed to learn what something is if you dont already know what it is?
-if you dont already know what it is, there is no point in looking for it, for if you dont know what it is, how do you know what it looks like? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
divide distance in half, can never reach goal
except you quite obviously CAN reach goal |
|
|
Term
| plato's theory of anamnesis |
|
Definition
knowledge is innate, or remembered, not "learned" from the outside world
-you already know it, you just have to figure it out on your own
ex.) slaveboy and socrates with geometry |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a truth that is true independently of any particular experience |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a truth that is based on experience |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reason is the SOURCE of knowledge (a priori knowledge) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sensory experience is the source of all knowledge
(a posteriori knowledge)
-belief that all a priori knowledge is uninformative, since you already know it
--mind is a "tabula rasa", blank slate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
soul is immortal
-perfect knowledge(socrates)
--cant get this knowledge from the world
--only perfect part is soul
---therefore, the few knowledge that is perfect, is in soul
knowledge, to plato, is true, justified, belief |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
believed world was constantly changing, there are no constants
skeptic concerning knowledge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
thought world of reality was permanent, stable, unchanging
--"what is" doesnt change
--what changes "is not"
---everything that changes is not Reality, Reality is something more |
|
|
Term
| world of opinion and particulars |
|
Definition
epistemology - guessing, and sensation & belief
ontology - shadows/dreams/imagination, and physical objects |
|
|
Term
| world of knowledge and universals |
|
Definition
epistemology - science and knowledge
ontology - concepts(conceptual understanding of world) and forms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
forms - concepts of concepts
-framework for concepts
-ideal entities
-aspacial and atemporal
-grasped by soul or intellect alone
forms have the true knowledge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sun represents the "good"
--highest form, illuminates the other forms
idea that morality is the most important thing, the aim of all other knowledge |
|
|
Term
| plato's theory of justice |
|
Definition
-presupposes that justice, as a form, is the same thing all around
-has to talk about soul in order to describe just
-has to define soul by comparing it to something defineable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-principal of specialization: everyone performs his or her own job, and no other
-divides city into types of people:
--producers: those who provide staples of life
--soldier class: thos who enforce way of life
--ruling class: must sacrifice own happiness for sake of city as a whole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
justice is the harmony of the parts of the soul
parts?
--appetitive: pleasures of the body, desire
--rational: determines what is best, realizes error of appetitive
--spirited: emotional part of soul, polices rational |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a civil war between the 3 parts
--a rebellion of one part against the whole
--SICKNESS OF THE SOUL |
|
|
