Term
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Definition
gavlip ptt
gly
ala
val
leu
ile
pro
phe
tyr
trp |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| hydrophilic AA ( polar uncharged) |
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Definition
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Term
| what does Pi means on a titration curve |
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Definition
| isoelcetric point: where - = + ( zwitterion) |
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Term
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Definition
| arranged in long stand or sheet h2o INsoluble strong but flexible structural ( keratin, collagen) |
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Term
| define a globular protein |
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Definition
| arranged in sperical or globular form h2o Soluble contains diff. 2rd structure diff. fxn: enzyme, reg proteins.. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| whats the 1st factor of stabilization in a-helix |
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Definition
h-bonding
all oriented in same direction which gives dipole N=+ C=- |
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Term
| compare 1 and 2 structure |
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Definition
1=sequence of aa in a peptide or polypeptide starting at N-termianl going to the C-terminal end
CIS/TRANS, D/L, R/S
2=3dim shape of the protein chain form by H bonding b/t peptide bonds
a-helix/ B-sheet |
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Term
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Definition
folding of total chain. combination of 2rd structure linked by turns and loops. (the whole 3D proteins)
1st structure determines the 3rd stucture
ex: fibrous:collagen
globular:pepsin |
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Term
| name the interactions of 3rd structure proteins |
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Definition
hydrophobic forces
van der waals
h-bonding
salt linkage
disulfide linkage |
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Term
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Definition
| further assocations of polypeptde chains ( at least 2 3rd structures to form a 4') |
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Term
| what is responsible for the proper folding of proteins |
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Definition
| chaperonins which require ATP, will target unfolded proteins and fold them |
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Term
| what happen when protein folding goes wrong |
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Definition
| they usually degenerate, but sometimes they accumulate and form plaque= alzheimer's or Creutzfeld-Jacob |
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Term
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Definition
A proteinaceous infectious particle is an infectious agent composed primarily of protein ( with no DNA orRNA detected) which affect the cerebellum,cerebrum thalamuc, spinal cord and
normal: PrPc, disease:PrPsc |
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Term
| differentiate the 2 types of prions |
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Definition
PrPc is normal,
2rd struc=a-helix
soluble
easily digested by protease
on PRNP gene
PrPsc disease
2rd struc=b-sheet
INsoluble
Highly resistant to protease and heat, sunlight, irritant process
NO immune response detected
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Term
| name a few prion diseases |
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Definition
sporadic: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)
familial: Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease (GSS), fatal familial insomnia (FFI)
transmissible: kuru
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Term
| a-amanitin, a mushroom toxin inhibits with enzyme |
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Definition
RNA polymerase 2-3
RNA polymerase 1 is insensitive |
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Term
| differentiate RNA ribosomal subunits |
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Definition
large=28s,5.8s,5s
small: 18s |
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Term
| how is rRNA synthesize in the cell |
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Definition
| the larger rRNA are synthesized as a unit by pol 1 in the nucleolus |
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Term
| what is ricin and what does it do |
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Definition
ricin is deadly poison from castor oil residue
it depurinate and adenine from 28s rRNA and deactivates it which affect also elongation factors:eEF1 eEF2 |
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Term
| RNA polymerase can initiate synthesis of their own polynucleotide product: why |
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Definition
| because they don't need a primer ( unlike DNA poly) |
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Term
| whats the role of promotors and enhancers |
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Definition
promotors: dna sequences that binds to transcription factors and RNA pol 2
enhencers: bind to activator to stimulate transcription factor to make more RNA pol 2 |
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Term
| what is capping and when does it happen |
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Definition
Translation initiation step:5' end of mRNA gets capped with 5' Guanine.
a ch3 group is then added >> essential for ribo to bind to 5' end of the mRNA |
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Term
| what is splicing and who's responsible for it |
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Definition
after trx, cutting out introns and joining exons
at 5' = GU
at 3'= AG
splice recognition proteins snRNAs and splicosomes |
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Term
what is the role of 5' cap and poly-A tail?
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Definition
5'cap: translation initiation
3'polyA tail: transcript stability
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Term
| how can posttranslational modifications occur |
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Definition
by modifying the side chains of AA
ex: phosphorilation of AA with OH group
(ser, thy,tyr)
addition of sugar to ser,asp
adding OH to pro or lys |
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Term
| how does diphteria toxin affects gene expression |
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Definition
| it catalyses ADP ribosylation and inactivates eEF2 which makes the newly made tRNA not being able to go to the P site |
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Term
| differentiate silent, missense and nonsense mutations |
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Definition
silent mutation: is when the change in base pair, does not impact the codon (same AA)
Missense mutation is when a change in the base pair will change the codon (different AA)
Nonsense mutation: when the change in base pair will turn the codon into a STOP codon
(UAG, UGA,UAA) |
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Term
| what is the role of ferritin and transferritin in translation |
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Definition
they control translation in opposite direction by controlling protein synthesis.
ferritin is expressed when there's a lot of FE in cell
transferritin receptor is imp for import of FE in cytosol |
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Term
| how does poliovirus affect cell translation |
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Definition
it stops cell translation by cleaving b/w the CH3-cap binding protein (elF4G) and the 40S.
BUT: viral RNA continues because of polio mean and bad internal ribo entry site (IRES) |
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Term
| whats a frameshift mutation |
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Definition
when base pair is not there and so the codon will have to go to the next 3 bd = shirt the whole sequence of AA
* IN/DEL mutations have similar effects as well |
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Term
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Definition
tautomeric shifs
ionizaing radiation ( xrays, radioactivity)
sunlight
chemical
all of this during s phase |
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Term
| how does aflatoxin contributes to gene mutation |
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Definition
it is a mutagen for guanine and cause liver cancer.
from a mushroom toxin in tropical countries |
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Term
| how does parental age affect mutations |
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Definition
> in female age=> risk factor for # chromo (down)
>male age=> risk factor for point mutation |
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Term
how does DNA repair systems works generally
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Definition
id damage site
excision of damaged site
DNA pol make new top strand using the bottom one as a template
DNA ligase seals up |
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Term
| what DNA repairs take care of replication errors |
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Definition
3'-exonuclease activities
port-replication mismatch repair
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Term
| how does nucleotide excision repair works? |
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Definition
on bulky lesions: genome wide and transcription coupled
nuclease ID bad segment
DNA helicase cuts it off
DNA pol + ligase form and seal the newly form segment |
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Term
| how does repair of 2xstrand breaks happens |
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Definition
non-homologous end joining and homologous end joining
accidental break
loss of BP due to degradation of both ends
either homo or non homo joining |
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Term
| how does AP endonuclease contribute to DNArepair |
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Definition
its involved in apurinic sites and base excision repair
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Term
name some DNA repair defects ( diseases)
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Definition
Xeroderma pigmentosum (genome-wide nuclotide repair)
Cockayne syndrome(trx-coupled nu excision repair)
Hereditaty non-polyposis colon cancer HNPCC (post replication mismatch repair)
Ataxia-telangiectasia (DNA 2xstrand break)
lynch syndrom ( post-replication mismatch repair) |
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Term
| whats a translocation mutation |
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Definition
when the signal for splicing gets altered (intron/exon)
5'GU
3'AG |
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Term
| how does carbonic acid system maintain blood ph |
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Definition
h2o+co2<>h2co3<>hco3- + H+
pH<7.4=acidosis
pH>74=alkylosis |
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Term
| explain respiratory acidosis and alkylosis |
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Definition
acidosis=shallow breathing due to obt/rest lung disease with impair the gas exchange in the blood and thus accumultes CO2.
alkylosis= when breathing to fast (hyperventiling, high altitude, asthma, pneumonia), too much lost of CO2 so H+ so carbonic acid >> in blood |
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Term
explain metabolic acidosis and alkylosis
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Definition
acidosis= too much loss of HCO3 so accumulation of acidic stuff in the system (diarrhea, diabetes)
alkylosis:too much alkaline in the system ( blood) not very common
major injestion of NAHCO3, vomiting.. |
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Term
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Definition
d-glygeraldehyde/galactose/glcose/manose ribose
GGGMR |
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Term
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Definition
dihysroxyacetone d-fructose
DF |
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Term
what type of bonds have these oligosaccharides
sucrose
maltose
lactose
cellubiose |
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Definition
s=a1-b2
m=a(1-4)
l=b(1-4)
c=b(1-4)** in bacteria |
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Term
these glycans have what type of bonds
Starch:amylose and amylopectin
glycogen
cellulose |
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Definition
amylose a(1-4) and amylopectin a(1-4) w/ a(1-6) b
glycogen a(1-6)
cellulose b(1-4)
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Term
| whats the general formula for FA |
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Definition
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Term
| which FA are good for the body, why |
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Definition
| unsaturated because they have a cis-2x ( with decrease Melting point) they stay apart because of they bent tail |
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