Term
| What is the goal of science? |
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Definition
| To investigate and understand the natural world, to explain events in the natural world, and to use those explanations to make useful predictions. |
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Term
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Definition
| An organized way of using evidence to learn about the natural world. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of gathering information about events or processes in a careful, orderly way. The work of scientists usually begins with observations. |
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Term
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Definition
| The information gathered from observations. |
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Term
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Definition
| A logical interpretation based on prior knowledge or experience. |
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Term
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Definition
| A proposed scientific explanation for a set of observations. |
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Term
| What is spontaneous generation? |
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Definition
| The idea that life could arise from nonliving matter. Pasteur proved it couldn't happen. |
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Term
| What is a controlled experiment? |
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Definition
| An experiment where only one variable is changed at a time (and all others are kept unchanged). |
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Term
| What is a manipulated variable? |
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Definition
| The variable that is changed in a controlled experiment. |
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Term
| What is a responding variable? |
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Definition
| The variable that is measured in a controlled experiment (the one in which you look for change based on the changed manipulated variable). |
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Term
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Definition
| A well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations. |
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Term
| How do scientists test hypotheses? |
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Definition
| With a controlled experiment. |
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Term
| How does a scientific theory develop? |
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Definition
| Evidence mounts to support a hypothesis, and it becomes a theory. |
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Term
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Definition
| The science that seeks to understand the living world. |
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Term
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Definition
| A collection of living matter enclosed by a barrier that separates the cell from its surroundings. |
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Term
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Definition
| Two cells from different parents unite to produce the first cell of the new organism. |
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Term
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Definition
| The new organism has a single parent. |
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Term
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Definition
| An organism builds up or breaks down materials as it c arries out its life processes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A signal to which an organism responds. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which organisms keep internal conditions (temperature, water content, etc.) fairly constant to survive. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability of a group of organisms to change over time to survive (over many generations). |
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Term
| What are characteristics of living things? |
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Definition
- Made up of units called cells.
- Reproduce.
- Based on a universal genetic code.
- Grow and develop.
- Obtain and use materials and energy.
- Respond to their environment.
- Maintain a stable internal environment.
- Taken as a group, change over time.
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Term
| How can life be studied at different levels? |
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Definition
- Molecules
- Cells
- Groups of cells
- Organisms
- Populations of a single kind of organism
- Communities of different organisms in an area
- Ecosystem
- Biosphere
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Term
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Definition
| A decimal system of measurement whose units are based on certain physical standards and are scaled on multiples of 10. |
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Term
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Definition
| Devisces that produce magnificed images of structures that are too small to see with the unaided eye. |
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Term
| compound light microscope |
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Definition
| Allow light to pass through the specimen and use two lenses to form an image. |
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Term
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Definition
| Use beams of electrons, rather than light, to produce images. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of cells formed from a single original cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| Separating a cell into its different parts. |
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Term
| What measurement system do most scientists use? |
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Definition
| Most scientists use the metric system when collecting data and performing experiments. |
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Term
| How are light microscopes and electron microscopes similar? Different? |
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Definition
| Light microscopes produce magnified images by focusing visible light rays. Electron microscopes produce magnified images by focusing beams of electrons. |
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Term
| What three subatomic particles make up atoms? |
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Definition
| Protons, neutrons and electrons. |
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Term
| How are all of the isotopes of an element similar? |
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Definition
| They have the same number of electrons, so all have the same chemical properties. |
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Term
| What are the two main types of chemical bonds? |
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Definition
| Ionic bonds and covalent bonds. |
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Term
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Definition
| The basic unit of matter. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Protons and neutrons bonded together, forming the center of an atom. |
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Term
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Definition
| A negatively charged particle (-) with 1/1840 the mass of a proton. In constant motion in the space surrounding the nucleus. |
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Term
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Definition
| A purse substance that consists entirely of one tyype of atom. |
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Term
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Definition
| Atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons they contain. Identified by its mass number. |
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Term
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Definition
| A substance formed by the chemic combination of two or more elements in definite proportions. |
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Term
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Definition
| One or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another. |
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Term
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Definition
| An atom that has gained or lost electrons (is positively or negatively charged). |
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Term
|
Definition
| Electrons are shared between atoms. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Atoms are joined together by covalent bonds. Molecules are the smallest unit of most compounds. |
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Term
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Definition
| Another bonding force, but less strong than ionic or covalent bonds, it happens when molecules are close together and the positive and negative regions of two molecules are attracted to each other. |
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Term
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Definition
| The sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. |
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Term
| Why are water molecules polar? |
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Definition
| There is an uneven distribution of electrons between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms. |
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Term
| What are acidic solutions? |
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Definition
| Solutions that contain higher concentrations of H+ ions than pure water and have pH values below 7. |
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Term
| What are basic (alkaline) solutions? |
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Definition
| Solutions that contain lower concentrations of H+ ions than pure water and have pH values above 7. |
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Term
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Definition
| An attraction between molecules of the same substance. |
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Term
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Definition
| An attraction between molecules of different substances. |
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Term
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Definition
| A material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together but not chemically combined. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ions (solute) evenly dispersed in a solvent. |
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Term
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Definition
| The substance that is dissolved in a solution. |
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Term
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Definition
| The substance in which the solute dissolves. |
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Term
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Definition
| A mixture of water and nondissolved material. |
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Term
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Definition
| A measurement system to indicate the concentration of H+ ions in solution. Pure water is 7 (neutral), Oven cleanter is near 14 (very basic) and stomach acid is near 0 (very acid). |
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Term
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Definition
| A compound that forms H+ ions in solution. |
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Term
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Definition
| A compound that produces hydroxide ions (OH- ions) in solution. |
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Term
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Definition
| Weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH. |
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Term
| What are the four groups of organic compounds? |
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Definition
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Nucleic acids
- Proteins
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Term
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Definition
| Molecules that join together to form polymers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Monomers join together in a process called polymerization to form polymers and macromolecules. |
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Term
|
Definition
- Main source of energy for living things.
- Used as structure in plans and some animals.
- Made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms 1:2:1
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Term
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Definition
| Single sugar molecules (carbohydrates). |
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Term
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Definition
| Monosaccharides polymerize to form macromolecule carbohydrates called polysaccharides. |
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Term
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Definition
- Used to store energy (fats)
- Some are important parts of biolgical membranes and waterproof coverings.
- Not soluble in water.
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Term
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Definition
- Store and transmit hereditary (genetic) information.
- RNA and DNA
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Term
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Definition
| The monomers that make up nucleic acids. Consist of three parts: 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base |
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Term
|
Definition
- Polymers of amino acids (monomers).
- Some proteins control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes.
- Some form bones and muscles.
- Some transport substances into or out of cells.
- Some fight disease.
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| What happens to chemical bonds during chemical reactions? |
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Definition
| Bonds break in the reactants and new bonds are formed in the products. |
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Term
| How do energy changes affect whether a chemical reaction will occur? |
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Definition
| Chemical reactions that release energy often occur spontaneously. Chemical reactions that absorb energy will not occur without a source of energy. |
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Term
| Why are enzymes important to living things? |
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Definition
| They speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| A process that changes on set of chemicals into another set of chemicals. |
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Term
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Definition
| The elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| The energy that is needed to get a reaction started. |
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Term
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Definition
| A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins that act as biological catalysts. |
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Term
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Definition
| The reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions. |
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Term
| Which is more electronegative in a water molecule - the oxygen atom or the hydrogen atoms? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Hydrogen atoms are bonded to oxygen atoms in water by what bonds? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Neighboring water molecules are held together by what kind of bonds? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Water sticks to other water because... |
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Definition
| hydrogen bonds form between the H atoms of one water molecule and the O atoms of another water molecule. |
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Term
| On the pH scale, going from 13 (bleach) to 12 (ammonia) means what kind of difference in the ions? |
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Definition
| There are 10 times as many H+ ions in the ammonia as in the bleach. |
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Term
| What is the polarity of water molecules? |
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Definition
| Oxygen side is slightly negative, hydrogen side slightly positive. |
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Term
| The atomic number of an atom containing 11 protons and 12 neutrons is... |
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Definition
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|
Term
| A covalent bond is formed as the result of... |
|
Definition
| sharing an electron pair. |
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|
Term
| What type of ion forms when an atom loses electrons? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- All living things are composed of cells.
- Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.
- New cells are produced from existing cells.
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Term
| What are the characteristics of prokaryotes? |
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Definition
| They have genetic material that is not contained in a nucleus. |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of eukaryotes? |
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Definition
| Their genetic material is separated from the rest of the cell, in the nucleus. |
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Term
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Definition
| A large membrane-enclosed structure that contains the cell's genetic material in the form of DNA (in eukaryotes). |
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Term
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Definition
| Specialized structures common to eukaryotic cells, including the nucleus, Golgi apparatus, centrioles, etc. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The portion of the cell outside of the nucleus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Surrounding the nucleus, it's made up of two membranes, dotted with nuclear pores. |
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Term
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Definition
| The granular material in the nucleus, consisting of DNA bound to protein. It condenses to form chromosomes when the cell divides. |
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Term
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Definition
| Threadlike structures containing the genetic information passed from one generation to the next. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A small dense region in the cell nucleus where ribosomes are assembled. |
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Term
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Definition
| Small particles of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm. Proteins are assembled in riobosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| An internal membrane system where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled, along with proteins and other materials that are exported from the cell. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Proteins move from the ER (endoplasmic reticulum) to this organelle to be modified, sorted and packed for storage or secretion. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Filled with enzymes, these organelles break down lipids, carbohydrates and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell, and break down old organelles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sacs that store materials like water, salts, proteins and carbohydrates. Function as structure in many plants. |
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Term
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Definition
| Convert the chmical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use. |
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Term
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Definition
| Organelles in plants that capture the energy in sunlight and onvert it into chemical energy (photosynthesis). |
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Term
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Definition
| The structure of eukaryotic cells - a network of protein filaments. Also helps in movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pair of structures made of tubulin in animal cells, help organize cell division. |
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Term
| What does the cell nucleus do? |
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Definition
| Contains nearly all the cell's DNA. |
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|
Term
| What is the main function of the cell membrane? |
|
Definition
| The thin, flexible barrier that all cells have, it regulates what enters and leaves the cells and provides protection and support. |
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|
Term
| What is the main function of the cell wall? |
|
Definition
| Some cells have these outside the cell membrane. They provide support and protection. |
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|
Term
| What happens during diffusion? |
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Definition
| Random particle movements mean that substances diffuse across cell membranes without requiring the cel to use energy. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A double-layered sheet that makes up the cell membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| The mass of the solute divided by the volume of the solution. (12g salt in 3L water is 12g/3L = 4g/L) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Particles moving from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration in a solution. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The state where the concentration of a solution is a same through the system. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Two solutions on either side of a membrane with same concentration. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A solution with a higher concentration than another one. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A solution with a lower concentration than another one. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cell membranes use protein channels to make it easy for certain molecules to cross the membrane. Like regular diffusion, no energy is used. |
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Term
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Definition
| Moving materials in the opposite direction from diffusion, against a concentration difference. This requires cells to use energy, and is accomplished with protein pumps in the the cell membrane. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The process of taking material into the cell by making pockets in the cell membrane. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cell eating - extensions of cytoplasm surround a particle and package it in a food vacuole. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Like endocytosis, taking up liquid in a cell pocket. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The process of getting material out of a cell. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cells in an organism developing in different ways to perform different tasks. |
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Term
| What are the four levels of organization in multicellular organisms? |
|
Definition
- Individual cells
- Tissues
- Organs
- Organ systems
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Term
|
Definition
| A group of similar cells that perform a particular function. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Many groups of tissues working together. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A group of organs that work together to perform a specific function. |
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|
Term
| Where do plants get the energy they need to produce food? |
|
Definition
| From the sun. Autotrophs can make their own food from the sun's energy. |
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|
Term
| What is the role of ATP in cellular activities? |
|
Definition
| It is the basic energy source of all cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
| These organisms can make their own food from the sun's energy. |
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Term
|
Definition
| These organisms obtain energy from the foods they consume. |
|
|
Term
| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
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Definition
| The principal chemical compounds that cells use to store and release energy. |
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|
Term
| What did the experiments of van Helmont, Priestley and Ingenhousz reveal about how plants grow? |
|
Definition
| Led to work by other scientists who finally discovered that in the presence of light, plants transform carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates, and they also release oxygen. |
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|
Term
| What is the overall equation for photosynthesis? |
|
Definition
| 6CO2 + 6H2O (light->) C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
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|
Term
| What is the role of light and chlorophyll in photosynthesis? |
|
Definition
| The process uses the energy in sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high energy sugars and oxygen. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Light abosorbing molecules in a plan that gather the sun's energy. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a plant's principal pigment, when it absorbs light, the energy is transferred to electrons in the clorophyll molecule. Does not aborb green well. |
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|
Term
| What happens in the light dependent reactions? |
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Definition
| Oxygen gas is produced and ADP/NADP+ turn into energy carriers ATP/NADPH. |
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|
Term
| What is the Calvin cycle? |
|
Definition
| Uses ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions to produce high-energy sugars. It is light-INdependent. |
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Term
|
Definition
| In a chloroplast, the saclike photosynthetic membranes, arranged in stacks called grana. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Proteins in the thylakoid membrane organize chlorophyll and other pigments into clusters called photosystems. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Where the Calvin cycle takes place, just outside the thylakoid membranes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An energy carrying molecule that converts to NADPH in the Calvin cycle. |
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|
Term
| light-dependent reactions |
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Definition
| A reaction that requires light, they produce ATP and NADPH from ADP and NADP+ |
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Term
|
Definition
| A protein that allows H+ ions to pass through the thylakoid membrane. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| ...plants produce oxygen when exposed to light. |
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Term
|
Definition
| that plants produce oxygen. |
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|
Term
| What are the proudcts of the light-dependent reactions? |
|
Definition
| ATP, NADPH and oxygen gas |
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|
Term
| What happens if plants can't get carbon dioxide? |
|
Definition
| The won't produce sugars/carbohydrates. |
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|
Term
| Plants appear green because... |
|
Definition
| chloroophyll does not absorb green light. |
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|
Term
| How is the Calvin cycle different from light-dependent reactions? |
|
Definition
| The Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma. |
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|
Term
| Flow of electrons during photosynthesis |
|
Definition
| H2O -> NADPH -> Calvin cycle |
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|
Term
| Where is chlorophyll found? |
|
Definition
| In the thylakoid, in the chloroplast. |
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|
Term
| What is cellular respiration? |
|
Definition
| The process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen. |
|
|
Term
| glycolysis in cellular respiration |
|
Definition
| The process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing two molecules of pyruvic acid, a 3-carbon compound. |
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|
Term
| What are the two main types of fermentation? |
|
Definition
| Alcoholic and lactic acid. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 grame of water 1 degree Celsius. A Calorie (big C) or kilocalorie = 1000 calories, and is the kind we're all familiar with on food labels. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| An electron carrier, receive the high-energy electrons, and they pass it to other pathways in the cell. |
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Term
|
Definition
| releases energy from food molecules by producing ATP in the absence of oxygen. |
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Term
|
Definition
| fermentation that does not require oxygen |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The beginning of the release of energy from glucose, releasing only a small amount. If oxygen is present, it leads to two pathways that release a lot of energy (the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain). If no oxygen |
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|
Term
| formula for cellular respiration |
|
Definition
| 6O2 + C6H12O6 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pyurvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions. It is also called the citric acid cycle, as that acid is formed in the process. |
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|
Term
| How are high-energy electrons used by the electron transport chain? |
|
Definition
| They use the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle to convert ADP into ATP. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| glycolysis provides a cell with a net gain of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lactic acid fermentation occurs in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NAD+ carries what during cellular respiration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In eukaryotes, electron transport occurs in the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cellular respiration is called an aerobic process because it requires... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Krebs cycle starts with _____ and yields ______. |
|
Definition
| pyruvic acid and carbond dioxide |
|
|
Term
| when the body needs to exercise for longer than 90 seconds it generates ATP byy carrying out... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| glycolysis takes place in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cellular respiration uses one molecule of glucose to produce how many molecules of ATP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the sequence of events in cellular respiration? |
|
Definition
| glycolysis -> Krebs cycle -> electron transport |
|
|
Term
| Each pair of high-energy electrons that moves down the electron transport chain provides enough energy to... |
|
Definition
| convert 3 ADP molecules into 3 ATP molecules |
|
|
Term
| Does glycolysis require an energy input? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are cellular respiration and photosynthesis almost opposite processes? |
|
Definition
| Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and cellular respiration puts it back. |
|
|
Term
| The conversion of pyruvic acid into lactic acid requires... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What problems does growth cause for cells? |
|
Definition
| The larger a cell becomes the more demands the cell places on its DNA. In addition, the cell has mroe trouble moving enough nutrients and wastes across the cell membrane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells |
|
|
Term
| What are the main events of the cell cycle? |
|
Definition
| A cell grows, prepares for division and then divides to form two daughter cells, each of which then begins the cycle again. |
|
|
Term
| What are the four phases of mitosis? |
|
Definition
- prohpase
- metaphase
- anaphase
- telophase
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The first stage of cell division in eukaryotes, the division of the cell nucleus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The second stage and final of cell division in eukaryotes, the division of cytoplasm. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| each chromosome consists of two identical sister chromatids, and these separate during cell division |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The spot where the chromatids are connected to form a chromosome. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The period in between an undivided cell and a divided one. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The first and longest phase of mitosis, takes 50% of total time. Chromomes become visible, centrioles separate and go to opposite ends of nucleus, the chromosomes attach to fibers in the spindle and coil. The nuclear envelope breaks down. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tiny structures in the cytoplasm near the nuclear envelope, they separate during prophase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A fanlike microtubule that helps separate the chromosomes in prophase. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chromasomes line up at center of cell, connected to spindle fiber. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The chromatids separate and move apart. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the cell cycle regulated? |
|
Definition
| Cyclins regulate the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells. |
|
|
Term
| How are cancer cells different from other cells? |
|
Definition
| They do not respond to the signals that regulate the growth of most cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The protein that regulates the cell cycle. |
|
|
Term
| As a cell becomes larger its volume... |
|
Definition
| increase faster than its surface area. |
|
|
Term
| What happens when cells come into contact with other cells? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| One difference between cell division in plant cells an din animals cells is that plant cells have... |
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| When during the cell cycle is a cell's DNA replicated? |
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| In which phases of mitosis are chromasomes visible? |
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| What is the role of the spindle during mitosis? |
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| It helps separate the chromosomes. |
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| Cyclins are a family of closely related proteins that... |
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| Compared to small cells, large cells have more trouble... |
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| moving needed materials in and waste products out. |
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| What did scientists discover about the relationship between genes and DNA? |
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| Avery and other scientists, the nucleic acid DNA stores and transmits the genetic information from one generation of an organism to the next. |
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| What is the overall structure of the DNA molecule? |
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| Watson and Crick's model of DNA was a double helix, two strand woven around each other. |
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| Griffith called the process of transfering a characteristic from one generation to the next transformation. |
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| A kind of virus that infects bacteria. Composed of a DNA or RNA core and a protein coat. |
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| A unit of the DNA molecule. |
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| The principle that describes how hydrogen bonds can form only between certain base pairs (adenine and thymine, and guanine and cytosine). |
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| What happens during DNA replication? |
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