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swedish botanist and zoologist
father of taxonomy |
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enlightenment philosopher
"nobel savage" |
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| Count Buffon and Erasmus Darwin |
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| mutability of the species |
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organic evolution
inheritance of acquired characteristics
first to work out a theory of descent |
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Uniformitarianism– Geological processes observed now are the same as those in the past
concept of "Deep Time" |
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Charles Darwin and
Alfred Russell Wallace |
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natural selection
all living things show variation
Because the population grows faster than the food supply there is a struggle for existence and more favorable variations will survive and reproduce. |
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Survival of the fittest.
things progress from simple to complex
Social Evolution: Society as an evolving organism |
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| Edward Burnett Tylor and Lewis Henry Morgan |
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Unilineal Evolution—Savagery, Barbarism, Civilization
link between social and technological progress. |
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founder of modern sociology
The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
methodological individualism
Definition of the state as an entity that lays claim to a monopoly on the legitimate use of force. |
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founder of modern sociology
positivism: scientific approach to sociology
Social facts – social structures, customs, values, and cultural norms that are external to the individual. |
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Worked in Papua New Guinea and the Trobriand Islands
Participant observation
goal of an ethnographer was to, “grasp the native’s point of view, his relation to life, to realize his vision of his world.” |
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Rejected social evolution
Anthropology should rest on
Empiricism, notion that Culture is fluid and dynamic, ethnographic fieldwork, and cultural relativism.
“four field” approach |
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| notion that other cultures should be measured by the degree to which they live up to one’s own cultural standards. |
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| Examining society using concepts, categories, and distinctions that are meaningful to members of that culture. Or, studying a culture “from within”. |
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| Examining society using concepts, categories, and rules derived from science; an outsider’s perspective, which produces analyses that members of the society being studied may not find meaningful. |
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| The intensive study of a particular society and culture as the basis for generating anthropological theory; it includes both fieldwork among people in society and the written results of fieldwork |
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| written result of the ethnographic method |
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| comparative studies about cultural and social processes that are based on cross-cultural ethnographic data |
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| there is an unequal relationship between anthropologist and informants that could affect information received. |
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| distortion in theory and ethnography caused by excessive focus on male activities or male perceptions of female activities |
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| anthropologist who does fieldwork in his or her own culture. |
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| Lemurs and Lorises; Retain a rhinarium, more laterally placed eyes, “have a dental comb”, and elongated snout. |
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| Monkeys; Generally larger body sizes; More rounded skulls and larger brains; Complete stereoscopic vision; More parental care; More complex social systems |
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| Apes; Generally larger body; no tail; Shortened trunk (lumbar area shorter, more stable); Differences in position and musculature of the shoulder joint; More complex behavior; More complex brain and enhanced cognitive abilities; Increased period of infant development and dependency |
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| Similarities arising as a result of similar selective forces. |
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| Traits that organisms have inherited directly from their common ancestor. |
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| more pronounced altruistic behaviors like sharing and co-operation; Mating habits and kinship; Are completely bipedal; Lack fur |
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| How are humans different from other primates? |
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| The study of human origins. |
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| membrane that surrounds the outer surfaces of bone and in which osteogenesis occurs. |
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| Once osteoblasts become trapped in the matrix they produce they become ___, star-shaped cells that make up the majority of bone in the skeleton. |
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| Cells that break down bone by removing the bone’s mineralized matrix |
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| “spongy” bone that has high surface area and low density. Occupies the interior of most bones and vertebrae. |
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| Dense bone that is comprised of multiple stacked layers that form the outer surfaces of bones in the body and constitutes 80% of the weight of the human skeleton |
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| C14, Potassium/Argon, Fission Track Dating, Paleomagnetism, Biostratigraphy |
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| 5 Absolute Dating Methods |
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| When is potassium/argon best? |
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| 55 million years ago, China |
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| 1936 Discoveries at Sterkfontein |
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| Found the Taung Child in 1924 |
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350,000-30,000 y.a.
More diverse and intricate tools; Larger brains; close-proximity hunters; built for cold; some deliberate burials |
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