Term
| Why is it important to understand the form and function of insects? |
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Definition
| It's important to know external anatomy because of: insect identification, insect physiology, insect ecology, insect behavior, insect pest management |
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Term
What adaptations or morphological features have made insects so successful on land?
Which features were most significant to their success? |
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Definition
metameric to tagmatic segmentation, exoskeleton composed of chitin (waterproof wax layer), wings, mouthparts (diet breadth), metamorphosis, small size.
insect mouthpart diversity is a key innovation in insects |
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Term
| List the elements common to every insect body segment |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
outer covering of an insect, serves as an exoskeleton.
also called a cuticle
(consists of chitin and protein) |
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Term
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Definition
1. labrum
2. mandibles
3. maxillae
4. labium |
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Term
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Definition
| insect mouthpart: front upper lip |
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Term
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Definition
| mouthpart: chewing, grinding parts |
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Term
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Definition
| mouthpart: behind mandible, used to taste/manipulate food |
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Definition
| mouthpart: behind maxillae |
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Term
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Definition
| eyes (compound), mouthparts, antennae |
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Term
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Definition
wings and legs.
sight of most major muscle groups.
most highly modified region of body for locomotion. |
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Term
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Definition
thorax
coxa: base of leg (connects it to body) |
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Definition
thorax
evolved flight in upper carboniferous (before vertebrates)
wing structure: thin wing membrane held rigid between veins; is incredibly diverse |
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Term
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Definition
1. Dorsal longitudinal indirect flight muscles -- wing depression
2. dorso-ventral indirect flight muscles -- wing elevation |
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Term
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Definition
internal physiological functions;
reproduction: genitalia and egg-laying |
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Term
| Why are insects (comparatively) stronger than humans? |
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Definition
power is proportional to muscle cross-section;
power: mass ratio increases as body size decreases.
so, muscles are more powerful, to their size, as they get smaller.
so small size benefits insects in their relative strength |
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Term
what are two major components of exoskeleton?
How do these components impact the exoskeleton? |
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Definition
chitin (long chain polysaccharide) and protein (used for tanning or sclerotization).
the higher the ratio of chitin to protein, the crunchier the insect
resilin is a rubber-like protein that allows elastic or spring-like motion in joints. this helps the exoskeleton to be both rigid + flexible |
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Term
| what are the advantages of insect cuticle? |
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Definition
skeleton: muscle attachment/support for locomotion
mechanical protection/armor
prevents water loss (wax layer)
sometimes stores waste products |
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Term
| what are disadvantages of insect cuticle? |
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Definition
limits growth; confines size of internal organs, muscles
requires periodic shedding for growth; short-term vulnerability |
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Term
| how do insects get bigger? |
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Definition
| by "inhaling" more oxygen (the more oxygen in the environment, the bigger they get) |
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Term
| what are the three primary body segments of the insect body? |
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Definition
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Term
| how many legs does an insect have and where are the legs located? |
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Definition
all insects have six legs
they are found on the thorax |
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Term
| where are the wings attached to the body? how many wings? what are wings made from? |
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Definition
wings are attached on the thorax
most have 2 pairs (four wings), some have one pair (two wings)
wing structure (general): thin wing membrane (composed of cuticle) held rigid between bracing elements called veins
wing structure is incredibly diverse |
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Term
| what kind of eyes do insects have? how many eyes? |
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Definition
two compound eyes
called compound eyes bcs made up of thousands of ommatidia, each of which functions as a separate visual receptor. |
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Term
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Definition
Labrum
Mandibles
Maxillae
Labium
*sorry I couldn't find a blank one,
easiest way is to remember the top-down order |
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Term
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Definition
easiest way to remember: in order, either from base-out or out to base
base-out:
coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, tarsus |
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Term
| Describe the insect digestive system: parts |
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Definition
foregut, midgut, hindgut
(this is the order, in case of a diagram)
internal gut symbionts in many insects, like termites and aphids |
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Term
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Definition
main functions:
crop-> storage
also, lined with chitin |
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Term
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Definition
main functions:
digestion and absorption |
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Term
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Definition
main functions:
excretion
also, lined with chitin |
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Term
| Describe the insect excretory system |
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Definition
| malpighian tubules excrete nitrogenous wastes in insects |
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Term
| excretory system- what organ filters nitrogenous waste? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 3 main parts of the gut + functions? |
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Definition
| foregut (storage), midgut (digestion + absorption), hindgut (excretion). |
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Term
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Definition
| don't think it's super necessary to know this all; just the order of the "guts" and where the malpighian tubule is, probably |
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Term
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Definition
| just be able to trace the general flow of haemolymph within insect |
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Term
| describe insect circulatory system |
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Definition
it is not responsible for carrying oxygen
haemolymph ("blood") circulates freely around internal organs
5-8 minutes for "roundtrip" (20 secs in humans) |
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Term
| what does the insect heart look like? |
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Definition
it's basically a simple tube running along their backs
it is one vessel
(the dorsal "heart" continuous with the dorsal "aorta") |
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Term
| where is the insect heart located? |
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Definition
| the heart-tube runs longitudinally through the thorax and abdomen, along the inside of the dorsal body wall |
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Term
insect heart--
what is haemolymph? |
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Definition
insect "blood"
it circulates freely around the internal organs |
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Term
| Describe the insect respiratory system |
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Definition
| insects must obtain oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide. This gas exchange occurs by means of internal air-filled "tubes" called tracheae. Air enters through spiracles and is distributed by a network of tracheae |
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Term
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Definition
internal air-filled "tubes"
are lined with chitin - must be shed at each molt |
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Term
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Definition
| openings on the surface of the insect |
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Term
| how does gas exchange work? |
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Definition
| This gas exchange occurs by means of internal air-filled "tubes" called tracheae. Air enters through spiracles and is distributed by a network of tracheae |
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Term
| describe the insect nervous system |
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Definition
it consists of a series of ganglia that supply nerves to successive segments of the body.
dorsal brain linked to a ventral nerve cord hat consists of paired segmental ganglia. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
optic nerve
neurosecretory cells |
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Term
| how does the parasitoid wasp "hijack" the cockroach's brain? |
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Definition
| wasp injects venom through the neck directly into roach's brain. |
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