Term
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Definition
Generalized female.
need to know: paired ovaries, spermatheca, accessory glands, oviduct |
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Term
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Definition
generalized male reproductive system.
know: paired testes, vas deferens, accessory gland, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct |
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Term
what is an ovipositor?
in what ways has the ovipositor been modified? |
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Definition
female structure for laying eggs.
eggs have chitinous "shell" called a chorion. specialized to allow respiration |
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Term
| do all insects lay eggs or do some insects give birth to live young? |
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Definition
oviparous = eggs are laid
viviparous = live young are birthed
some can do both! |
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Term
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Definition
embryonic development:
the basic body plan of an insect is established by genetic regulation during embryogenesis (embryo development). Segments are established and become specialized as either a head, thoracic, or abdominal segment. Mutants demonstrate that any segment could be transformed into any other segment |
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Term
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Definition
| growth stage, or the form of an insect between two successive molts; aka "lifestage" or "stage" |
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Term
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Definition
| the time between two successive molts (duration of an instar) |
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Term
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Definition
| emergence from the egg (often also adult emergence from pupa |
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Term
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Definition
| periodic formation of new, larger cuticle and shedding of old cuticle |
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Term
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Definition
| when epidermis separates from the cuticle of the previous instar |
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Term
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Definition
| process of casting off the old cuticle (molting) |
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Term
| what does it mean if an insect is "ametabolous" ? |
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Definition
ametabolous development = not metamorphosis
primitive, apterygote insects (zygentoma and archeognatha)
immatures resemble adults (only difference is that the immatures lack genitalia)
adults continue to molt after sexual maturity |
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Term
| which insect orders have ametabolous development? |
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Definition
| 2 apterygote insects (zygentoma and archeognatha) |
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Term
| what does it mean if an insect is "hemimetabolous"? |
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Definition
incomplete metamporphosis
developing wings visible on nymphs (except youngest instars)
wing pads progressively larger w. each instar
immatures = nymphs
nymphal stages not dramatically different from adults except adult is sexually mature and has functional wings
egg -> nymph -> adult |
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Term
| which insect orders have hemimetabolous development? |
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Definition
| 17- odonata, ephemeroptera, plecoptera, embioptera, phasmatodea, orthoptera, dermaptera, grylloblattodea, mantophasmatodea, isoptera, blattodea, mantodea, zoraptera, psocoptera, phthiraptera, thysanoptera, hemiptera |
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Term
| what does it mean if an insect is "holometabolous" |
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Definition
complete/full metamorphosis
pupal instar is a resting stage in which development of structural differences between immature and adult stages is concentrated
developing wings may be present internally in larvae as imaginal discs/buds, or formed during pupation
immatures = larvae
egg -> larvae -> pupa -> adult
larvae stage dramatically different from adult
larvae specialized for feeding; adults for reproduction and movement
wing expansion at eclosion
imaginal discs are not present in hemimetabolous |
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Term
| which insect orders have holometabolous development? |
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Definition
| 10- megaloptera, raphidioptera, neuroptera, coleoptera, hymenoptera, lepidoptera, trichoptera, sihponaptera, strepsisptera, diptera |
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Term
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Definition
| marked change in form between immature and adult; includes all pterygote insects |
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Term
compare and contrast ametabolism, hemimetabolism, and holometabolism.
which is most primitive?
which is most advances? |
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Definition
(reread their individual flashcards for their individual key points)
ametabolism is most primitive
holometabolism is most advanced |
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Term
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Definition
parts of a holometabolous insect larvae that will become a portion of the outside of the adult insect during pupation.
another definition:
a thickening of the epidermis of an insect larvae, which, on pupation, develops into a particular organ of the adult insect |
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Term
| do all insects have the same number of molts/immature stages? |
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Definition
nope!
some have as few as 3-6 (hymenoptera, wasps)
some have as many as 20-40 (ephemeroptera, mayflies) |
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Term
| how does an insect know when to molt, what molt to undergo, or when to stop molting? |
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Definition
neurosecretory cells in the insect brain involved with molting hormones
also, stretch receptors in stomach can signal the onset of a molt |
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Term
| major hormones that regulate molting and metamorphosis |
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Definition
| PTTH, ecdysone, juvenile hormone |
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Term
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Definition
Major Hormones that Regulate Molting and Metamorphosis
produced in brain, released from corpora cardiaca (part of the brain) |
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Term
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Definition
Major Hormones that Regulate Molting and Metamorphosis
(molting hormone)- produced in prothoracic gland |
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Term
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Definition
Major Hormones that Regulate Molting and Metamorphosis
(JH) - produced in corpora allatum (part of brain); important regulatory role in post-embryonic development. serves as a yes/no switch that tells cells in the insect's body what type of molt to undergo (eg larval-larval; larval-pupal, pupal-adult) |
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Term
| how does the amount of juvenile hormone impact the developmental stage of an insect? |
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Definition
JH inhibits the expression of adult features, so:
a high level = larval-larval molt
a low level = larval-pupal molt
no JH = pupal-adult molt |
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