Term
| With respect to the distinction between the mind and the body, what did monists believe? |
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Definition
| What did dualists believe?Monist: The mind is a consequence wholly of the physical nature of the brain. Dualist: There is a nonphysical component to the mind, qualia, which prevents perfect description of the nature of the mind. |
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Term
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Definition
| organized set of principles that describes, predicts, and explains a phenomenon. (ex: blockage from goal produces frustration) |
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Term
| What are characteristics of a good theory? |
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Definition
| Precise, coherent, falsifiable, parsimonious, generative |
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Term
| What is descriptive research? |
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Definition
| Observe studies (ethnography): beginning of studies before hypothesis is made |
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Term
| What are types of descriptive research? |
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Definition
| Case studies: in depth look at individual Archival Analyses: using former records and comparing data |
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Term
| What are the major advantages of descriptive research? |
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Definition
| Good first step, real world, rare behaviors |
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Term
| What are the major disadvantages of descriptive research? |
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Definition
| Observer bias, observer effects, no causality, no understanding of process (why/why not) |
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Term
| What is a correlation statistic? |
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Definition
| Quantifies the relationship between two variables (r=?) |
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Term
| What does it mean if a correlation is positive? Negative? What does it mean if a correlation statistic reveals no relationship between two variables? |
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Definition
| Valence-Positive: r=0-1 (all points move bottom left to upper right on graph) Negative: r=-1-0 (all points move upper left to bottom right on graph)No relationships (all points have no relation, points are random on graph) |
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Term
| What does it mean if a correlation is strong? Weak? |
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Definition
| Closer to 1 or -1, the stronger the relationship Consistency related to two how variables are to each other Perfect predictionx and y increase the same |
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Term
| Why doesn’t a strong positive correlation statistic between two variables tell you anything about causality between those variables? |
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Definition
| Correlation only shows relationship it does’nt show cause and effect |
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Term
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Definition
| researchers manipulate one source of influence while holding others constant |
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Term
| What is in independent variable (“IV”)? |
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Definition
| Manipulated, what is causing differences, “levels” |
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Term
| What is a dependent variable (“DV”)? |
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Definition
| Measured by the experimenter, what we think is being affected by IV |
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Term
| What is internal validity? |
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Definition
| extent to which you know changing IV affects DV |
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Term
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Definition
| Something that changes your variable not being tested, can mess up validity of a test |
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Term
| How can a researcher maximize internal validity of a study? |
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Definition
| Random selection, Random assignments to groups no bias, equal data, Double-blindno knowledge to impact data, AGE, IQ, LIFE-STYLE MATTERS |
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Term
| What is external validity? |
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Definition
| The extent to which the findings of your study are generalizable |
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Term
| Why is there often a tension between internal and external validity in experiments? |
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Definition
| Allows casual conditions but is often low external validity |
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Term
| What is an Institutional Review Board? |
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Definition
| committee that has been formally designated to approve, monitor, and review biomedical and behavioral research involving humans with the aim to protect the rights and welfare of the research subjects |
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Term
| What is informed consent and when do you have to have it? |
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Definition
| Informs of all risk, withdraw without penalty, not necessarily needed in public places |
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Term
| What is a debriefing and what should be included? |
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Definition
| reveal any deception, reason for deception, reveal hypothesis |
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Term
| What does it mean that there is a “statistically significant difference” between two variables? |
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Definition
| 95% chance that groups differences are shown by the difference, 5% chance differences occurred by chance |
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Term
| What is the “file drawer effect”? |
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Definition
| refers to the practice of researchers filing away studies with negative outcomes. Negative outcome refers to finding nothing of statistical significance or causal consequence, not to finding that something affects us negatively |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells: nucleus 46 chromosomes pairsdna strands genes |
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Term
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Definition
| what multiplies to form cells after conception, is made up of dna strands |
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Term
| *How many chromosomes do human beings have? |
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Definition
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Term
| *What sex chromosomes does a female have? |
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Definition
| What sex chromosomes does a male have? Female- XX Male-XY |
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Term
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Definition
| What is a phenotype? Genotype- internally coded, inheritable information carried by all living organisms. Phenotype- outward, physical manifestation of the organism |
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Term
| What is the study of behavioral genetics? |
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Definition
| Studying the extent to which individual differs and environment differs |
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Term
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Definition
| A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene. Mutations in a gene's DNA sequence can alter the amino acid sequence of the protein encoded by the gene. |
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Term
| What percentage of genes do monozygotic (MZ) twins share? Why? In other words, what is the process that occurs that results in them sharing the percentage of genes that they share? |
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Definition
| Two siblings who result from one zygote splitting into two and therefore share the same genes-100% |
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Term
| What percentage of genes to dizygotic (DZ) twins share? Why? In other words, what is the process that occurs that results in them sharing the percentage of genes that they share? |
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Definition
| Twin siblings who result from two separately fertilized eggs- 50% |
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Term
| What percentage of genes, on average, do full biological siblings share? Why is this average? |
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Definition
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Term
| What percentage of genes does an individual share with one biological parent? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does it mean that siblings share an environment? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does it mean that siblings have an uncommon, or unshared, environment? |
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Definition
| same house diff treatment, diff peers, diff teachers and treatment |
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Term
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Definition
| find genetics sharing amount |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is an adoption study? |
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Definition
| include two sets of factors that may account for differences in behavior, personality, and psychopathology: biological parents and environmental parents |
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Term
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Definition
| Transmission of characteristics from parents |
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Term
| What is heritability? What does a heritability coefficient tell you? What doesn’t it tell you with respect to explaining variation on a trait? |
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Definition
| extent to which people’s differences on a trait are due to their differences in genotypes/percent of variation/doesn’t tell you about specific genes (polygenic traits) |
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Term
| Why does heritability increase when environmental variation decreases? |
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Definition
| the extent to which your parents influences increases |
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Term
| Who is more similar – MZ twins reared together, or MZ twins reared apart? Why? |
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Definition
| MZ raised apart are more similar due to genetic personality traits |
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Term
| What is an active interaction? |
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Definition
| particular genotype will increase likelihood of someone seeking particular environment |
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Term
| What is a passive interaction? |
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Definition
| more likely to inherit an environment that facilitates gene expression because of parents |
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Term
| What is a re-active interaction? |
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Definition
| particular gene creates behavior/ appearance that elicits behavior from others that further enhances certain characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| genetically engineered mouse in which one or more genes have been turned off through a gene knockout. |
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Term
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Definition
| excitable cell in the nervous system that processes and transmits information by electrochemical signaling. |
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Term
| What are the three types of neurons? |
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Definition
| Sensory (detect sensory info and send it to the brain), motor (receive info from the brain), Interneuron (communicate between sensory and motor neurons) |
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Term
| What is a dendrite and what is its role in an action potential? |
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Definition
| Receive excitatory message, sends message to soma |
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Term
| What is a cell body and what is its role in an action potential? |
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Definition
| Action potential is when the neuron fires, and a cell body holds all of the general parts of a cell as well as the nucleus and it is what is being fired |
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Term
| What is an axon and what is its role in an action potential? |
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Definition
| An axon is long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body or soma, and it is what the ‘fire’ is traveling through. |
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Term
| What roles do sodium and potassium ions play in an action potential? |
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Definition
| They change the ion charge from negative to positive for it to charge. |
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Term
| What are the terminal buttons and what is their role in an action potential? |
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Definition
| end of dendrites that release the neuron |
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Term
| What is a synapse and what is its role in an action potential? |
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Definition
| The space in between the terminal buttons and the axon terminals |
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Term
| What is a myelin sheath, nodes of Ranvier, and how do they affect an action potential? |
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Definition
| Myelin sheath- makes neurons fire faster by allowing charge to jump to the nodes (connecting pieces of axons) |
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Term
| What is the resting potential, in microvolts, of a neuron? |
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Definition
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Term
| When a neuron depolarizes, how does the charge of the neuron change? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an excitatory message? What is an inhibitory message? |
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Definition
| Excitatory- depolarize (fire) Inhibitory: hyperpolarize (doesn’t fire) |
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Term
| What is the all-or-none principle? |
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Definition
| Either a neuron fires, or it doesn’t. There’s no partial firing |
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Term
| How can you measure the strength of a neural signal? |
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Definition
| The speed and frequency of the firing |
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Term
| What is a neurotransmitter? |
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Definition
| Chemical substances that carry messages from neurons to other neurons, muscles, or glands |
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Term
| What are the three ways that a neurotransmitter’s presence in the synapse can be reduced? |
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Definition
| Autoreceptor (releasing channel on terminal button, tells to stop receiving neuron), Enzyme deactivation (enzyme that breaks down neurotransmitter), Reuptake (sucks neurotransmitter back in) |
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Term
| What is acetylcholine and what mental functions is it associated with? |
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Definition
| Acetylcholine (Ach): complex mental processes or memory and deals with motor control |
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Term
| What is dopamine? How is dopamine related to Parkinson’s Disease? |
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Definition
| High levels- pleasure, euphoria, reward. Controls volunary muscle movements, ^loses control of that. |
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Term
| What is serotonin? How do serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) treat disorders like depression and anxiety? |
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Definition
| SSRI’s- serotonin specific reuptake inhibitors- causes the overfired anxiety/depression neuron to be sucked back up as if it wasn’t there; establishes balance. Ecstasy results in pleasure, contentment, social connection and empathy. |
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Term
| What is epinephrine? What is norepinephrine? |
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Definition
| Adrenalin, heightened vigilance, arousal, fight or flight. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhibitory receptors (downer) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Pain relief, short for endogenous morphines, produces a sense of well being. |
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Term
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Definition
| released from the terminals of specific sensory nerves, it is found in the brain and spinal cord, and is associated with inflammatory processes and pain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Increase neurotransmitter release, activate receptors, block neurotransmitter clearance. |
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Term
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Definition
| Decrease neurotransmitter release, block receptor site |
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Term
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Definition
| What did scientists learn about the brain based on the case of Phineas Gage? Man with iron piece that went through his head, proved parts of brain control things (such as his personality and ability to think before he speaks) |
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Term
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Definition
| based on the concept that the brain is the organ of the mind, and that certain brain areas have localized, specific functions or modules |
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Term
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Definition
| In which side (left or right) of the brain is it located? Area of the brain responsible for speech production, on both sides |
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Term
| Which side of the brain controls the left side of the body? The right side? |
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Definition
| Left side of brain controls right side of body, right side controls left |
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Term
| What parts of the brain comprise the brainstem and what functions do they serve? |
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Definition
| Reticular formation (sleep arousal attention), medulla ablongata (vital involuntary functions like breathing), pons (sleep and arousal), cerebellum(motor coordination and learning motor coordination), hypothalamus (body temperature, blood pressure, glucose level, thirst, hunger, aggression, lust) |
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Term
| What is the cerebellum and what function does it serve? |
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Definition
| cerebellum(motor coordination and learning motor coordination |
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Term
| What is the hypothalamus? |
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Definition
| hypothalamus (body temperature, blood pressure, glucose level, thirst, hunger, aggression, lust) |
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Term
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Definition
| between the cerebral cortex and the midbrain. sensation, special sense and motor signals to the cerebral cortex, along with the regulation of consciousness, sleep and alertness |
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Term
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Definition
| Long term memory and spatial navigation |
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Term
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Definition
| regulates fear, adrenaline rush frontal lobe |
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Term
| What is the basal ganglia? |
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Definition
| Motor control and learning |
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Term
| What is the cerebral cortex? |
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Definition
| memory, attention, perceptual awareness, thought, language, and consciousness |
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Term
| What is the corpus collosum? |
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Definition
| bundle of axons which connects two hemispheres. |
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Term
| What is the occipital lobe? |
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Definition
| associated with visual processing |
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Term
| What is the parietal lobe? |
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Definition
| associated with movement, orientation, recognition, perception of stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| the inability to pay attention to or notice stimuli from one-half of the visual field (i.e., the right or left side of a scene or object) even though more basic visual field abilities are intact |
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Term
| What are the temporal lobes? |
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Definition
| associated with perception and recognition of auditory stimuli, memory, and speech |
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Term
| What are the frontal lobes? |
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Definition
| associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving |
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Term
| What is the prefrontal cortex? |
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Definition
| planning complex cognitive behaviors, personality expression, decision making and moderating correct social behavior. |
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Term
| What is the central nervous system? |
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Definition
| functions to coordinate the activity of all parts of the bodies of multicellular organisms |
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Term
| What is the peripheral nervous system? |
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Definition
| sensory and motor neurons |
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Term
| What is the somatic nervous system? |
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Definition
| voluntary muscles and reflexes |
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Term
| What is the autonomic nervous system? |
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Definition
| visceral/smooth and cardiac muscle |
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Term
| What does the sympathetic division of the ANS do? |
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Definition
| increases energy expenditure- prepares for action |
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Term
| What does the parasympathetic division of the ANS do? |
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Definition
| decreases energy expenditure-gains stored energy |
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Term
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Definition
| when an area of the brain is damaged and non-functional, another area may take over some of the function. |
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Term
| What does the phrase “fire together, wire together” mean? |
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Definition
| The theory is commonly evoked to explain some types of associative learning in which simultaneous activation of cells leads to pronounced increases in synaptic strength |
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Term
| What do Ramachandran’s patients’ experiences with phantom limb syndrome reveal about brain changes? |
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Definition
| the same as plasticity, in that the brain doesn’t feel the limb there (doesn’t send any neurons) so it assigns another part of the body to feel that ‘phantom limb’. |
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Term
| Whose brains are larger – men or women’s? |
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Definition
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Term
| With respect to language areas, how do men and women’s brains differ? |
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Definition
| Many behavioral differences have been reported for men and women. For example, it has been said that women are better in certain language abilities and men are better in certain spatial abilities |
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