Term
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Definition
order
metabolism
motility
responsiveness
reproduction
development
heredity
evolution
adaptations |
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Definition
| structural and behavioral complexity and regularity |
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Definition
| and independent individual possessing the characteristics of life |
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| groups of body parts arranged so that togher they carry out a particualar function within the organism |
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| two or more tissures that together perform specialized functions for the organ system |
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| groups of similar cells that carry out the function of the organ |
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| the simplest entities that have all the properties of life |
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| perform functions necassary for the life of the cell |
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| energy from the environment, along with materials in a sweries of consecutive chemical steps for repair, maintenance, and growth |
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Definition
| groups of individuals with similar structures that descended from the same initial group and that have the potential to breed successfully with one another |
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Definition
contains several related and similar species
"binomial nomenclature" two word system to name the genus and species |
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Definition
| studies the relationships between living organisms and their environment |
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Definition
hypothesis
prediction
experiment
conclusion |
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| general principle about the natural world |
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Definition
| pure substances that can't be broken down further |
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| proposed by john dalton in the 1800's. the smallest particles of and element that still display that elements chemical properties |
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Definition
| the chemical combination of 2 or more atoms |
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Definition
| proton, neutron, and electron |
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Definition
| composed ofprotons and neutrons and accounts for most of the atom's mass |
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| what gives atoms their properties? |
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Definition
| the unique number of protons in the nucleus |
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Definition
| atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons ...of the same element |
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Definition
| the number of elctrons varies |
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Definition
| 2 or more atoms linked by an attractive force |
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Definition
| when 2 atoms share a pair of electrons |
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Definition
| attraction of a hydrogen atom to an atom ( usually oxygen or nitrogen) in another molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| oppositly charged ions can attract each other |
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Term
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Definition
any substance that gives off hydrogen ions when dissolved in whater, increasing the H+ concentration of the solution
low pH
H+ ions |
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Term
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Definition
any substance that accepts hydrogen ions in water
high pH
OH ions |
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Term
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Definition
| can form covalent bonds with up to 4 atoms at a time |
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Definition
| small clusters of atoms that hang from the carbon backbone |
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Definition
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
OH functional groups |
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Definition
| strings of amino acids joined by peptide bonds to form a polypeptide |
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Term
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Definition
alpha helix-rigidity
pleated sheet-flat, box like sides
disordered loops- gently curved |
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Definition
| 20 types the building blocks of proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| amino part, acid part, side chain |
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Term
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Definition
composed of fatty acids
non polar- can't disolve in water |
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Term
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Definition
sugar backbone
carry the code of life
transmit genetic info |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
the basic unit of living organisms is the cell
all organisms are composed of 1 or more cells
cells come from prexisting cells |
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Term
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Definition
| contain a prominent membrane enclosed body, the nucleus, which houses DNA |
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Definition
| DNA is loose in the cell's interior |
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Term
| structures common to cells |
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Definition
plasma membrane
phospholipids - lipid bilayer functions as receptors and channels
proteins can be embedded in bilayer |
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Term
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Definition
| diffusion of water across a membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| move from a region of high concentration to one of low concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| if the portein helps the substance pass down its concentration gradient without the expenditure of energy |
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Definition
| cell may expend energy to pump a large object through the membrane |
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| information flow in nucleus |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| the site ofprotein synthesis |
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Definition
| substances that speed biochemical reactions |
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Definition
| passageways that extend from the nuclear envelope to the plasma membrane...communicates |
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Definition
can furthur modify proteins altered in the ER
makes lipid bilayer |
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Definition
| makes many proteins that wind up being exported from the cell |
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Definition
| makes and detoxifies substances that can dissolve in lipids |
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Definition
| can digest invading bacteria or debris the cell has engulfed, or cell parts that have worn out internally |
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Definition
| thin protein fibers throughout the cytoplasm , suspending organellesand allowing cell parts to move |
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Definition
| harvest energy from food molecules |
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Term
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Definition
no membrane
proteins and microtubles
holds cell together |
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Term
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Definition
flagellum-pulls or pushes cell throught liquid medium
cilia- beat, allowing cell to move quickly |
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Definition
| plant cells , large fluid filled sacs containing water and nutrients |
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Definition
| the traipping of energy in a series of metabolic steps that stores energy in chemical bonds of sugars |
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Term
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Definition
| energy that is available to do work |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
energy can neither be created or destroyed
with every energy transformation, some energy is lost as heat |
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Term
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Definition
formation of chemical bonds stores energy
the breakage releases energy |
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Term
| two kinds of chemical reactions |
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Definition
exergonic-release energy as tehy proceed
endergonic- require energy inputs to proceed |
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Term
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Definition
| adnosine diphosphate-cells use the energy from an energy relasing reaction to add a phospate group to ADP, making ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| an energy of impact great enough to cause molcules to cross the energy barrier |
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Term
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Definition
glycolysis
kerbs cycle
electon transport chain |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
glucose+ oxygen+ ADP + phosphate----->
carbon dioxide + water + ATP |
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Definition
| in the presence of oxygen the energy of sunlight trapped in glucose molecules is transgerred to ADP along with a phosphate ion, therby producing the more readily usable energy carrier, ATP |
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Term
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Definition
splits the 6 carbon sugar glucose into 2 molcules of the 3 carbon compound, pyruvate, which acts as an intermediate
the spiltting of glucose makes available energetic electrons, and hydrogen ions, which are transferred
to a special electron carrier.
these steps take place in the cytoplam |
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Term
| for each glucose molcule split during glycolysis... |
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Definition
| there is a net gain of 2 ATP's and 2 pyruvate molcules |
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Term
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Definition
starts with the 3 carbon pyruvate which passes from the cytoplam into the mitochondrion
in the matrix of the mito, enzymes cleave pyruvate into a molecule of carbon dioxide plus a 2 carbon portion.
enzymes in the cycle join this to a four carbon compound to make a 6 carbon molcule.
other enzynes cleave 2 carbon dioxide molecules from this molecules and porduce four energized electron carriers
enzymes regenerate the original 4 carbon compound , resulting in ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| six CO2, eight energized electron carriers and two ATP molcules for each molcule of glucose originally broken down |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of enzymes and pigment molcules embedded in mitochondrial membranes |
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Term
| function of electron transport chain |
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Definition
electrons pass from one enzyme to the next
each enzyne uses small amounts of electron energy to pump hydrogen ions to inner compartment
as hydrogen ions leak back out, they are used to synthesize ATP |
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Term
| electron transport chain produces... |
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Definition
32 ATPs
2 from glycolysis, 2 from krebs cycle
36 ATP per glucose molecule |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
enzymes modify pyruvate in absence of oxygen
produces toxic waste products
but recylces the electron carrier needed for glycolysis, stripping away the electrons and hydrogens from the carrier and making it availabe for a new round of glycolysis |
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Term
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Definition
| metabolic regulation of ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms that take in preformed nutrient molecules from the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| organsims that take energy directly from the nonliving environment and use it to synthesize their own nutrient molcules |
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Term
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Definition
| green organelles in which both the energy trapping and carbon fixing reactions of photosynthesis take place |
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Term
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Definition
stacked sacs connected by flattened channels
chlorophyll and other colored pigments are embedded in the thylakoid membrane |
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Term
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Definition
light energy boosts electrons in chlorophyll molecules
electrons pass down the electron transport chain
energy is stored in electron carriers
splitting water supplied the reactions
carbon from carbon dioxide enters reaction
energy and hydrogen are added to carbon containing compounds
some carbohydrates are recycled
carbohydrates are formed, some are siphoned off |
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Term
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Definition
| growth period between two division phases |
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Term
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Definition
| comtain a cell's hereditary information |
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Term
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Definition
| a single long rod at the end of each division phase |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cells maufacture new proteins, ribosomes, mitochondria, in preparation for DNA synthesis and division |
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Term
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Definition
| enzymes replicate the double stranded DNA molecule in each chomosome |
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Term
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Definition
| cell continues to synthesize many proteins |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| phases of mitosis- prophase |
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Definition
| chromosomes condense and become visible and a mitotic spindle forms, nuclear envelope disappears, and chromosomes attach to the spindle at the centromere |
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Term
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Definition
| spindle microtubles align the chromosomes in the middle of the spindle- metaphase plate |
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Term
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Definition
| the centromeres split and the spindle microtubules separate the chromatids and pull them to opposite poles |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosomes arrive at opposite poles of the cell and the preparatory events are reversed: nuclear envelope reappears, spindle dissolves |
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Term
| cytokinesis in animal cells |
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Definition
| divide from the outside in as a contractile ring pinches each cell in 2. the protein actin creates a furrow and squeezes the cell in 2 |
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Term
| cytokinesis in plant cells |
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Definition
| divide from the inside out to maintain rigid shape. vesicles collect in center of cell, form a cell plate, and cell is divided |
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Term
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Definition
| a diploid parent cell divides forming 2 haploid daugher cells |
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Term
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Definition
| the 2 daughter cells divide again resulting in 4 haploid cells |
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Term
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Definition
| homologous chromosomes pair and line up very close together aligning in the center of the cell moved by spindle fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| homologous chromosomes separate from one another. when nucleus divides and cytokinesis is completed, the 2 resulting cells now are have haploid content of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| after I, and interphase follows that involves DNA synthesis or chromosome replication |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| sister chromatids separate to opposite poles, and after cytokinesis, there are 4 hapoloid cells total |
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Term
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Definition
| adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine |
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Term
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Definition
separation- the double helix unwinds and then strands must separte from eachother
complementary base pairing-the unpaired bases form new nydrogen bonds with free nucleotides that happend to diffuse in the area
joining- polymerization is catalyzerd by DNA polymerase, which joins the phosphate groups of one nucleotide to the other |
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Term
| semiconservative replication |
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Definition
| only one of the 2 strandes in the daughter molecule is inherited from the parent molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| areas of repeated base sequences |
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Term
| polymerase chain reaction |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| separates molecules on the basis of size |
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