Term
| What are the three elements that make up the fire triangle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three ways heat is transfered? |
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Definition
Conduction: = moving heat
Convection: = heat rising
Radiation: = heat through a window |
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Term
| What are two way primary ways a wildland fire spreads? |
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Definition
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Term
| Slope affects the spread of fire by__________ the fuels and by creating a __________. |
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Definition
| Slope affects the spread of fire by pre-heating the fuels and by creating a draft. |
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Term
| Ridges may not only divide the terrain but have totally different___________ conditions on each side. |
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Definition
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Term
| A fire burning on level ground will spread twice as fast when it reaches_____% slope and double again as the slope reaches______% |
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Definition
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Term
| Light or fast -burning fuels are also refered to as________ fuels or ________ fuels. |
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Definition
| Light or fast -burning fuels are also refered to as fine fuels or flash fuels. |
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Term
| While fire in light fuels are usually easier to suppress, they can move extremely________ and with great________. |
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Definition
| While fire in light fuels are usually easier to suppress, they can move extremely fast and with great intensity. |
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Term
| A very high percetage of fire fatalities is the result of underestimating a fire in_______ fuels. |
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Definition
| A very high percetage of fire fatalities is the result of underestimating a fire in light fuels. |
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Term
| Spot fire can start more easily in_____ fuels than in __________ fuels. |
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Definition
| Spot fire can start more easily in small fuels than in fine or flash fuels. |
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Term
| The time lag is the time it takes for the ________ content of fuels and the surrounding __________ to equalize |
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Definition
| The time lag is the time it takes for the air content of fuels and the surrounding air to equalize |
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Term
| Fires are commonly started by: |
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Definition
| lightning, debris burning, equipment exhaust, cigarettes, and arson |
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Term
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Definition
| conduction, convection, and radiation |
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Term
| fire behavior is determined by 3 things: |
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Definition
| type of fuel, weather, and topography |
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Term
| fire environment includes: |
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Definition
| fuel moisture & temperature, terrain, wind, stability of air, and fire behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| Pre-heats, creates a draft effect, runs faster uphill than down, and one common denominator of fatal fires |
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Term
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Definition
1) South and west facing slopes will normally burn hotter in the afternoon
2) Aspect is the direction the slope faces |
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Term
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Definition
1) Influences how air moves from warmer valeys to cooler ridges
2) affects the position of warm/cool air masses
3) affects the length of the fire season (the lower the elevation, the longer the season |
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Term
| What are the seven elements included in the fire environment? |
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Definition
Air Stability Fire Behavior
Fuel Type
Fuel Moisture
Fuel Temperature
Terrain
Wind |
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Term
| What weather factors should be a concern to firefighters? |
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Definition
Wind Speed and Direction
Moisture
Cloud Cover
Air Stability
Temperature |
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Term
| Three reasons stronger wind increases the rate of spread? |
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Definition
1. Additional supply of air
2. Flattens the flames to preheat the fuel load
3. Causes spot fires |
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Term
| What is the difference between relative humidity in the day and in the night? |
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Definition
RH lower during the day
RH higher during the night |
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Term
| Visible indicators of unstable air. |
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Definition
Vertical Clouds
Upward and downward current
Good visibility
Dust Devils
Warmer at lower elevations |
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Term
What is a downburst/microburst?
What are some safety concerns when a downburst is occuring? |
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Definition
Sudden downward release of cool air from a collapsing thundercloud.
Rapid increase in fire behavior.
Spreads fire in all directions. |
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Term
| What are the elements included in topography? |
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Definition
Slope
Position of fire on slope
Aspect
Elevation
Configuration of land |
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Term
| What ways does slope affect fire spread? |
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Definition
Allows flame to better preheat fuels above fire.
Creates draft effect
Causes burning material to roll downhill |
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Term
| At what percent will the rate of spread of an uphill fire double? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which aspects cause the firefighter the most concern. |
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Definition
South and West aspects.
S and W exposed to more thermal heating by the sun, causing higher temperature and lower humidity. |
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Term
| What do you need to observe when working in narrow canyons? |
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Definition
Wind eddies
Radiant or convective spotting
Rate of spread can change dramatically when fire backs down a canyon side and up the other side. |
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Term
| Part of ridgeline that provides the potential for rapid rates of spread because fires are channeled through this area faster during upslope fire runs? |
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Definition
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Term
Two categories of wildland fuels?
Man made type of fuel |
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Definition
Light or fast burning
Homes, barns, sheds, buildings |
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Term
| What are terms used to classify fuels as to their position on the ground or in the air? |
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Definition
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Term
Heavy Fuels
Logs
Stumps
Branchwood
Logging Slash/debris
Deep Duff |
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Definition
Light
Dry Grass
Dead Leaves
Tree Needles
Brush
Small Trees |
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Term
|
Definition
Harder to ignite
Burn slower
Burn extremely hot
Harder to suppress
Dangerous |
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Term
|
Definition
Easier to ignite
Burn Faster
Burn Hot
Easier to suppress
Very Dangerous |
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Term
| Two types dead fuel moisture |
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Definition
Dead Fuel Moisture
Live Fuel Moisture |
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Term
| Area ignition safety concerns |
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Definition
1. Hundreds of acres can be consumed in
minutes
2. Escape routes and safety zones can be
cut off
3. Firefighter's positions can be overrun |
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Term
| Indicators for extreme fire behavior |
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Definition
1. Rapid increase in fire's intensity
2. High, sustained rate of fire spread
3. Well developed convection column
4. Long distance spotting
5. Fire whirlwinds or horizontal flames
6. Sudden calming of wind |
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Term
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Definition
1. aerobic 2. muscular
a. More tolerant of heat
b. Acclimate faster
c. Work with lower heart rate |
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Term
| Ration of hours of work to sleep on the fireline. |
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Definition
| 2 hours of work to 1 hour rest or sleep |
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Term
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Definition
1. Painful Muscle Cramps
2. Weakness
3. Headache
4. Nausea
5. Wet clammy Skin |
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Term
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Definition
Headaches
Fatigue
Dropwsiness |
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Term
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Definition
Fight fire agressively, provide safety
Initiate all actions based on fire behavio
Recognize current weather conditions
Ensure instructions are givenand understoo
Obtain current information on fire status
Remain in communication with crew, supv
Determine safety zones and escape routes
Establish lookouts
Remain in control at all times
Stay alert, keep calm, think clearly, act decisively |
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Term
| Firefighter fatalities five common denominators |
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Definition
1. Most incidents on smaller fires or
isolated areas of larger fires
2. Most fires are innocent in appearance
before flameup or blowup
3. Flare ups generally occur in
deceptively light fuels
4. Fires run uphill fast in chimneys
gulleys, and steep slopes.
5. Some suppression tools cause wind
that may adversely affect fire
behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
Lookout
Awareness
Communication
Escape Routes
Safety Zones |
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Term
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Definition
Snags
Rolling Rocks
Hand Tools
Retardant Drops
Snakes and Ticks
Power Lines |
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Term
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Definition
Dead Tree waiting to fall
Dead limb hanging loose in a tree |
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Term
| Principles of fireline placement |
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Definition
Anchor fireline
Utilize existing barriers
Go around heavy fuels
Include spot fires in control lines
Keep lines as straight as possible
locate line close to flame front
Construct line at base of a hill
Underslung line is hard to construct
Plan for fire spread. |
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Term
| General for width of most firelines |
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Definition
| 1 1/2 times wide as fuel is tall |
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Term
| Ways fires can cross fireline |
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Definition
Radiant and Convective heat
Cross line not cut to mineral soil
Burning material may roll downhill
Burning snags may fall and cross line
May pass under fireline through roots |
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Term
| Six factors that determine the width of the fireline |
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Definition
Fuel
Topography
Weather
Parts of fire to be controlled
Size of fire being controlled
Possibility of cooling |
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Term
| Guidelines for downhill fireline construction. |
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Definition
Do not construct over the fire area
Fireline should not be adjacent to chimneys or chutes.
Establish reliable communications
Safety zones should be quickly reachable
Anchor fireline at the top
Line firing should be done as the line is constructed
Review 18 situations |
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Term
| How many volumes of burning fuel will one volume of water cool? |
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Effective because it attacks all three sides of a fire. It cools, smothers, and insulates. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemicals that reduce the surface tension of water. Increased penetration, and spreading capability. |
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Term
| Objectives of burning out |
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Definition
To remove unburned fuel between the fires edge and control line.
Strengthen, widen and secure control
lines
Reduce required holding force
Reduce mop up and the need to cold
trail
Provide safety zones and escape
routes |
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Term
| General rules for burning operations |
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Definition
Always have an anchor point
Fire from top down in steep terrain
Fire from bottom of wide canyons, roads or benches
Adjust to fit changing conditions |
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Term
| 3 types of fireing techniques |
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Definition
Spot Firing-Setting of spot fires rather
rather than strips
Ring- Setting around a structure or other
high value area
Strip- One or more strips parallel to
control line |
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Term
Strategy Definition
Tactic Definition |
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Definition
Strategy is what
Tactic is how |
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Term
| Wildland size up elements |
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Definition
Fire behavior and rate of spread
Size of the fire
Weather conditions, topography, fuell type
Structures or high value areas threatened
Natural or existing barriers
Special safety hazards
What is fire's potential |
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Term
| Wildland size up elements |
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Definition
Fire behavior and rate of spread
Size of the fire
Weather conditions, topography, fuell type
Structures or high value areas threatened
Natural or existing barriers
Special safety hazards
What is fire's potential |
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Term
| Seven Priorities of wildland fire suppression |
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Definition
Life Hazard
Property Values
Resource Values
Keep fire from heavier, dangerous fuels
Keep fire on side of a canyon
Keep fire as small as possible
All suppression activities contribute to final control of fire |
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Term
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Definition
less than 4 ft. = Handline
4 - 8 ft. = Bulldozers, engines, retardant
8 - 11 ft. = No control at head of fire |
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|
Term
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Attacking the fire at the point of most active spread |
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Term
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Definition
| Firefighters are working along partially dead line. Improving existing or cutting new line when necessary. |
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Term
|
Definition
Start work on each portion of line ASAP.
Most dangerous first
Secure/extinguish burning material.
Deal with special hazards
Widen and clean fireline as necessary
Check for spot fires |
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Term
| Components that make ICS work. |
|
Definition
Common Terminology
Modular Organization
Integrated Communications
Unified Command Structure
Consolidated Action Plan
Span of Control
Designated Incident Facilities
Firefighting Resources
Resource Management |
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Term
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Definition
| Defn: A direct attack method where the engine drives along the edge of a fire with a firefighter on hoseline extinguishing fire. |
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Term
|
Definition
Used: When fuel are light
When topography allows
When engine has pump and roll
capability |
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Term
| Four Ways to Use Mobile Attack |
|
Definition
Flanking Attack
Tandem Attack
Pincer Attack
Envelopment Attack |
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Term
| Key points of flanking attack |
|
Definition
Pick Anchor Point
Start Extinguishing Fire Edge
Move as fast as fire is extinguished
Continue along flank until fire extinguished |
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Term
| Key Points of Tandem Attack |
|
Definition
Lead Engine knocks heat out of fire
Second Engine follows, picking up
hot spots |
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Term
| Key Points of Pincer Attack |
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Definition
Both Flanks attacked at same time
Can be from head or heel of fire
Engine starts at anchor
Attack moves in a coordinated effort |
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Term
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Definition
Fire's perimeter is attacked at several points at same time.
Critical areas attacked first
Attack must be well coordinated |
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Term
|
Definition
Direct Attack
Hotspotting
Cutting Fire line
Water Supply
Structure Protection
Medical Aid |
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|
Term
|
Definition
A. Cut a lot of line
B. Do a lot of damage |
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Term
|
Definition
Hose Lays
Firing Operations
Structure Protection
Mopping Up
Cleaning Up
Logistical Support |
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Term
| General porduction rates for fireline construction |
|
Definition
60 ft. line/hour grass
30 ft. medium brush
20 ft. heavy brush
15 ft. very heavy brush |
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Term
|
Definition
Most Effective on Initial Attack fires
Need follow up by ground forces
Expensive
May be diverted to new fires |
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Term
| Six ways to use helicopters |
|
Definition
Water, retardant, foam drops
Move personnel
Transport Supplies
Start backfires
Evacuate personnel
Provide reconnaissance |
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Term
| Wildland/Urban Interface conditions. |
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Definition
Structures already involved
Fire is driving the incident
No time to plan an attack
Water is limited
Numerous non-fire problems |
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Term
| Wildland/Urban Interface Structure protection |
|
Definition
1. Best way is offensive
Other = Defensive
= Combination |
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Term
| Three Categories of Structures |
|
Definition
Those Threatened
Those hopeless or too dangerous
Those that will be threatened and have potential of being saved. |
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Term
| Wildland/Urban Interface engine positioning |
|
Definition
Note landmarks and hazards
Potential Safety Zones
Back In
Do not block traffic
Do not park under power lines
Survey area for hazards |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Back In Fill Tank
Leave Running Crew Protection Line
Ladders Structure Protection
Clear Roof Move woodpiles
Close Windows |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Class A = 1/4 acre or less
Class B = 1/4 acre but less than 100 acres
Class C = 10 acres or more less than 100
Class D = 100 acres or more less than 300
Class E = 300 acres or more |
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Term
|
Definition
To check the fire's spread under prevailing conditions
To complete firelines around a fire and cool down hot spots |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Left Flank Right Flank
Fireline Origin
Head Island
Spot Fire Heel or Base
Finger
Pocket |
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Term
|
Definition
Interface Condition-Clear line of demarcation between structures and wildland
Intermix-Structures are scattered throughout the wildland
Occluded-structures abut an island of wildlan fuels
Rural |
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Term
|
Definition
Lookouts
Awareness
Communications
Escape Routes
Safety Zones |
|
|
Term
| Laces Aspects of Awareness |
|
Definition
Fire weather
Fire behavior
Understanding Assignment
Activities around you
Terrain |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Scouted
Walkable
Timed
Marked
Away from fire's head |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Void of Flammable Fuels
Reachable
Large Enough
Away from Snags |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Occurs when rainfall does not reach the ground because the air below is dry and moisture is absorbed. VIRGA is an indicator that a thunderstorm has matured and downdrafts may result. |
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