Term
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Definition
| Nitrogenous bases, Adenine and Guanine, with two organic rings, two times wider than pyrimidines |
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Term
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Definition
| Nitrogenous bases, Cytosine and Thymine with only one ring |
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Term
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Definition
| After replication, two parental DNA replication occurs, one daughter molecule containing both parental DNA and the other daughter molecule contains DNA strands of all new synthesized material |
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Term
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Definition
| Two parental DNA strand separate and each of those strands serve as a template for the synthesis of a new DNA strand . The result is two DNA double helices, both consisting of one parental and one new strand |
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Term
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Definition
| Each strand of both daughter molecules contain a mixture of old and newly synthesized DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Where the replication of a chromosome begins |
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Term
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Definition
| Y-shaped region where the parental DNA are being unwound |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzymes that untwist the double helix at the replication fork separating the two parental strands and making them available as template strands |
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Term
| Single-strand binding proteins |
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Definition
| Bind the unpaired DNA strands, keeping them from re-pairing |
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme that helps relieve the strain by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands |
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme that synthesizes the RNA chain (primer) |
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Term
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Definition
| Uses parental DNA as a template synthesizing new DNA strand by adding nucleotides to the RNA primer or a pre-existing DNA strand |
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Term
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Definition
| Removes RNA nucleotides of Prima from the 5 end and replaces them with DNA nucleotides |
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Term
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Definition
| Joins Okazaki fragments of lagging strand and joins 3 end of DNA to the rest of the leading strand (like glue) |
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Term
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Definition
| When other enzymes remove and replace mismatched nucleotides |
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Term
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Definition
| A DNA-cutting enzyme that cuts out the strand containing damage resulting gap is then filled with new nucleotides |
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Term
| Nucleotide Excision Repair |
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Definition
| A type of DNA repairs system where the enzymes involved in filling the gap are a DNA polymerase and DNA ligase |
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Term
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Definition
| The ends of chromosomes that protect organism's genes from shortening, they do not prevent erosion of genes, just postpone it |
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Term
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Definition
| Complex of DNA and protein |
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Term
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Definition
| Chromatin material in interphase that is largely inaccessible to machinery |
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Term
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Definition
| True chromatin that is more dispersed and less compact, making it easy accessible to be transcribed |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which DNA directs the synthesis of proteins (RNAs) |
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Term
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Definition
| Synthesis of RNA using information in the DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| The synthesis of a polypeptide using the information in the mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of RNA molecule that carries a genetic message from the DNA to the protein-synthesizing machinery of the cell (Type of RNA that carries the code for a specific protein) |
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Term
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Definition
| Initial RNA transcript from any gene including those specific RNAs that is not translated into protein |
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Term
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Definition
| Flow of information from gene to protein; non-overlapping, three-nucleotide words |
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Term
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Definition
| One of two DNA strands that provides the pattern or template for the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript |
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Term
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Definition
| The mRNA nucleotide triplet customarily written in the 5'-->3' direction. Also used for the DNA nucleotide triplets along the non-template strand |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme that pries the two strands of DNA apart and joins together RNA nucleotides complementary to the DNA template strand making the RNA polynucleotide longer |
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Term
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Definition
| The DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches and initiates the transcription process |
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Term
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Definition
| The sequence that signals the end of transcription in bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| The direction of transcription; also used to describe the positioning sequences within DNA or RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| The opposite direction of transcription; also used to describe the positioning sequences within DNA or RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| The stretch of DNA downstream from the promotor that is transcribed into an RNA molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| The point where RNA synthesis actually begins |
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Term
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Definition
| Collection of proteins in eukaryotes that mediate the binding of RNA polymerase and the initiation of transcription |
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Term
| Transcription Initiation Complex |
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Definition
| Whole complex of transcription factors and RNA polymerase II bound to the promotor |
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Term
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Definition
| A eukaryotic promotor with a DNA nucleotide sequence |
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Term
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Definition
| Modifying pre-mRNA in specific ways before the genetic message is sent to the cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| A modified form of a guanine nucleotide added onto the 5' end after transcription of the first 20-40 nucleotides |
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Term
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Definition
| At the 3' end an enzyme adds 50-250 more adenine nucleotides |
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Term
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Definition
| Cut-and-paste job of RNA processing in the eukaryotic nucleus where the removal of large portions of the RNA molecule occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| Noncoding segments of nucleic acid that lie between coding regions |
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Term
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Definition
| Other regions that are eventually expressed, usually by being translated into amino acid sequence |
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Term
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Definition
| Large portions of proteins + small RNA responsible for cutting off introns |
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Term
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Definition
| RNA molecules that function as enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| Rise to two or more different polypeptides depending on which segments are treated as exons during RNA processing |
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Term
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Definition
| Enable a cell to make many copies of a polypeptide very quickly |
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Term
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Definition
| Changes to the genetic information of a cell |
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Term
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Definition
| The translator of genetic messaging in the process of translation; reads a series of codons along an mRNA molecule by transferring amino acids from the cytoplasmic pool of amino acids to a growing polypeptide in a ribosome |
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Term
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Definition
| The flexible base pairing at the third position of an mRNA codon. Could result to an anti codon that can base pair with an mRNA codon of a different third position (G or A) and still result to the same amino acid code |
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Term
| Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases |
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Definition
| Family of related enzymes that correctly match up tRNA molecule with specific amino acid |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of RNA in ribosomes (consists of a large subunit a small subunit, multiple proteins and these RNAs) |
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Term
| P Site (Peptidyl-tRNA Binding Site) |
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Definition
| Holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain |
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Term
| A Site (Aminoacyl-tRNA Binding Site) |
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Definition
| Holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the chain |
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Term
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Definition
| Discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome from this site |
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Term
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Definition
| Targets the protein to the endoplasmic reticulum for polypeptides of proteins destined for this system |
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Term
| Signal Recognition Participle |
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Definition
| A protein-RNA complex that emerges from the ribosome, escorts the ribosome to a receptor protein into the ER membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| Strings of ribosomes that make many copies of a polypeptide very quickly |
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Term
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Definition
| Changes to the genetic information of a cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Changes in a single nucleotide pair of a gene |
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Term
| Nucleotide-pair Substitution |
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Definition
| Replacement of one nucleotide and its partner with another pair of nucleotides |
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Term
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Definition
| No observable effect on phenotype; where a change in a nucleotide pair may transform one codon into another but is still the same amino acid |
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Term
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Definition
| Substitutions that change one amino acid to another |
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Term
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Definition
| Point mutation that can change a codon for an amino acid into a stop codon, which leads to a protein that becomes truncated early |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs whenever the number of nucleotides inserted or deleted is not a multiple of three |
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Term
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Definition
| A number of physical and chemical agents interact with DNA in ways that cause mutations |
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